NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 29 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JUANA ANTONIO No. 21-879 FRANCISCO; RICARDO ANDRES Agency Nos. ANTONIO; PELEGRINA ANDRES A208-311-660 ANTONIO; JESICA ANTONIO A208-311-661 FRANCISCO; JUANA ANDRES A208-311-662 ANTONIO; SEBASTIANA ANDRES A208-311-663 ANTONIO, A216-217-501 A216-217-502 Petitioners,
v. MEMORANDUM*
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted June 26, 2023** Pasadena, California
Before: N.R. SMITH, LEE, and VANDYKE, Circuit Judges.
Juana Antonio Francisco, a native and citizen of Guatemala, seeks review
of a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision affirming the Immigration
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). Judge’s (IJ) denial of her request for relief from deportation under asylum,
withholding of removal, and the Convention Against Torture (CAT).1 We have
jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. The petition for review is denied.
Francisco is a member of the indigenous Kanjobal tribe in Guatemala. She
entered the United States without valid immigration documentation on August
16, 2015, with some of her children, including one with a congenital heart
condition. Almost two years after her arrival, Francisco applied for asylum,
withholding of removal, and CAT protection.
The IJ concluded that the asylum filing was untimely and that Francisco
did not qualify for an exception to the one-year filing rule based on changed or
extraordinary circumstances. The IJ alternatively reached the merits of the
asylum and withholding claims, concluding that Francisco had not established
past persecution, a well-founded fear of future persecution, or any nexus to a
protected ground. For the same reasons, the IJ found her CAT claim failed. On
appeal, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision.
This court reviews the agency’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual
findings for substantial evidence. Ruiz-Colmenares v. Garland, 25 F.4th 742,
748 (9th Cir. 2022).
First, Francisco argues that the agency had no jurisdiction over the removal
proceedings because the Notices to Appear (NTAs) did not include the date, time,
1 In addition to relief for herself, Francisco seeks relief on behalf of five of her children as derivative beneficiaries.
2 21-879 or location of an initial hearing. Francisco and her children initially received
NTAs ordering their appearance “at a place and time to be determined,” or a date
“to be set,” but the immigration court later provided the particular date, time, and
place of the hearings. In a nearly identical case, the Ninth Circuit ruled en banc
that an NTA lacking the time and date of a petitioner’s removal hearing was still
sufficient to vest subject-matter jurisdiction in an immigration court. United
States v. Bastide-Hernandez, 39 F.4th 1187, 1194 (9th Cir. 2022) (en banc), cert.
denied, 143 S. Ct. 755 (2023). If the details are not included in the initial NTA,
the immigration court is required by statute to subsequently provide notice to the
parties. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.18(b). Here, Francisco and her children were notified
of the details in subsequent communications. All appeared at the proper time and
place. Accordingly, the agency properly exercised jurisdiction in this case.
Second, Francisco argues that the agency erred in concluding (1) that she
and her children established neither past persecution nor likelihood of future
harm, and (2) that her claims also failed on nexus grounds. Francisco’s only
allegation of past persecution arises from her daughter’s medical care in
Guatemala.2 “Persecution is an extreme concept,” Ghaly v. I.N.S., 58 F.3d 1425,
1431 (9th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), and
2 In Guatemala, Francisco’s daughter had been treated by doctors at a local clinic, but the medication she was prescribed either “didn’t help her,” or only helped “for two or three months.” The local doctors referred the daughter to Guatemala City for surgery—a trip that was allegedly prohibitively expensive for Francisco. After arriving in the United States, her daughter received heart valve surgery at a children’s hospital in San Diego.
3 21-879 Francisco’s family’s challenges with the medical system in Guatemala are
attributable to her lack of education and limited funds. Francisco fails to present
evidence of anything more than an “inadequate healthcare system” or
“[g]eneralized economic disadvantage,” neither of which rise to the level of
persecution. Mendoza-Alvarez v. Holder, 714 F.3d 1161, 1165 (9th Cir. 2013)
(per curiam); Castro-Martinez v. Holder, 674 F.3d 1073, 1082 (9th Cir. 2011),
overruled in part by Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051 (9th Cir.
2017) (en banc). The record does not compel this panel to conclude otherwise.
Francisco also fails to provide objective evidence supporting a reasonable
fear of future persecution. See Melkonian v. Ashcroft, 320 F.3d 1061, 1064–65
(9th Cir. 2003). Francisco presents (1) a general fear of kidnapping but no
“individualized risk,” see Tampubolon v. Holder, 610 F.3d 1056, 1062 (9th Cir.
2010); (2) an unsupported assertion that her daughter “will die in Guatemala,”
even though she received the surgery she needed in the United States; and (3) an
unsupported claim that there are no Kanjobal interpreters in Guatemala City,
which will make accessing healthcare difficult. Because unsupported assertions
do not constitute evidence, see I.N.S. v. Phinpathya, 464 U.S. 183, 188 n.6 (1984),
Francisco falls short of the required “well-founded fear of future persecution.”
Melkonian, 320 F.3d at 1068.
Francisco’s claims also lack a “nexus to a protected ground.” Zetino v.
Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir. 2010). She fails to present evidence that
her potential exposure to general crime and violence in Guatemala is tied to her
4 21-879 Kanjobal identity; likewise, her daughter’s ineffective medical care is not linked
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUN 29 2023 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JUANA ANTONIO No. 21-879 FRANCISCO; RICARDO ANDRES Agency Nos. ANTONIO; PELEGRINA ANDRES A208-311-660 ANTONIO; JESICA ANTONIO A208-311-661 FRANCISCO; JUANA ANDRES A208-311-662 ANTONIO; SEBASTIANA ANDRES A208-311-663 ANTONIO, A216-217-501 A216-217-502 Petitioners,
v. MEMORANDUM*
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted June 26, 2023** Pasadena, California
Before: N.R. SMITH, LEE, and VANDYKE, Circuit Judges.
Juana Antonio Francisco, a native and citizen of Guatemala, seeks review
of a Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) decision affirming the Immigration
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). Judge’s (IJ) denial of her request for relief from deportation under asylum,
withholding of removal, and the Convention Against Torture (CAT).1 We have
jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. The petition for review is denied.
Francisco is a member of the indigenous Kanjobal tribe in Guatemala. She
entered the United States without valid immigration documentation on August
16, 2015, with some of her children, including one with a congenital heart
condition. Almost two years after her arrival, Francisco applied for asylum,
withholding of removal, and CAT protection.
The IJ concluded that the asylum filing was untimely and that Francisco
did not qualify for an exception to the one-year filing rule based on changed or
extraordinary circumstances. The IJ alternatively reached the merits of the
asylum and withholding claims, concluding that Francisco had not established
past persecution, a well-founded fear of future persecution, or any nexus to a
protected ground. For the same reasons, the IJ found her CAT claim failed. On
appeal, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision.
This court reviews the agency’s legal conclusions de novo and its factual
findings for substantial evidence. Ruiz-Colmenares v. Garland, 25 F.4th 742,
748 (9th Cir. 2022).
First, Francisco argues that the agency had no jurisdiction over the removal
proceedings because the Notices to Appear (NTAs) did not include the date, time,
1 In addition to relief for herself, Francisco seeks relief on behalf of five of her children as derivative beneficiaries.
2 21-879 or location of an initial hearing. Francisco and her children initially received
NTAs ordering their appearance “at a place and time to be determined,” or a date
“to be set,” but the immigration court later provided the particular date, time, and
place of the hearings. In a nearly identical case, the Ninth Circuit ruled en banc
that an NTA lacking the time and date of a petitioner’s removal hearing was still
sufficient to vest subject-matter jurisdiction in an immigration court. United
States v. Bastide-Hernandez, 39 F.4th 1187, 1194 (9th Cir. 2022) (en banc), cert.
denied, 143 S. Ct. 755 (2023). If the details are not included in the initial NTA,
the immigration court is required by statute to subsequently provide notice to the
parties. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.18(b). Here, Francisco and her children were notified
of the details in subsequent communications. All appeared at the proper time and
place. Accordingly, the agency properly exercised jurisdiction in this case.
Second, Francisco argues that the agency erred in concluding (1) that she
and her children established neither past persecution nor likelihood of future
harm, and (2) that her claims also failed on nexus grounds. Francisco’s only
allegation of past persecution arises from her daughter’s medical care in
Guatemala.2 “Persecution is an extreme concept,” Ghaly v. I.N.S., 58 F.3d 1425,
1431 (9th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), and
2 In Guatemala, Francisco’s daughter had been treated by doctors at a local clinic, but the medication she was prescribed either “didn’t help her,” or only helped “for two or three months.” The local doctors referred the daughter to Guatemala City for surgery—a trip that was allegedly prohibitively expensive for Francisco. After arriving in the United States, her daughter received heart valve surgery at a children’s hospital in San Diego.
3 21-879 Francisco’s family’s challenges with the medical system in Guatemala are
attributable to her lack of education and limited funds. Francisco fails to present
evidence of anything more than an “inadequate healthcare system” or
“[g]eneralized economic disadvantage,” neither of which rise to the level of
persecution. Mendoza-Alvarez v. Holder, 714 F.3d 1161, 1165 (9th Cir. 2013)
(per curiam); Castro-Martinez v. Holder, 674 F.3d 1073, 1082 (9th Cir. 2011),
overruled in part by Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051 (9th Cir.
2017) (en banc). The record does not compel this panel to conclude otherwise.
Francisco also fails to provide objective evidence supporting a reasonable
fear of future persecution. See Melkonian v. Ashcroft, 320 F.3d 1061, 1064–65
(9th Cir. 2003). Francisco presents (1) a general fear of kidnapping but no
“individualized risk,” see Tampubolon v. Holder, 610 F.3d 1056, 1062 (9th Cir.
2010); (2) an unsupported assertion that her daughter “will die in Guatemala,”
even though she received the surgery she needed in the United States; and (3) an
unsupported claim that there are no Kanjobal interpreters in Guatemala City,
which will make accessing healthcare difficult. Because unsupported assertions
do not constitute evidence, see I.N.S. v. Phinpathya, 464 U.S. 183, 188 n.6 (1984),
Francisco falls short of the required “well-founded fear of future persecution.”
Melkonian, 320 F.3d at 1068.
Francisco’s claims also lack a “nexus to a protected ground.” Zetino v.
Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir. 2010). She fails to present evidence that
her potential exposure to general crime and violence in Guatemala is tied to her
4 21-879 Kanjobal identity; likewise, her daughter’s ineffective medical care is not linked
to ill motive or targeting on the basis of this proposed particular social group.
Francisco herself suggests that she could have accessed appropriate medical care
in Guatemala if she had an education and adequate funds.
As to the CAT claim, see Velasquez-Gaspar v. Barr, 976 F.3d 1062, 1065
(9th Cir. 2020), Francisco raised the issue before the IJ and BIA but failed to
establish eligibility for protection. But she did not substantively address the issue
in her briefing here on appeal. Even assuming she did not forfeit the claim,
however, the agency’s conclusion that Francisco was not eligible for CAT relief
is supported by substantial evidence. For example, Francisco admitted to the BIA
that she had not been tortured in the past, and her fear of future harm to her and
her children is based only on general country conditions. See Delgado-Ortiz v.
Holder, 600 F.3d 1148, 1152 (9th Cir. 2010) (per curiam).
Finally, Francisco makes the conclusory argument that the agency violated
her family’s due process rights due to bias. Francisco provides no support for
these statements and fails to meaningfully articulate any actual error or prejudice.
See Olea-Serefina v. Garland, 34 F.4th 856, 866 (9th Cir. 2022). Such a broad,
unsupported allegation provides no basis for overturning the agency’s
determination.
For these reasons, the petition for review is DENIED.
5 21-879