RANDOLPH, Justice,
for the Court.
¶ 1. The parties and amici
assert the matter before this Court is a case of first impression. This Court is called upon to determine whether Architex Association, Inc.’s (“Architex”) intentional hiring or utilization of subcontractors to perform work on one of its projects negates coverage included in the Commercial General Liability (“CGL”) coverage part of three separate “Commercial Lines” policies issued by Scottsdale Insurance Company (“Scottsdale”) to Architex. Scottsdale prevailed on its “Motion for Summary Judgment” after the Circuit Court of Rankin County, Mississippi, held that no coverage exists. Architex, a general contractor, appeals that ruling.
FACTS
¶ 2. On April 14, 2000, Architex entered into a contract with Vikram Parshotam and CIS Pearl, Inc. (“CIS”) to construct a Country Inn and Suites hotel (“Inn”). On July 25, 2000, a performance bond with The Hanover Insurance Company (“Hanover”), as surety, and Architex, as principal, was issued for $1.89 million pertaining to work to be performed on the Inn. Architex used multiple subcontractors to build the Inn.
¶ 3. On June 21, 2002, a “Statutory Notice of Construction Lien” was filed by Architex “for construction balance due on
Country Inn & Suites ... of $256,075.” Architex had yet to file suit. On July 31, 2002, CIS filed suit against Architex and Hanover. The suit alleged that Architex had breached its contract; “was negligent in the construction of the [Inn] and such negligence is the sole proximate cause or a proximate contributing cause of injuries to [CIS]”; and that the construction lien claimed by Architex constituted slander of title. Regarding breach of contract, CIS’s complaint provided that Architex:
abandoned] the [Inn], refus[ed] to complete the work, performed] work which was contrary to the contract plans and specifications and contrary to applicable codes and building standards, and ... fail[ed] to correct or remedy defective work. Architex has also failed to reimburse [CIS] for monies expended for the [Inn] which were to be paid by Architex.
As to Hanover, CIS asserted a “performance bond claim,” stating that Hanover “has not corrected Architex’s non-conforming, incomplete and defective work on the [Inn].” Architex considered the suit as a mere fee dispute, and did not notify Scottsdale of the suit or otherwise file a claim.
¶ 4. It was not until September 2004 that counsel for CIS communicated to Architex an allegation that testing had revealed serious rebar deficiencies in the foundation of the Inn,
inter alia.
On October 5, 2004, Architex first notified Scottsdale of that claim. The notice of claim alleged that the “date of occurrence” was September 30, 2004, and described the purported “occurrence,” as follows:
[CIS] filed accusations of faulty work against [Architex] claiming that no rebar was placed in foundation and building is total loss. [Architex] denies this allegation and building is sound.... This accusation was just made by [CIS]. [Archi-tex] has been involved in legal action against [CIS] for failure to pay monies owed on this building.... Please contact [Architex’s] attorney to coordinate defense. [Inn] was built during policy term.
Victor Hamby, the chief financial officer of Architex, testified that notice of the rebar claim “triggerfed] an [‘]occurrence[’] under the policy.”
¶ 5. On October 8, 2004, Scottsdale sent a letter to Hamby confirming receipt of the notice of claim. The letter added that Scottsdale had yet to receive a copy of CIS’s complaint, noted policy exclusions and definitions, and concluded that Scottsdale “is reserving the right to assert all defenses to coverage under the policy.... [Scottsdale] is not waiving any rights nor admitting any obligation under the policy.” On April 21, 2005, at the latest, Scottsdale received a copy of the CIS complaint, which had been filed on July 31, 2002.
¶ 6. On June 29, 2006, Architex filed a “Third Party Complaint” against Scottsdale for failure “to provide Architex with defense and indemnity.”
On July 25, 2006, Scottdale filed its answer and defenses seeking dismissal of Architex’s “Third Party Complaint” with prejudice.
On September 6, 2006, Scottsdale formally de
nied Architex’s demand for defense and indemnity, stating,
inter alia,
that “there has not been any ‘occurrence’ which would trigger” coverage.
¶ 7. Before the controversy erupted between CIS and Architex, Scottsdale had issued three consecutive one-year “Commercial Lines” policies to Architex. Each policy included a CGL part. The policies contained substantially similar language and collectively covered the period from June 29, 1999, to June 29, 2002. An “Extension of Supplemental Declarations” of the CGL part reveals that in exchange for CGL coverage, Architex paid premiums of $6,330 in 1999 and 2000, and $7,250 in 2001.
Of these premiums, $3,705 in 1999 and 2000, and $4,233 in 2001, were for “Class Description: Contractors-Subcont Work-In Conn W/ Constr-Bldgs.”
The policies, as amended, provided, in pertinent part, that:
SECTION I — COVERAGES
COVERAGE A[-] BODILY INJURY AND PROPERTY DAMAGE LIABILITY
1. INSURING AGREEMENT
a. We will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of “bodily injury” or
“property damage” to which this insurance applies. We will have the right and duty to defend the insured against any “suit” seeking those damages. However, we will have no duty to defend the insured against any “suit” seeking damages for “bodily injury” or “property damage” to which this insurance does not apply.
We may, at our discretion, investigate any “occurrence” and settle any claim or “suit” that may result. But:
(1) The amount we will pay for damages is limited as described in Section III — Limits Of Insurance....
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b.
This insurance applies to
“bodily injury” and
“property damage” [
] only if
(1)
The
“bodily injury” or
“property damage” is caused by an “occurrence”
[
] that takes place in the “coverage territory”; and
(2)
The
“bodily injury” or
“property damage” occurs during the policy period. ...
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2. EXCLUSIONS
This insurance does
not
apply to[:]
a. Expected or Intended Injury
“Bodily injury” or
“property damage” expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured.
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j. Damage to Property “Property damage” to:
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(5) That particular part of real property on which you or any contractors or subcontractors working directly or indirectly on your behalf are performing operations, if the “property damage” arises out of those operations; or
(6) That particular part of any property that must be restored, repaired or replaced because “your work”[
] was incorrectly performed on it.
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Paragraph (6) of this exclusion does
not
apply to “property damage” included in the “products-completed operations hazard.[
]
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I.Damage to Your Work
“Property
damage” to “your
work” arising out of it or any part of it and included in the “products-completed operations hazard.”
This exclusion does not apply if the damaged work or the work out of which the damage arises was performed on your behalf by a subcontractor.
m. Damage to Impaired Property Or Property Not Physically Injured “Property damage” to “impaired property” or property that has not been physically injured, arising out of:
(1) A defect, deficiency, inadequacy or dangerous condition in “your product” or “your work”; or
(2) A delay or failure by you or anyone acting on your behalf to perform a contract or agreement in accordance with its terms.
This exclusion does not apply to the loss of use of other property arising out of sudden and accidental physical injury to “your product” or “your work” after it has been put to its intended use.
n. Recall Of Products, Work Or Impaired Property
Damages claimed for any loss, cost or expense incurred by you or others for the loss of use, withdrawal, recall, inspection, repair, replacement, adjustment, removal or disposal of:
(1) “Your product”;
(2) “Your work”; or
(3) “Impaired property”;
if such product, work, or property is withdrawn or recalled from the market or from use by any person or organization because of a known or suspected defect, deficiency, inadequacy or dangerous condition in it.
(Emphasis added.)
,¶ 8. On March 28, 2008, Architex filed a “Motion for Summary Judgment,” asserting that:
[CIS] claims property damage resulting from acts which were not intended by the insured, Architex. Therefore, there is an occurrence and Scottsdale’s policy is triggered. At a minimum, some or all of [CIS’s] allegations are arguably covered by the policy. Scottsdale therefore owes Architex a duty to defend as a matter of law.
Scottsdale responded with its own “Motion for Summary Judgment.” Regarding non-bad-faith claims, Scottsdale maintained that it “does not have a duty to defend because ... [t]he allegations contained in [CIS’s] complaint,
as well as those which have claimed to have been asserted outside of the complaint,
do not constitute an ‘occurrence’ under the policy or are otherwise excluded from coverage.” (Emphasis added.)
¶ 9. Following a hearing, the circuit court
issued a “Bench Opinion Regarding Cross Motions for Summary Judgment.” The circuit court held that “the type of damage, coverage for that damage, whether it was caused by a subcontractor, and all similar issues are moot on account of the meaning of other language in the policy.” Specifically.
this [c]ourt is convinced that this particular case is quite simple and that the controlling law on this policy language revolves around the word
“occurrence.”
The controlling and/or strongly persuasive case law has defined plainly how that word is to be interpreted and applied. While it may be time for the [c]ourts of this state to expand that language and law so as to bring construction defects under the indemnity and defense obligations included in CGL policy language, this trial court is not at liberty to do so in the face of
binding precedent.
(Emphasis added.) According to the circuit court, the:
definition of “occurrence” being parsed by the [Mississippi] Supreme Court in
[United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company v. Omnibank,
812 So.2d 196 (Miss.2002)] is
verbatim
identical to the language in the policy at issue- here. In fact, all of the CGL Coverage Form language quoted in
Omnibank
and virtually every other case studied appears to be a
verbatim
recitation of the language at issue here.
(Emphasis in original.)
¶ 10. In the non-construction-defect context of
Omnibank,
this Court found “that coverage does not apply to ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ that is expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured.”
Omnibank,
812 So.2d at 199-200. In determining whether any “occurrence” exists, “[t]he
only relevant consideration
is whether, according to the declaration, the
chain of events leading to the injuries
complained of were
set in motion and followed a course consciously devised and controlled by [the insured] without the unexpected intervention of any third
person or extrinsic force.” Id.
at 200 (quoting
Allstate Ins. Co. v. Moulton,
464 So.2d 507, 509 (Miss.1985)) (emphasis added).
¶ 11. The circuit court’s reliance on
Omnibank’s
definition of “occurrence,” and the Fifth Circuit’s
“Erie-gaess”
application in
ACS Construction Company v. CGU,
332 F.3d 885, 888-892 (5th Cir.2003), concluded that:
whatever work was improper or defective or was not completed, as alleged in the original complaint and via ensuing discovery, was nevertheless the result of intended action by the insured, Architex. Architex had a contract to build [the Inn], It intentionally subcontracted the various portions of the work to others who entered contractual obligations to Architex. Architex undoubtedly did not intend for any of those subcontractors to do defective or improper work. However, the hiring of those subcontractors was not an “accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions” as the definition of “occurrence” sets out plainly in the insurance policy. Additionally, the hiring of the subs, was a “course consciously devised and controlled by [the insured]” which undeniably set in motion the “chain of events leading to the injuries complained of.”
The circuit court ruled that “as coverage was never triggered, the [c]ourt must necessarily find that the duty to defend was likewise never triggered.” In granting summary judgment in favor of Scottsdale, the circuit court “resolve[d] against Archi-tex any claim that it has or had against Scottsdale on account of the CGL policy at issue whether arising as a claim under the policy or a claim for bad faith in any way related to Scottsdale’s decimation to indemnify and/or defend under the policy.”
¶ 12. On May 14, 2008, the circuit court entered its “Final Judgment Dismissing Third Amended Third Party Complaint.” The final judgment specifically stated that “since there is no coverage, and correspondingly no duty to defend, as a matter of law Scottsdale cannot be held liable for its alleged failure to act in good faith and fair dealing, failure to investigate, failure to abide by its own policies and procedures, and failure to abide by nationally-recognized industry standards.” On June 12, 2008, Architex filed notice of appeal.
ISSUE
f 13. This Court will consider only the limited and narrow issue of:
Whether the circuit court erred in concluding, as a matter of law, that the intentional act of hiring subcontractors by the insured general contractor precludes the possibility of coverage.
BACKGROUND
¶ 14. Scottsdale’s “Commercial General Liability Coverage Form,” which contains the policy language quoted in ¶ 7
supra,
provides at the bottom of each page “Copyright, Insurance Services Office, Inc. 1997.” “The vast majority of general lia
bility policies sold in this country utilize language drafted by the Insurance Services Office.... ” David Dekker, Douglas Green, Stephen Palley,
The Expansion of Insurance Coverage for Defective Construction,
28 Construction Lawyer 19, 19-20 (Fall 2008). These policies:
begin with a broad grant of coverage, which is then limited in scope by exclusions. Exceptions to exclusions narrow the scope of the exclusion and, as a consequence, add back coverage. However,
it is the initial broad grant of coverage, not the exception to the exclusion, that ultimately creates (or does not create) the coverage sought.
Id.
at 20 (emphasis added).
See also Lamar Homes, Inc. v. Mid-Continent Cas. Co.,
242 S.W.3d 1, 10 (Tex.2007) (quoting
Weedo v. Stone-E-Brick, Inc.,
81 N.J. 233, 405 A.2d 788, 790 (1979)) (“[t]he CGL’s insuring agreement grants the insured broad coverage for property damage and bodily injury liability, which is then narrowed by exclusions that ‘restrict and shape the coverage otherwise afforded’ ”).
¶ 15. Given the nature of these policies, the subject “coverage litigation often boils down to a dispute first over the meaning of the word ‘accident’ within the definition of ‘occurrence’ and then the scope and application of the ‘your work’ exclusion.” Dekker, et al.,
The Expansion of Insurance Coverage for Defective Construction,
28 Construction Lawyer at 20. In the absence of an “occurrence,” there is no coverage.
See U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. J.S.U.B., Inc.,
979 So.2d 871, 880 (Fla.2007) (“the subcontractor’s exception to the general exclusion for a contractor’s defective work becomes important only if there is coverage under the initial insuring provision”).
¶ 16. There is a clear jurisdictional split regarding whether defective subcontractor construction constitutes an “occurrence” under a CGL policy.
See Gen. Sec. Indem. Co. of Ariz. v. Mountain States Mut. Cas. Co.,
205 P.3d 529, 535 (Colo.Ct.App.2009) (examples noted);
J.S.U.B.,
979 So.2d at 885-86 (examples noted);
Lamar Homes,
242 S.W.3d at 5-6 n. 2 & 3 (examples noted); Dekker, et al.,
The Expansion of Insurance Coverage for Defective Construction,
28 Construction Lawyer at 23 nn. 25
&
26 (examples noted). The Supreme Court of Kansas has explained the opposing views, as follows:
one line of cases has held that faulty or improper construction does not constitute an accident; rather, the damage is the natural and ordinary consequence of the insured’s act.[
] The other line of cases has held that improper or faulty construction does constitute an accident as long as the resulting damage is an event that occurs without the insured’s expectation or foresights[
]
Lee Builders, Inc. v. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co.,
281 Kan. 844, 137 P.3d 486, 491 (2006).
ANALYSIS
¶ 17. We find the appropriate analysis should not be driven by policy justifications, but rather should be confined to the policy language. The policy either affords coverage or not, based upon application of the policy language to the facts presented.
See Corban v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n,
20 So.3d 601, 609 (Miss.2009). The second consideration is that neither faulty or improper construction, nor defective workmanship (or gaining knowledge of same) constitutes an “occurrence,” as defined in the policy. The aforementioned are typically the result of either accidental or intentional acts. These CGL policies are designed to provide liability protection for the general contractor and their subcontractors for accidental, inadvertent acts which breach accepted duties and proximately cause damage to a person or property.
¶ 18. This Court has stated that:
[t]he circuit court’s grant [or denial] of a motion for summary judgment is reviewed by this Court de novo.
See Wilner v. White,
929 So.2d 315, 318 (Miss.2006).... In this Court’s de novo review, “[t]he evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party against whom the motion has been made.”
Daniels v. GNB, Inc.,
629 So.2d 595, 599 (Miss.1993) (citation omitted).
Kilhullen v. Kan. City S. Ry.,
8 So.3d 168, 174 (Miss.2009).
See also Corban,
20 So.3d at 609 (the interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of law to which a de novo standard of review applies).
¶ 19. Architex maintains that: [CIS’s] allegations ... include claims of insufficient rebar in the foundation causing structural damage, insufficient water barriers leading to leaks in the walls of the facility, rusted metal in the [Inn’s] pool, and the resulting mold and mildew claims. These allegations, if proven true, are all unexpected from Architex’s standpoint and therefore constitute an occurrence according to the terms of the contract. [
]
Architex adds that Scottsdale has “accepted premium payments for subcontractor coverage for years,” but “now attempts to deny Architex the benefit of its bargain by claiming that defective subcontractor work is intentional, and contending that a subcontractor’s work becomes the general contractor’s work, i.e. ‘your work,’ which is excluded under the contract.” Therefore, Architex maintains that “[t]he relevant act is not simply subcontracting. Rather, the
‘act’ ... is improperly placing rebar and knocking off a false chimney (which led to water damage to the [Inn]). These acts were accidental, not intentional.” Architex argues the interpretation advocated by Scottsdale and the circuit court “completely negates any incentive for a contractor to purchase insurance.”
¶20. By contrast, Scottsdale contends there is no “occurrence,” as “[flailing to install rebar in a building is not an accident. Defective construction work that causes mold, rust, or water leaks likewise is not an accident.” As to the subcontractor premium referenced by Architex, Scottsdale argues that it “means only that that [pjolicy takes into account that subcontractors will be working on the hotel construction project, and that they have their own insurance. Because the subcontractors had their own insurance, Archi-tex’s premium was reduced.”
¶ 21. Beginning with the premise that Scottsdale’s duties are defined by the terms of the policy, we consider the policy language through the lens of the substantive contract law of this state, which includes the following concepts:
if a contract is
clear and unambiguous,
then it must be
interpreted as written.
A policy must be
considered as a whole, with all relevant clauses together.
If a contract contains ambiguous or unclear language, then ambiguities must be resolved in favor of the non-drafting party. Ambiguities exist when a policy can be logically interpreted in two or more ways, where one logical interpretation provides for coverage. However, ambiguities do not exist simply because two parties disagree over the interpretation of a policy. Exclusions and limitations on coverage are also construed in favor of the insured. Language in exclusionary clauses must be “clear and unmistakable,” as those clauses are strictly interpreted. Nevertheless, “a court must refrain from altering or changing a policy where terms are unambiguous, despite resulting hardship on the insured.”
U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Martin,
998 So.2d 956, 963 (Miss.2008) (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added). The burden of proving coverage rests with the insured.
See So. Life & Health Ins. Co. v. Kemp,
300 So.2d 782, 785 (Miss.1974).
¶ 22. The policies at issue define “occurrence” as “an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.” This Court has previously addressed the meaning of similar and identical definitions of “occurrence” in the factually distinguishable cases of
Moulton
and
Omnibank,
respectively.
¶ 23. In
Moulton,
this Court considered whether, under a comprehensive dwelling policy, an insurer was obligated to defend and indemnify an insured in an action against the insured for malicious prosecution.
See Moulton,
464 So.2d at 508. The policy provided, in pertinent part, that “[t]he Company will pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the Insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of
bodily injury or property damage to which this insurance applies, caused by an occurrence
[,]” and defined “occurrence” as
“an accident,
including injurious exposure to conditions, which results, during the endorsement period,
in bodily injury or property damage neither expected nor intended from the standpoint of the
Insured....”
Id.
(emphasis added). Regarding an “accident,” this Court found that “[t]he
only relevant consideration
is whether, according to the Declaration, the
chain of events leading to the injuries
complained of was
set in motion and followed a course consciously devised and controlled by appellant without the unex
pected intervention of any third person or extrinsic force.” Id.
at 509 (quoting
Ed Winkler & Son, Inc. v. Ohio Cas. Ins. Co.,
51 Md.App. 190, 441 A.2d 1129, 1132 (1982)) (emphasis added). As such, this Court determined that:
the
contract
is
sufficiently unambiguous
for us to hold that the term
accident refers to Mrs. Moulton’s action
and
not whatever unintended damages flowed from that act.
Mrs. Moulton obviously intended to swear out the complaint against Anthony Walls. Although she may not have intended for him to suffer humiliation or embarrassment, she certainly intended for him to be arrested. By requiring Allstate to defend and indemnify Mrs. Moulton, this Court would have stretched the meaning of accident beyond the bounds of that normally used in the English language and certainly beyond the bounds of the use intended within the policy.
Moulton,
464 So.2d at 510 (emphasis added).
¶ 24. In
Omnibank,
an individual financed her car purchase through Omni-bank, but failed to obtain car insurance, as required by Omnibank.
See Omnibank,
812 So.2d at 197-98. Subsequently, Omni-bank “allegedly ‘force-placed’ insurance coverage on the car and charged and added to the amount of loan the premiums and interest.”
Id.
at 198. After the individual filed suit in federal court against Omnibank for “wrongfully force-plac[ing] collateral protection insurance,” Omnibank filed a third-party complaint against its insurer, United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company (“USF&G”), for breaching its duty to defend and bad faith.
Id.
Subsequently, the district court granted USF&G’s motion for summary judgment as to the bad-faith claim, but denied the motion regarding the duty-to-defend claim.
See id.
After USF&G appealed, the Fifth Circuit certified the following question to this Court, “whether, under Mississippi law, an insurer’s duty to defend under a
general commercial liability policy
for injuries caused by accidents extends to
injuries unintended by the insured but which resulted from intentional actions of the insured if those actions were negligent
but not intentionally tortious.”
Id.
at 197-98 (emphasis added). Addressing policy language with substantively similar coverage provisions, “occurrence” definitions, and “expected or intended injury” exclusions as those in the case
sub judice,
this Court found such language unambiguous and, applying the “occurrence” interpretation from
Moulton,
determined that:
Omnibank intended to make a loan to Ramsey, intended to require Ramsey to maintain insurance, intended to place [a] collateral protection insurance provision in the loan agreement, and intended to include the premium in the finance charge. This chain of events was set in motion and followed a course consciously devised and controlled by Omnibank, without the unexpected intervention of any third person or extrinsic force. Clearly, under the rationale of
Moulton,
USF&G is under no duty to defend....
Id.
at 200-01. By virtue of the policy language, “even if an insured acts in a negligent manner, that
action must
still be
accidental and unintended
in order to implicate policy coverage.”
Id.
at 197 (emphasis added). This Court added that “a claim resulting from intentional conduct which causes foreseeable harm is not covered, even where the actual injury or damages are greater than expected or intended.”
Id.
at 201 (citations omitted). In sum, this Court answered the certified question by stating that “an insurer’s duty to defend under a
general commercial lia
bility policy
does
not
extend to
negligent actions
that are
intentionally caused by the insured.” Id.
at 202 (emphasis added).
¶ 25. Unlike in this case, the insureds in both
Moulton
and
Omnibank
were the parties who engaged in intentional and allegedly tortious conduct leading to the injuries complained of. Thus, the insured’s intentional actions did not constitute “accidents,” and the damages resulting therefrom did not amount to “occurrences” under the respective policies. In the present case, by contrast, the only act or conduct considered by the circuit court was the hiring of subcontractors, without consideration of whether the underlying acts or conduct of the insured or the subcontractors proximately causing “property damage” were negligent or intentional or were otherwise excluded by policy language. While the alleged “property damage” may have been “set in motion” by Architex’s intentional hiring of the subcontractors,
the “chain of events” may not have “followed a course consciously devised and controlled by [Architex], without the unexpected intervention of any third person or extrinsic force.”
Id.
at 200-01.
¶26. The Fifth Circuit’s application of
Moulton
and
Omnibank
principles in
ACS
is incongruent with the
raison d’etre
for procuring liability protection, whether the nature of such coverage be auto, home, or business liability insurance.
See ACS,
332 F.3d at 885. In
ACS,
the United States Army Corp of Engineers entered into a contract -with ACS for the construction of munitions bunkers at an Air Force base.
See id.
at 887. ACS then hired a subcontractor “to install a waterproofing membrane to the roofs.”
Id.
Following installation, leaks developed in the roofs, and ACS was unsuccessful in getting the subcontractor to make corrections.
See id. “As
ACS was still responsible for the project, it was forced to make the repairs thereby suffering a loss in excess of $190,000.”
Id.
Thereafter, ACS filed a claim with its CGL insurer.
See id.
The subject policy included nearly identical coverage provisions; “occurrence” and “your work” definitions; and “expected or intended injury,” “damage to property,” and “damage to your work” exclusions as those in the case
sub judice. See id.
at 887, 892. The CGL insurer denied ACS’s claim on the basis that “no ‘property damage’ caused by an ‘occurrence’ took place....”
Id.
at 887. After ACS filed suit against its CGL insurer, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the insurer, “finding that there was no ‘occurrence’ such that ACS was entitled to recovery under the policy.”
Id.
On appeal, the Fifth Circuit considered “whether, under Mississippi law, an ‘accident’ refers to the unintended consequences of installing the waterproofing membrane or whether an ‘accident’ refers to the underlying acts of the installation itself.”
Id.
at 888. The Fifth Circuit concluded that the policy language was unambiguous and that “in a CGL insurance policy which defines an ‘occurrence’ as an ‘accident,’ coverage is
[not
] triggered if the
underlying act
was
intentional and deliberate
[,]” nor does coverage extend to the
“unintended consequences
” of such an underlying act.
Id.
at 890, 892 (emphasis added). Based thereon, the Fifth Circuit found that:
no “occurrence” took place. The negligence in installing the waterproofing membrane in the roofs was the foreseeable cause of the leaks that developed. The act of installing the waterproofing membrane fell outside of the terms of
the policy because
regardless of whether prompted by negligence
(1) ACS’s acts were committed deliberately and the intervention of [the subcontractor] to complete the work was expected; and (2) the likely (and actual) leaking that developed as a result of faulty workmanship was within ACS’s foresight.
The faulty workmanship of [the subcontractor] unfortunately amounts to negligence.
Hiring the subcontractors and installing the waterproofing membranes were not accidents under the terms of the policy.
Id.
at 891 (emphasis added). As to the “subcontractor exception” to the “damage to your work” exclusion, the Fifth Circuit summarily cited
Omnibank
in concluding that “[t]he exclusionary language in the contract cannot be used to create coverage where none exists.”
Id.
at 892.
¶ 27. Preliminarily, this Court agrees with
ACS
that “exclusionary language ... cannot be used to create coverage where none exists.”
ACS,
332 F.3d at 892. However, this proposition does not preclude considering the policy “as a whole.”
Martin,
998 So.2d at 963. The policy exclusions and exceptions thereto can be (and often are) valuable in determining the parameters of coverage, generally, and the meaning of “accident” within the definition of “occurrence,” specifically. As the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals has stated:
[t]he import of the “your work” exclusion and its subcontractor exception is not that the exclusion “creates” coverage. Rather, the import is that the exception lends insight into the baseline definition of “occurrence” from which parties and courts interpreting CGL policies should operate.
If the definition of “occurrence” cannot be understood to include an insured’s faulty workmanship, an exclusion that exempts from coverage any damage the insured’s faulty workmanship causes to its own work is nugatory.
If, on the other hand, the definition of “occurrence” does include an insured’s faulty workmanship, such an exclusion functions as a meaningful “limitation or restriction on the insuring clause.”
Stanley Martin Co. v. Ohio Cas. Group,
313 Fed.Appx. 609, 613 n. 2 (4th Cir.2009) (internal citation omitted) (emphasis added). Similarly, the Supreme Court of Florida has provided that:Insurance
if the insuring provisions do not confer an initial grant of coverage for faulty workmanship, there would be no reason for [the insurer] to exclude damage to “your work[.]”
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In addition,
a construction of the insuring agreement that precludes recovery for damage caused to the completed project by the subcontractor’s defective work renders the “products-completed operations hazard” exception to exclusion (j)(6) and the subcontractor exception to exclusion (l) meaningless.
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Reading these provisions in pari mate-ria with the insuring agreement supports the conclusion that a subcontractor’s defective work that results in damage to the completed project can constitute an “occurrence.”
J.S.U.B.,
979 So.2d at 886-87 (emphasis added). In short, if an “occurrence” is a condition precedent to coverage, but “personal injury” or “property damage,” if proximately caused by a negligent act or conduct of a subcontractor, is not covered, then there is no logical explanation for why the policy contains the referenced exclusions and exceptions to exclusions (e.g., the “subcontractor exception”).
¶ 28. It appears that part of the confusion between insurers and insureds, and in
conflicting opinions of courts, is caused by branding faulty workmanship, defective work, and other similar phrases as “occurrences” or not. Faulty workmanship, defective work, et al., may be accidental, intentional, or neither. A return to basics leads this Court to conclude that the underlying facts will determine whether the complaint of “property damage” (defective or faulty workmanship) was proximately caused by breach of a recognizable duty and whether that breach was accidental or intentional; or, whether the “property damage” was caused by neither. In two of the three aforementioned scenarios, no coverage would exist. Only when “property damage” is proximately caused by an accident (an inadvertent act) does an “occurrence,” as defined by the policy, trigger coverage. The record before us is insufficiently developed to answer that question with certainty.
¶29. Plainly, an interpretation of the policy which views the term “occurrence” categorically to preclude coverage for the simple negligence of a subcontractor subverts the plain language and purpose of the CGL part of these policies. For example, if a roofing subcontractor negligently causes a roofing tile to fall, injuring a passerby, does such an inadvertent act on the part of the subcontractor automatically defeat coverage simply because the subcontractor was intentionally hired by the insured-general contractor? Could one legitimately argue, as a matter of law, that the “bodily injury” resulting therefrom was “expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured?” We hold it does not.
This Court adds that even if there has been “property damage” caused by an “occurrence,” coverage is not automatic. It also must be ascertained, under the facts specific to each case, if any other exclusions and/or exceptions to exclusions apply.
¶ 30. Architex incurred specific premium charges for “Class Description: Contractors-Subcont Work-In Conn W/Constr-Bldgs.” The parties dispute the purpose of these premium payments. Hamby’s affidavit states that Charles Roberts, the Vice President of the Underwriting Division at Southern Insurance Underwriters,
explained “Scottsdale’s rationale behind collecting premiums was ‘to ensure that adequate premium is collected to provide coverage for the general contractor’s defense should they be named in a lawsuit involving a covered loss resulting from the actions of a subcontractor.’ ” The affidavit of Elizabeth Baxter, Scottsdale’s Regional Underwriting Manager for the Southeast Region, provides that:
[i]t is ... a misinterpretation of the Program Documents to contend that because the work of subcontractors is considered in determining the premium charged for a policy that all work of subcontractors is, therefore, covered by the policy.
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Additional premium is charged for a general contractor’s policy if the general contractor has subcontractors on his project because the potential liability of the general contractor is increased by additional persons and entities working on the project.
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In this case, Architex’s premium was actually reduced by the fact that the subcontractors had their own coverage.
The fact that subcontractors had their own insurance coverage does not, in itself, determine whether Architex had coverage for this claim.
¶ 31. Given that this appeal was filed after summary judgment was granted for Scottsdale, this evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to Architex.
See Kilhullen,
8 So.3d at 174. Accordingly, this Court finds that the referenced premium payments support coverage for Archi-tex as to unexpected and unintended “property damage” resulting from work “performed on [its] behalf by a subcontractor.” This further comports with a prior ruling of this Court, in the context of uninsured-motorist coverage, that a presumption of equal coverage
exists
if the insurer charges a separate premium for such coverage over the regular coverage and that “in order to limit this coverage it must be done in such-clear and unambiguous language that it may be readily seen and understood by the insured that the coverage is limited.”
Hartford Accident & Indem. Co. v. Bridges,
350 So.2d 1379, 1381 (Miss.1977). This Court finds no such “clear and unambiguous language” limiting coverage for Architex as to unexpected or unintended “property damage” resulting from work “performed on [its] behalf by a subcontractor.” In fact, as discussed in ¶ 27
supra,
the policy expressly includes such coverage.
¶ 32. Therefore, by virtue of the clear and unambiguous language of the policy,
as well as the subcontractor premiums paid by Architex, this Court finds
Omni-bank
distinguishable. The Fifth Circuit’s rebanee thereon in
ACS
is inconsistent with Mississippi law and, therefore, inapplicable. The subject policy
unambiguously
extends coverage to Architex for unexpected or unintended “property damage” resulting from negligent acts or conduct of a subcontractor, if not excluded by other applicable terms and conditions of the policy not at issue in this appeal. By failing to consider the policy as a whole, the circuit court erred in its “occurrence” analysis. Under Scottsdale’s CGL policy, the term “occurrence” cannot be construed in such a manner as to preclude coverage for unexpected or unintended “property damage” resulting from work “performed on [Architex’s] behalf by a subcontractor.” As the circuit court’s summary judgment rulings on Scottsdale’s duties were premised upon the absence of coverage, this Court reverses and remands this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
CONCLUSION
¶ 33. This Court concludes that under Scottsdale’s CGL policy, the term “occurrence” cannot be construed in such a manner as to preclude coverage for unexpected or unintended “property damage” resulting from negligent acts or conduct of a subcontractor, unless otherwise excluded or the insured breaches its duties after loss. As such, the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment to Scottsdale on the basis that there was no “occurrence” and, thus, no coverage under the subject pobcy. This case is reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
¶ 34. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
WALLER, C.J., CARLSON AND GRAVES, P.JJ., DICKINSON, LAMAR, KITCHENS, CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR.