IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 14-0956 Filed April 22, 2015
ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant,
vs.
ROBERT WARREN, Defendant-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Richard G. Blane II,
Judge.
An employer appeals from the judicial review decision affirming the
workers’ compensation commissioner’s award of permanent total disability
benefits to Robert Warren. AFFIRMED.
Jordan A. Kaplan and Mark A. Woollums of Betty, Neuman & McMahon,
P.L.C., Davenport, for appellant.
Bob Rush of Rush & Nicholson, P.L.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellee.
Heard by Vogel, P.J., and Potterfield and Mullins, JJ. 2
POTTERFIELD, J.
Archer Daniels Midlands, Inc. (ADM) appeals from the judicial review
decision affirming the workers’ compensation commissioner’s award of
permanent total disability benefits to Robert Warren. On appeal, ADM contends
the district court erred in failing to remand this case to the commissioner for
reevaluation after the district court found one physician’s opinion of causation
was a “nullity,” and argues the causation determination in the absence of that
opinion is not supported by substantial evidence. ADM also maintains Warren’s
pre-injury-date retirement plans—as a matter of law—preclude an award of
permanent total disability.
Because the commissioner weighed the expert opinion evidence
thoroughly and documented its finding of causation, and the district court
accepted the finding of the commissioner as supported by substantial evidence in
the record, we affirm the causation finding. Additionally, we do not find the
commissioner’s determination as to industrial disability was irrational, illogical, or
wholly unjustifiable. We therefore affirm the district court’s decision affirming the
Iowa Workers’ Compensation Commissioner’s award of permanent total disability
benefits to Warren.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
Evidence at the arbitration hearing established Warren was born in
February 1949, completed the ninth grade, and later obtained his G.E.D. He
attended Kirkwood Community College and earned diplomas or certificates in
welding, blueprint reading, and pipe fitting. In 1969, Warren suffered a severe,
traumatic right-hip injury after falling twenty-eight feet from a roof that collapsed. 3
The fall resulted in a comminuted fracture of the intertrochanteric area of the right
femur and fractures to the olecranon. Warren underwent a Jewett hip nailing
procedure involving a three and one-half inch nail, a four inch plate, and metallic
screws.
Warren worked as a welder from 1974 until 1986 when that employer’s
plant closed. From 1975 to 1976, Warren had complained of pain in the right hip
and had an x-ray showing “some motion about the Jewett nail.” At his doctor’s
recommendation, Warren had the Jewett nail removed. On February 27, 1976,
Dr. J. Huey noted Warren’s leg was well healed and released him to return to
work. In 1980, Warren was seen once for left hip pain. Dr. Huey noted leg
lengths were equal and commented “[h]is right hip has an old varus deformity
from a fracture but it looks pretty good, really. It has healed solidly and the head
is viable. The left hip reveals no evidence of degenerative arthritic change.”
Warren worked for a different employer’s manufacturing business from 1987 to
2000. He then drove a semi-truck for about six months.
On March 19, 2001, Warren began working for ADM. His health was
“excellent” when he started and he was under no restrictions. He worked for six
months in a warehouse moving and stacking bags. From there, he moved to his
permanent job—refinery utility. As a utility worker, Warren was responsible for
moving railcars (preparing them to carry corn syrup) and directing trucks into
proper filling position. Warren’s position included twelve- to sixteen-hour work
days, lifting up to one hundred pounds much of that time. His work “was heavy,
physical labor that required walking on uneven ground, standing, crawling,
stooping, climbing onto and into and out of railcars, climbing steps, bending, 4
twisting, lifting, and pulling, amongst other strenuous physical acts.” He fell
several times on the uneven rail yard terrain.
Warren’s right hip began to bother him when the rail car staging area was
expanded, which caused him to walk more. He was taking ibuprofen and
Tylenol, but these over-the-counter medications provided only limited relief. On
January 28, 2009, Warren went to his family doctor, Dr. Yang Ahn, complaining
of stiffness and pain. A prescription painkiller was prescribed. Pain in his hip
was noted on an April 22, 2009 visit.
Warren’s symptoms worsened and Dr. Ahn referred him to Dr. Michael
Brooks for evaluation on July 31, 2009. Dr. Brooks’ recorded history included a
progressively worsening condition. The prescribed painkiller initially helped but
eventually provided only moderate relief. Warren’s employment was described
as “a manual position loading and preparing railroad cars for corn syrup.” Dr.
Brooks assessed “[p]olyarthritis with a predominance of osteoarthritis.” He gave
Warren a steroid injection and prescribed a different painkiller. Dr. Brooks also
ordered additional lab studies. On November 5, 2009, Dr. Brooks noted the lab
studies “did not corroborate any systemic inflammation.” Dr. Brooks indicated
the new medications were providing “good overall pain response . . . but [Warren]
continues to have significant arthralgias and myalgias in the arms and in the
legs.” Dr. Brooks concluded, “I’ve discussed the nature of his disease and the
limits of our ability to treat at this point and have suggested he continue
symptomatic control.”
Warren returned to Dr. Brooks on May 5, 2010, reporting “significant
symptoms of pain, stiffness and chronic fatigue with myalgias” and “problems 5
with right hip pain and stiffness.” Additional pain medication was prescribed. Dr.
Brooks noted, “I’ve discussed the possibility of sending him to one of the
orthopedic surgeons but he’s not anxious to consider that at the present time.
We will monitor his response to these changes and see him back in 4-6 months.”
The notes from a September 15, 2010 visit with Dr. Brooks include:
[Warren] continues having symptoms of more diffuse arthralgias and myalgias are really more a predominance of pain in the right pelvic area down the right thigh. This is worse with walking on uneven ground and with weightbearing. He does have an antalgic gait when the symptoms become worse and he indicates that the symptoms are somewhat waxing and waning in terms of severity. .... We discussed the possibility of a total hip arthroplasty at length today. I reviewed with him the results of the x-ray and suggested that his hip pain is unlikely to get better unless something is done more definitively. He has multiple questions regarding his job situation if he does have the hip replaced and I answered those to the best of my ability but recommended that he at least have a consultation with one of the orthopedic surgeons to discuss the situation as well. He is thinking about that option at this point.
On September 22, 2010, Warren saw Dr. Sandeep Munjal, an orthopedic
surgeon. Dr. Munjal noted, “His work does require significant lifting of loads and
more than twelve hundred steps a day of rough walking.” X-rays demonstrated
“advanced degenerative changes in the right hip with hallmarks of previous
surgery and a valgus alignment of the hip.” Physical examination revealed a
painful right hip, limping, and antalgic gait. Dr. Munjal assessed osteoarthritis of
the right hip and “unexplained poly inflammatory arthropathy.” Dr. Munjal
“discussed hip replacement in great detail with the patient.”
Obviously there will be significant concerns regarding his job with especially the high amount of loading he has to do. I discussed hip replacement in great detail with the patient, including restrictions associated with that. He is thinking about surgery in 6
February/March prior to his retirement. Activity modifications after that.
On January 12, 2011, Warren returned to see Dr. Brooks and reported he
was scheduled to have right hip joint replacement. “He is aware that he will not
be able to continue his present job after the surgery due to the requirements of
lifting, squatting and climbing associated with his present job.” Dr. Brooks wrote
further,
I reviewed the situation with him and have elected to have him continue the meloxicam and call me with a report in terms of what exactly he’s been doing with the tramadol before deciding on further pain medications. I like to get him through the surgery and off of work for a month or two prior to considering more medications and would therefore like to see him back again in about four months for reevaluation and assessment of what medications would make sense in his new situation after the surgery.
Warren underwent a right total hip replacement on February 22, 2011. On
May 11, 2011, Dr. Munjal examined Warren and discussed returning to work:
Regarding return to work, we gave him a return to work slip when FMLA is up May 17 with normal restrictions [fifty-pound weight limit; the restrictions also included no bending, climbing, crawling, kneeling, stooping, twisting or stair steps]. He will let us know if he needs anything additional to this . . . . The patient was encouraged to resume activities as tolerated. We will see the patient back at one year from the time of surgery or sooner if problems.
On May 13, 2011, Warren was seen for follow-up by Dr. Brooks. Dr.
Brooks noted Warren “is recovering from [hip replacement] quite nicely although
he is still very restricted in terms of his activities and it is clear that he is not going
to be able to go back to work in his previous position because of the restrictions.”
Warren returned to ADM, but was told his restrictions could not be 7
accommodated. Consequently, Warren’s last date of employment with ADM was
February 18, 2011.1
On April 5, 2011, Warren filed a petition seeking workers’ compensation
benefits for a cumulative injury. ADM sent Warren for an independent medical
examination (IME) with Dr. William Boulden on June 15, 2011. In his report, Dr.
Boulden opined “Warren’s work activities with Archer Daniels Midland . . . did not
accelerate or cause the osteoarthritis of his hip, for which he had the hip
replacement.” He also wrote,
I believe Dr. Munjal’s letter dated Febraury 11, 2010, basically states what I have stated; that the arthritis was not caused by the patient’s work. The patient did physical activities at work and he states that the patent’s symptoms may have been aggravated by his work, but once again, the arthritis was the cause of the operation and the pain is from the arthritis.
On March 13, 2012, Warren was seen by Dr. Ray Miller for another IME.
Dr. Miller wrote:
It is my opinion from evaluating Mr. Warren, his medical records, and his job requirements, that his work activity during his ten years at Archer Daniels Midland were significant physical activities that contributed to the progression of osteoarthritis resulting in the need for a total hip replacement. Those work requirements accelerated the osteoarthritis and the need for a hip replacement.
On March 19, 2012, Dr. Munjal signed off on a letter from ADM’s attorney
agreeing with Dr. Boulden that Warren’s “symptoms may have been aggravated
by his work, but once again, the arthritis was the cause of the operation and the
pain is from the arthritis.” On May 4, 2012, Dr. Munjal signed his name to a letter
from Warren’s attorney indicating he agreed with Dr. Miller that Warren’s
employment with ADM accelerated his right hip arthritis causing the need for the
1 Warren was later found to be totally disabled for Social Security disability purposes. 8
total hip replacement. At a June 11, 2012 deposition, Dr. Munjal testified that
Warren’s work activities were not a cause of Warren’s osteoarthritis. After being
told the difference in the definition of probability and possibility, Dr. Munjal said “it
is probable the increased pain was caused by lifting and all the work. Regarding
arthritis, I would say possible because—or it’s possible that, but I don’t know the
answer.”
Following an arbitration hearing, the deputy commissioner determined,
“The record evidence considered as a whole does not support a finding that
claimant’s right hip osteoarthritis and his need for a right hip replacement were
rational consequences of his work activities for ADM.” In the conclusions of law,
the deputy commissioner wrote:
As regards to claimant’s claim of a right hip injury, Dr. Boulden’s opinion that claimant’s right hip osteoarthritis and need for right hip replacement surgery represented a progression of the right hip deformities that he had as a result of the valgus deformity he developed after his earlier trochanteric fracture and related surgery is well reasoned and accepted over the contrary causation opinion of Dr. Miller, which is not supported by a rational explanation. Claimant has not demonstrated that the right hip osteoarthritis that resulted in his having hip replacement surgery was a rational consequence of his work duties or that the condition was accelerated because of his work duties for ADM.
Consequently, the deputy denied Warren workers’ compensation benefits.
Warren appealed to the commissioner.
The commissioner reversed the deputy’s arbitration ruling, finding:
The law as to aggravation of preexisting conditions is well- settled. While a claimant is not entitled to compensation for the results of a preexisting injury or disease, its mere existence at the time of a subsequent injury is not a defense. Rose v. John Deere Ottumwa Works, 76 N.W.2d 756 (Iowa 1956). If the claimant had a preexisting condition or disability that is materially aggravated, accelerated, worsened or lighted up so that it results in disability, 9
claimant is entitled to recover. Nicks v. Davenport Produce Co., 115 N.W.2d 812 (Iowa 1962); Yeager v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 112 N.W.2d 299 (Iowa 1961). The presiding deputy commissioner’s discussion of causation and of pain brought about by work duties does not appear to comport with the well-settled law of aggravation of preexisting conditions and is discounted as such a standard would place a far greater, if not insurmountable burden on an injured worker than does the standard set forth in Nicks and Yeager. Claimant need not prove any more than the work activities materially aggravated, accelerated, worsened, or lighted up the progression of his osteoarthritis and resulted in the need for the hip replacement surgery.
The commissioner observed that Warren’s “employment duties were not
significantly discussed within the arbitration decision.” The commissioner wrote:
Further, [Warren] explained in great detail the duties of moving railcars, cleaning and inspecting the railcars, and ultimately filling the cars with product and removing the cars from the facility. Between [Warren’s] testimony and the job description it is found that [Warren’s] work was heavy, physical labor that required walking on uneven ground, standing, crawling, stooping, climbing onto and into and out of railcars, climbing steps, bending, twisting, lifting, and pulling, amongst other strenuous physical acts. [Warren] testified that due to the rough terrain in the rail yard that he had fallen several times. [Warren’s] work required him to take steps to a control room where he input data into a computer. [Warren] worked 12-16 hours per day and had worked up to 80 hours in a week. [Warren] noted about five to six years prior to the arbitration hearing that his work duties had changed and brought forth more significant right hip complaints. [Warren] testified that: My hip—it got to the point where it was really bothering . . . . It got to the point where once I got down, it would be hard to get back up. My walking going up and down the steps got closer. My hip really started to bother me a lot. I was fighting the snow clear up to my knees and thighs at times, slipping, falling. Just—yeah; it really started to tear me up.
(Record citations omitted.)
The commissioner reviewed the records of Drs. Munjal, Boulden, and
Miller and determined Warren “met his burden to prove that his right hip 10
replacement and disability arose out of and in the course of his employment
duties with [ADM].” Further, the commissioner found Warren had sustained a
twenty-percent impairment to the whole person. The commissioner concluded
Warren “sustained a right hip injury through a cumulative process as an
aggravation of claimant’s preexisting hip condition. That injury manifested itself
on February 18, 2011[,] when claimant left his employment for medical treatment
for the hip condition.”
The commissioner then addressed the issue of the “extent of claimant’s
loss of earning capacity as a result of his hip replacement.” The commissioner
considered the many factors of industrial disability and concluded Warren had
“sustained an injury which permanently disables him from performing work within
his experience, training, education, and physical capacities,” entitling him an
award of permanent total disability benefits commencing on February 19, 2011.
ADM filed a petition for judicial review in the district court. The district
court found substantial evidence supported the commissioner’s finding of
causation, despite finding Dr. Munjal’s varying statements in response to the
attorneys’ letters a “nullity.” The district court wrote:
However, the Court [] still finds that Dr. Miller’s testimony sufficiently supports causation between work and the aggravation of the osteoarthritis, which aggravated the condition and necessitated surgery. The Court disagrees that Dr. Miller makes conflicting assertions. Dr. Miller is simply saying in his first opinion that no specific injury at work caused the Warren’s pain in his hip but rather the normal physical labor contributed to the acceleration of his osteoarthritis. [ADM’s] argument regarding the adjectives used to describe the contributing factors is also without merit; regardless of the adjectives used to describe the contributions, Dr. Miller still found the work activities contributed to the progression and acceleration of the osteoarthritis which necessitated surgery. Therefore, the Commissioner’s finding that the Warren’s right hip 11
osteoarthritis aggravation was proximately caused by the Warren’s work activities is supported by substantial evidence. The existence of substantial evidence is especially apparent when the Commissioner’s credibility determination of Dr. Boulden is considered. The Court also finds the Commissioner’s credibility determination regarding Dr. Boulden is supported by substantial evidence. The Commissioner’s determination that Dr. Boulden’s opinion was conclusory seems to be based on the fact that he did not fully acknowledge the physical nature of the Warren’s employment in his June 15, 2011 IME. This is supported by substantial evidence as Dr. Miller’s IME on March 13, 2012 discussed the Warren’s job duties in depth . . . . .... Last, the Court finds [ADM’s] argument that the osteoarthritis is not work related without merit. As stated the Commissioner’s finding of causation between work and the aggravation of the osteoarthritis was supported by substantial evidence. In conclusion, the Court finds that when the record is considered as a whole, the Commissioner’s decision is supported by substantial evidence even when the evidence supplied by Dr. Munjal is not considered. Dr. Miller’s opinion supports a causal link between the Warren’s physical work and the aggravation of the osteoarthritis and subsequent surgery. [footnote omitted] Furthermore, the Commissioner’s finding of lack of creditability in Dr. Boulden was supported by substantial evidence. Last, [ADM’s] attempt to attribute the osteoarthritis to other causes fails.
ADM also contended the commissioner had not adequately considered
Warren’s “planned retirement” in the determination of industrial disability. The
district court rejected this argument, holding the commissioner’s industrial
disability decision was not irrational, illogical, or wholly unjustifiable.2
The district court denied ADM’s subsequent motion to amend its ruling in
which it argued, “The Commissioner, not the Court, has authority to determine if
Dr. Miller’s opinion alone proves causation by a preponderance of the evidence.”
ADM appeals.
2 The district court did reverse the commissioner’s assessment of costs of an audiology report associated with Warren’s failed claims of hearing loss and tinnitus, and remanded to the commissioner for a corrected ruling. 12
II. Scope and Standards of Review.
Iowa Code chapter 17A governs our review of the commissioner’s
decision. See Iowa Code § 86.26 (2013); Mike Brooks, Inc. v. House, 843
N.W.2d 885, 888 (Iowa 2014). The district court acts in an appellate capacity
when reviewing the commissioner’s decisions to correct errors of law. See Mike
Brooks, 843 N.W.2d at 888. “On appeal, we apply the standards of chapter 17A
to determine whether we reach the same conclusions as the district court. If we
reach the same conclusions, we affirm; otherwise we may reverse.” Id. at 888-89
(citation and quotation marks omitted).
As the trier of fact, it is the commissioner’s duty to weigh the evidence.
Arndt v. City of Le Claire, 728 N.W.2d 389, 394-95 (Iowa 2007). We will only
disturb the commissioner’s finding fact if it is not supported by substantial
evidence. See Iowa Code § 17A.19(10)(f) (defining substantial evidence as “the
quantity and quality of evidence that would be deemed sufficient by a neutral,
detached, and reasonable person, to establish the fact at issue when the
consequences resulting from the establishment of that fact are understood to be
serious and of great importance”).
Evidence is not insubstantial merely because different conclusions may be drawn from the evidence. To that end, evidence may be substantial even though we may have drawn a different conclusion as fact finder. Our task, therefore, is not to determine whether the evidence supports a different finding; rather, our task is to determine whether substantial evidence, viewing the record as a whole, supports the findings actually made.
Cedar Rapids Cmty. Sch. Dist. V. Pease, 807 N.W.2d 839, 845 (Iowa 2011)
(citations omitted). 13
III. Discussion.
A. Medical Causation. As our supreme court has repeatedly emphasized,
“[o]ur decision is controlled in large part by the deference we afford to decisions
of administrative agencies.” Pease, 807 N.W.2d at 844; see Mike Brooks, 843
N.W.2d at 889.
Medical causation presents a question of fact that is vested in the
discretion of the workers’ compensation commission. Mike Brooks, 843 N.W.2d
at 889; Pease, 807 N.W.2d at 844-45; Dunlavey v. Econ. Fire & Cas. Co., 526
N.W.2d 845, 853 (Iowa 1995). “[T]he determination of whether to accept or
reject an expert opinion is within the ‘peculiar province’ of the commissioner.”
Pease, 807 N.W.2d at 845 (quoting Deaver v. Armstrong Rubber Co., 170
N.W.2d 455, 464 (Iowa 1969)).
ADM argues that because the district court’s analysis excluded Dr.
Munjal’s contradictory opinions, this case must be remanded to the
commissioner to reweigh the evidence. ADM relies on McDowell v. Town of
Clarksville, 241 N.W.2d 904 (Iowa 1976), for this proposition. We reject this
argument.
The district court observed,
The Agency did not make any clear indication that its finding of a preponderance of the evidence required both doctors’ opinions. There is no explicit evidence that the Agency would have found against causation if only Dr. Miller’s opinion was available. The parts of the Agency’s decision that [ADM] quotes show that the Agency is considering the opinions of the doctors collectively when deciding causation, but it does not show that both Drs. Miller’s and Munjal’s opinions are necessary to find causation and that Dr. Miller’s opinion alone would be insubstantial. More importantly, the Court’s job on judicial review is to view the record as a whole to see if substantial evidence supports a 14
finding of fact. . . . The Court determined that there was substantial evidence after it considered the detracting evidence.
We find no reason to disturb the court’s reasoning. While ADM
characterizes the district court’s ruling as a determination the commissioner erred
in considering Dr. Munjal’s testimony, the clear language used by the district
court belies that characterization. The district court recognized that the
commissioner had weighed the opinions of all three experts on the issue of
causation, discussing the specifics of each doctor’s statements and the context
for each opinion. The commissioner reviewed the several doctors’ opinions and
reasoned:
[Warren’s] right leg deformity resulted in osteoarthritis and further opined that the physical nature of claimant’s employment duties materially aggravated and accelerated the osteoarthritis and the need for the right hip replacement. The opinions of both Dr. Miller and Dr. [Munjal] are supported by reference to the work duties of claimant and acknowledge that this is a progression of a preexisting condition. The opinion of Dr. Boulden stands alone in the record. Dr. Boulden’s report fails to acknowledge the physical nature of claimant’s employment in the rail yard, finding it immaterial. Dr. Boulden merely writes a conclusory statement that claimant’s work duties did not accelerate or cause the osteoarthritis of his hip, for which claimant had the hip replacement. Following consideration of the medical opinions of the three medical experts it is concluded that a preponderance of the evidence supports a conclusion that claimant’s right hip osteoarthritis was materially and substantially aggravated by claimant’s job duties for defendant, requiring a total right hip replacement. Claimant has therefore met his burden to prove that his right hip replacement and disability arose out of and in the course of his employment duties with defendant. It is further concluded that claimant has sustained a 20 percent impairment to the whole person along with the restrictions ordered by Dr. Miller.
(Emphasis added.)
In an effort to acknowledge ADM’s arguments on judicial review about the
differing opinions offered by Dr. Munjal, the district court looked at the record 15
without Dr. Munjal’s opinions to determine whether there was substantial
evidence of causation nonetheless. This is not a situation like McDowell, a case
upon which ADM relied in oral arguments, but had not cited in its briefs.
McDowell involved an appeal where our supreme court was concerned
that the commissioner had not considered all the evidence. See McDowell, 241
N.W.2d at 909. The McDowell court wrote,
Obviously an administrative agency cannot in its decision set out verbatim all the testimony in a case. Obviously also, if the agency quotes some testimony, a losing party should not be able, ipso facto, to urge successfully that the agency did not weigh all the other evidence. But under the particular record before us we are concerned that the commissioner may well have overlooked Dr. Caulkins’ answers to the written interrogatories. The commissioner set out Dr. Caulkins’ weaker original testimony—and then referred to this, if we understand the decision correctly, as Dr. Caulkins’ strongest testimony. Any reference to Dr. Caulkins’ later, stronger answers is conspicuously absent. The record indicates to us that the commissioner may well have been unaware of those interrogatories and answers. This unawareness may have resulted from claimant's filing the interrogatories and answers after the first hearing had concluded.
241 N.W.2d at 908. The supreme court held, “The proper disposition, however,
was not for the [district] court to find the facts but rather to return the case to the
commissioner for decision on the record already made.” Id. at 909. The court
concluded:
We thus remand the case to the commissioner to weigh and consider Dr. Caulkins’ answers to the written interrogatories, if the commissioner did not so weigh and consider them originally, and to render a supplemental decision. If the commissioner did weigh and consider those answers originally, he should so recite in his supplemental decision, and his original finding on causation and judgment will stand.
Id. 16
Unlike McDowell, the commissioner here referenced, quoted, and cited all
of the opinions of all three doctors, then weighed the opinions, giving little weight
to Dr. Boulden, recognizing the contradictory opinions of Dr. Munjal, and crediting
Dr. Miller’s opinions. Contrary to ADM’s attempt to characterize the district
court’s ruling otherwise, the district court did not reweigh the evidence here.
Rather, it determined there was substantial evidence supporting the
commissioner’s conclusion of causation—even without considering Dr. Munjal’s
opinions. McDowell does not stand for the proposition that remand to the
commissioner is the proper action here.
Our supreme court has repeatedly held that “if plaintiff was diseased and
his condition was aggravated, accelerated, worsened or ‘lighted up’ by the injury
so it resulted in the disability found to exist plaintiff was entitled to recover.” Rose
v. John Deere Ottumwa Works, 76 N.W.2d 756, 761 (Iowa 1956). It has
approved the standard of “material” aggravation or acceleration. Second Injury
Fund of Iowa v. Nelson, 544 N.W.2d 258, 263 (Iowa 1995); Yeager v. Firestone
Tire & Rubber Co., 112 N.W.2d 299, 302 (Iowa 1961). This is the standard the
commissioner applied; we affirm.
The commissioner found Warren had carried his burden to prove his
employment with ADM materially aggravated his condition causing the need for
hip replacement. This ruling is supported by Dr. Miller’s opinion that Warren’s
“work activity during his ten years at Archer Daniels Midland were significant
physical activities that contributed to the progression of osteoarthritis resulting in 17
the need for a total hip replacement.”3 Dr. Munjal was uncomfortable offering an
opinion about aggravation of a condition but did sign off on a letter from ADM’s
attorney agreeing with Dr. Boulden that Warren’s “symptoms may have been
aggravated by his work.” The worsening nature of Warren’s condition is
documented in his medical records, which repeatedly note the strenuous nature
of Warren’s work activities. As the commissioner stated, “The opinion of Dr.
Boulden stands alone in the record. Dr. Boulden’s report fails to acknowledge
the physical nature of claimant’s employment in the rail yard, finding it
immaterial.”
It is the commissioner, as fact finder, who is responsible for determining
the weight to be given expert testimony. See Sherman v. Pella Corp., 576
N.W.2d 312, 321 (Iowa 1998). “The commissioner is free to accept or reject an
expert’s opinion in whole or in part, particularly when relying on a conflicting
expert opinion.” Pease, 807 N.W.2d at 85. In their appellate capacity, courts
“are not at liberty to accept contradictory opinions of other experts in order to
reject the finding of the commissioner.” Id. Because the commissioner weighed
the expert opinion evidence thoroughly and documented its finding of causation,
and the district court accepted the finding of the commissioner as supported by
substantial evidence in the record, we affirm.
B. Industrial disability. “Industrial disability is determined by an evaluation
of the employee’s earning capacity.” Pease, 807 N.W.2d at 852; see also IBP,
Inc. v. Al-Gharib, 604 N.W.2d 621, 632 (Iowa 2000). “The commissioner may
consider a number of factors in determining industrial disability, including
3 Dr. Boulden opined that Warren’s “arthritis was the cause of the operation.” 18
functional disability, age, education, qualifications, experience, and the claimant’s
inability, because of the injury, to engage in employment for which he is fitted.”
Pease, 807 N.W.2d at 852 (citation, internal quotation marks, and alterations
omitted).
Here, the commissioner determined:
Claimant is a 63 year old worker who has performed heavy, physical labor during his vocational history. Claimant has a limited education, having completed only the 9th grade and later obtaining his GED. Claimant has obtained training from a community college in welding, pipe-fitting, and general construction trades. Claimant is not well suited for retraining due to his age and prior educational history. Claimant has sustained a significant physical impairment from his right hip replacement. He walks with an altered gait and may rely upon a cane or other assistance for mobility. Claimant cannot return to any of his prior employment positions. The physical restrictions set forth by Dr. Miller are severe and would preclude a return to any employment within his experience, training, education, or physical capacities. Claimant is on social security disability benefits. A vocational opinion by Barbara Laughlin, M.A., finds that claimant is precluded even from sedentary positions as he can only sit for 30 to 60 minutes at a time per Dr. Miller. Having considered the various factors of industrial disability it is concluded that claimant has sustained an injury which permanently disables him from performing work within his experience, training, education, and physical capacities. Therefore, claimant is entitled to an award of permanent total disability benefits.
ADM argues the commissioner’s determination is erroneous because
Warren “voluntarily retired.” ADM points out Warren’s testimony in which he
agreed that as of October 2010 when he visited his personal physician, he had
planned to retire the following March 2011.
Because ADM’s challenge to the commissioner’s industrial disability
determination depends on the application of law to facts, we will not disturb the
ruling unless it is “irrational, illogical, or wholly unjustifiable.” See Neal v. Annett 19
Holdings, Inc., 814 N.W.2d 512, 526 (Iowa 2012). The commissioner considered
the relevant factors of functional impairment, age, intelligence, education,
qualifications, experience, and the ability to engage in the employment for which
Warren was suited. See id.; see also Larson Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Thorson, 763
N.W.2d 842, 857 (Iowa 2009) (noting “motivation” as a relevant factor in
industrial disability inquiry).
In Second Injury Fund of Iowa v. Nelson, 544 N.W.2d 258, 265-67 (Iowa
1995), our supreme court discussed age as a factor in the determination of
industrial disability. There, the workers’ compensation commissioner had
determined the worker’s “proximity to normal retirement age also affects his
industrial disability. Claimant is near the end of the normal work life. Compared
to a younger worker with the same injury, claimant has lost less future earning
capacity as a result of his injury.” Nelson, 544 N.W.2d at 265. The supreme
court rejected this reasoning:
Industrial disability measures an injured worker’s lost earning capacity. Factors that should be considered include the employee’s functional impairment, age, intelligence, education, qualifications, experience, and the ability of the employee to engage in employment for which he is suited. Thus, the focus is not solely on what the worker can and cannot do; the focus is on the ability of the worker to be gainfully employed. Even more important for purposes of our discussion here is the concept that industrial disability rests on a comparison of what the injured worker could earn before the injury as compared to what the same person could earn after the injury. Thus, the level of post- injury earnings is important evidence of whether the injury impaired the worker’s capacity to earn. However, the commissioner here did not merely consider whether Nelson had the ability to earn the same wages after his shoulder injury as he could earn before his shoulder injury. The commissioner compared what Nelson could earn over his remaining worklife after his injury with what a hypothetical worker with the same characteristics, but younger, could earn. This comparison is irrelevant in determining Nelson’s 20
lost earning capacity. A calculation of the number of years of wages lost by Nelson might be helpful in assessing tort damages for lost earnings, but that is not the issue in a workers’ compensation case. .... When the industrial commissioner concludes, as he did here, that an older employee’s industrial disability is less because the employee has fewer years left to work, what the commissioner is really saying is that the total amount of future lost wages is a factor in setting the degree of industrial disability. The incorrectness of this analysis is illustrated by applying this concept in another factual context. If the total amount of future lost wages affects the amount of industrial disability, then highly paid workers would be entitled to a greater industrial disability rating than workers in lower-paying jobs. This result would occur even though the two workers’ capacities to be employed at the same level as they were employed before the injury are the same. This illustration highlights the fact that the comparison made in determining industrial disability is the worker’s capacity to earn before and after the injury, not the worker’s capacity to earn as compared to other workers. We agree with Nelson that the commissioner’s consideration of Nelson’s age as a factor reducing his industrial disability because Nelson would suffer less total future wage loss than a younger worker was erroneous. Our conclusion does not mean that age is irrelevant to determining industrial disability. To the extent Nelson’s age affects his actual employability, it is appropriately considered. As the industrial commissioner recognized in his decision, Nelson’s age would limit the retraining options available to him. Additionally, one of the vocational rehabilitation experts reported that Nelson would “run into the problem of being accepted by [an] employer at age sixty” and “at sixty years old you have to have some other skills that are pretty marketable if you are going to get on with a new employer.” There is simply no evidence in the record that Nelson’s age would increase his employability and thereby, reduce the level of his industrial disability. Therefore, we hold the commissioner committed reversible error in concluding that Nelson had less industrial disability than he otherwise would have had merely because he was near retirement age.
Id. at 265-67 (citations omitted).
We note, too, that ADM’s characterization of Warren’s retirement as
“voluntary” is not without question. We first observe that Warren testified he
“wanted to” retire, which is not synonymous with a definite plan to retire. It 21
certainly does not mean, as ADM contends, that Warren had already retired.
Warren also testified the working conditions “started to tear me up.” The record
also contains evidence that in May 2011 after his hip replacement, Warren was
released to return to work with restrictions. He took those restrictions to ADM
and was informed his restrictions could not be accommodated. Warren testified,
“I pretty much had to take retirement” and he sought Social Security disability
“[a]fter I knew that my—my working days was pretty much shot.” On our review
of the record evidence, we do not find the commissioner’s determination as to
industrial disability was irrational, illogical, or wholly unjustifiable.
We affirm the district court’s decision affirming the Iowa Workers’
Compensation Commissioner’s award of permanent total disability benefits to
Warren.
AFFIRMED.