Anthony Stewart v. Jonah Schreiner, et al.

Opinion

3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

4 DISTRICT OF NEVADA

5 * * *

6 ANTHONY STEWART, Case No. 2:23-cv-00277-MMD-NJK

7 Plaintiff, ORDER v. 8 JONAH SCHREINER, et al., 9 Defendants. 10 11 I. SUMMARY 12 Pro se Plaintiff Anthony Stewart brings a civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 13 alleging several Defendants1 violated his Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment 14 rights. (ECF No. 9.) Before the Court is Defendant Nicolette Joy Hawkins’ motion for 15 summary judgment.2 (ECF No. 67 (“Motion”).) For the reasons discussed herein, the 16 Court grants the Motion. 17

18 1Defendants named in the First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) are the City of Las Vegas, Clark County Detention Center (“CCDC”), LVMPD Officer Nicolette Joy Hawkins, 19 LVMPD Officer Jonah Lee Schreiner, John Doe LVMPD Intake Officer, John Doe LVMPD 20 Corrections Sergeant at CCDC, and the State of Nevada. (ECF No. 9.) The Court subsequently dismissed claims against CCDC and the State of Nevada. (ECF No. 20.) 21 The Court also dismissed Officer Schreiner without prejudice for failure to file proof of service under Rule 4(m). (ECF No. 85.) Plaintiff has not sought to substitute John Doe 22 LVMPD Intake Officer, and the time to do so has long expired. (ECF No. 49 at 2 (setting 23 May 23, 2025 as deadline to amend pleadings/add parties).) The Court will therefore dismiss Defendant John Doe LMPD Intake Officer without prejudice. 24 2Plaintiff filed an opposition (ECF No. 100) and Hawkins filed a reply (ECF No. 25 101). Plaintiff recently filed a motion for extension of time to respond to Hawkins’ reply, citing issues he has experienced while in custody that interfered with his access to the 26 courts. (ECF No. 103.) The Court denies the motion because response to a reply is not 27 permitted without leave of court. See LR 7-2(b). Moreover, the Court finds such a response is not necessary here. The Court will direct copy of ECF No. 101 be sent to 28 Plaintiff. 1 II. RELEVANT BACKGROUND3 2 Stewart’s claims against Defendant Hawkins stemmed from an incident on April 3 29, 2021 at about 18:30 on the corner of Edison and Paradise in Las Vegas. (ECF No. 9 4 at 4.) The LVMPD police report of the incident indicated that on that at about 1900 hours, 5 Officers Hawkins and Schreiner were in a marked patrol vehicle when they observed “a 6 black male adult wearing a white t shirt, red shorts, red shoes, bald with a beard and 7 multiple tattoos and short in stature, loitering in front of the Crown Liquor located on 605 8 E Twain Ave, and litter by throwing a piece of trash on the sidewalk.” (ECF No. 67-1 at 2- 9 3 (“Police Report”).) They were about to conduct another stop, so they did not pursue the 10 individual then; when they later returned to the location, the individual had left. (Id. at 3.) 11 At about 2040 hours, the two officers were traveling on Paradise Road towards Edison 12 Street when they “observed two black male adults loitering on Mardi Gras Hotel property.” 13 (Id.) One of the individuals “matched the same descriptors” of the male individual they 14 saw earlier. (Id.) When the two individuals saw the patrol vehicle, they “walked off the 15 property and to the sidewalk.” (Id.) The two officers conducted a stop on the individual in 16 red shorts “under reasonable suspicion that he was loitering on multiple properties in the 17 area, where signs were conspicuously displayed” warning against trespass; and “the 18 properties are located in an area known for high rates in violent crime, and also drug 19 trafficking.” (Id.) 20 Stewart alleges that LVMPD patrol vehicle at the traffic light stopped and Hawkins 21 and Defendant Schreiner ordered Stewart to come to the hood of the patrol vehicle. (ECF 22 No. 9 at 4.) They “frisked, cuffed [and] slammed [Stewart’s] face first onto the hood of the 23 patrol car.”4 (Id.) They arrested Stewart “without a warrant, without justification,” and 24

25 3 The following facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted. Additionally, the Court recounts only allegations relevant to the claims against Hawkins. 26

27 4The Police Report stated that “Stewart was immediately hostile towards officers, and began yelling over Officers and pulling away from their grip multiple times.” (ECF No. 28 67-1 at 3.) 1 Hawkins falsely claimed that Stewart assaulted her, forcing him to appear in three court 2 appearances and answered for “false and malicious charges” which were later 3 dismissed.5 (Id. at 4, 8.) 4 Following screening under 28 U.S.C. 1915, the Court permitted Stewart to proceed 5 with his third claim for relief against Defendants Hawkins and Schreiner in connection 6 with Stewart’s arrest. (ECF No. 20 at 2.) The Court adopted the Magistrate Judge’s 7 recommendation, finding that Stewart states a claim for violation of his Fourth 8 Amendment rights and for false arrest, false imprisonment and malicious prosecution 9 under state law. (Id.; ECF No. 14 at 5, 7.) 10 III. DISCUSSION 11 Defendant asserts arguments on the merits—that the involved officers had 12 reasonable suspicion to conduct a stop and then probable cause to arrest Stewart—to 13 seek summary judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56.6 (ECF No. 67 at 4-9, 14 11.) She alternatively argues that she is entitled to qualified immunity and discretionary- 15 act immunity under state law. (Id. at 4, 11-12.) The Court agrees with Defendant as to her 16 merits argument and declines to address her immunity defenses. The Court will first 17 address Stewart’s claim under the Fourth Amendment and then under state law. 18 // 19 // 20

21 5The Police Report stated that Plaintiff was charged with multiple offenses, including “Dispose of Garbage NRS 444.630.1A,” “Obstruct a Public Officer,” “Battery on 22 a Protected Person” (for allegedly striking Hawkins on the chin during the arrest) and “Ex- 23 Felon fail to register.” (ECF No. 67-1 at 3.)

24 6Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits “show that there is no genuine issue as to 25 any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). The moving party bears the burden of showing 26 that there are no genuine issues of material fact. Zoslaw v. MCA Distrib. Corp., 693 F.2d 27 870, 883 (9th Cir. 1982). Once the moving party satisfies Rule 56’s requirements, the burden shifts to the party resisting the motion to “set forth specific facts showing that there 28 is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256 (1986). 1 A. Fourth Amendment 2 A plaintiff may bring a claim for false arrest or false imprisonment under § 1983 by 3 alleging a violation of their Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizure 4 of their person. See Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 923-25 5 (9th Cir. 2001). A warrantless investigatory stop or encounter does not violate the Fourth 6 Amendment if the officers have “reasonable suspicion supported by articulable facts that 7 criminal activity ‘may be afoot.’” United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989) (quoting 8 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968)). “In deciding whether a stop was supported by 9 reasonable suspicion, the court must consider whether ‘in light of the totality of the 10 circumstances, the officer had a particularized and objective basis for suspecting the 11 particular person stopped of criminal activity.’” United States v. Basher, 629 F.3d 1161, 12 1165 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v. Berber-Tinoco, 510 F.3d 1083, 1087 (9th 13 Cir. 2007)). But “[t]he reasonable-suspicion standard is not a particularly high threshold 14 to reach.” United States v. Valdes-Vega, 738 F.3d 1074, 1078 (9th Cir. 2013). The 15 reasonable suspicion analysis “allows officers to draw on their own experience and 16 specialized training to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative 17 information available to them that ‘might well elude an untrained person.’” United States 18 v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002) (quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418 19 (1981)). While a hunch is not enough, reasonable suspicion is a lower bar than probable 20 cause, and a much lower bar than a preponderance of the evidence. See id. at 274. 21 Here, Defendant offered the following to argue that the officers had reasonable 22 suspicion to conduct an investigatory stop. At 1900 hours, while patrolling in a marked 23 vehicle the officers observed Stewart “loitering” in front of a business and observed him 24 “litter by throwing a piece of trash on the sidewalk.” (ECF No. 67-1 at 2-3.) They later 25 “observed two black male adults loitering on Mardi Gras Hotel property,” one of whom 26 matched the descriptors for the individual who they observed earlier. (Id. at 3.) When the 27 two individuals saw the patrol vehicle, they “walked off the property and to the sidewalk.” 28 (Id.) The properties where the officers observed Stewart had signs displayed with “No 1 Trespassing NRS 207.200” and “are located in an area known for high rates in violence 2 crime, and also drug trafficking.” (Id.) Based on these reasons, the officers noted they 3 conducted a stop “under reasonable suspicion that [Stewart] was loitering on multiple 4 properties in the area.”8 (Id.) Based on the totality of the circumstances, Defendant has 5 offered evidence supporting that the officers had “particularized and objective basis for 6 suspecting [Stewart] of criminal activity.” Basher, 629 F.3d at 1165. 7 Stewart argues that Defendant did not have reasonable suspicion to conduct the 8 stop, suggesting there was no “criminal activity . . . afoot” for “something so minimal as a 9 citation, especially in an area alleged to have a high crime rate.”9 (ECF No. 100 at 4.) He 10 insists that he “was racially profiled.” (Id.) However, Stewart does not dispute the evidence 11 offered in the Police Report: officers saw an individual who was “loitering” in front of a 12 business “litter by throwing trash on the sidewalk,” and they later saw an individual 13 matching the description of the person they saw earlier “loitering” in front of another 14 property who walked off when they saw the officers. (ECF No. 67-1.) Accordingly, Stewart 15 fails to show a genuine issue of material fact as to the factors Defendant considered to 16 form reasonable suspicion for conducting the investigatory stop of Stewart. For this 17 reason, the Court grants summary judgment on Stewart’s Fourth Amendment claim 18 challenging the investigatory stop as lacking reasonable suspicion. 19 The Court next turns to Stewart’s Fourth Amendment claim challenging his arrest. 20

21 7NRS § 207.200(1)(b) provides, in pertinent part, that anyone who goes on or remains on property “after having been warned . . . not to trespass [] is guilty of a 22 misdemeanor.” The posting of “no trespass” signs at certain intervals and locations may be sufficient warning. NRS § 207.200(2). 23

8The officers noted in the Police Report that because Plaintiff “had admitted to 24 littering” and “he matched the physical descriptors of the subject we saw litter,” they charged Plaintiff with “Dispose of Garbage NRS § 444.630.1A.” (ECF No. 67-1 at 3.) NRS 25 § 444.630(1)(a) provides, in pertinent part, that anyone who “places . . . any solid waste . . . in or upon any street . . is guilty of” a misdemeanor. 26

27 9While arguing lack of reasonable suspicion for the stop, Plaintiff also states that “Hawkins doesn’t get to claim qualified immunity for conducting a legal stop and acting 28 illegally in very other way.” (ECF No. 100 at 5.) 1 “A claim for unlawful arrest is cognizable under § 1983 as a violation of the Fourth 2 Amendment, provided the arrest was made without probable cause or other justification.” 3 Dubner v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 266 F.3d 959, 964-65 (9th Cir. 2001) (citation 4 omitted). “Probable cause for a warrantless arrest exists if ‘under the totality of the facts 5 and circumstances known to the arresting officer, a prudent person would have concluded 6 that there was a fair probability that the suspect had committed a crime.’” United States 7 v. Fixen, 780 F.2d 1434, 1436 (9th Cir. 1986) (internal quotations omitted). 8 As Defendant points out, during a records check after the officers stopped Stewart, 9 they learned that Stewart was a convicted person who was required to register and update 10 his address, but his address on record did not match the address updated in 2008 with 11 the address on his Nevada ID Card as of 2009. (ECF No. 67-1 at 3.) Accordingly, the 12 officers charged him with “Ex-felon fail to register NRS 179C.100.” (Id.) Defendant argued 13 the officers properly developed probable cause to arrest him for this offense, for 14 trespassing and other offenses.10 Again, Stewart does not dispute the evidence about the 15 record check or his failure to update his registration. Instead, Stewart seems to challenge 16 his treatment and claim of “excessive use of force” after his arrest. (ECF No. 100 at 5.) 17 However, Stewart’s claims against Hawkins do not involve use of excessive force. 18 In sum, the Court finds Defendant met her burden on summary judgment in 19 presenting evidence that the officers had reasonable suspicion to conduct an 20 investigatory stop and probable cause to arrest Stewart. Stewart fails to offer evidence to 21 10The Motion argues Defendant had probable cause to arrest for other alleged 22 offenses, including resisting a public officer and obstructing a public officer, based on 23 Plaintiff being “combative, uncooperative, . . . even attempted to evade” Defendant and her partner. (ECF No. 67 at 9.) Plaintiff disputes the allegation that he “assaulted one of 24 their female officers” and asserts that the video does not support Defendant’s claim. (ECF No. 100 at 5.) The bodycam shows Plaintiff arguing and initially pulling his left arm away 25 as the officers were trying to restrain him and an apparently female voice saying, “don’t pull at me.” (ECF No. 67-2 at 3:41:50 to 3:41:53.) In any event, any dispute as to whether 26 Plaintiff “assaulted” Hawkins is immaterial for purposes of Hawkins’ Motion. The Court’s 27 finding that Defendant offered undisputed evidence of probable cause for Plaintiff’s arrest does not rely on the charges relating to resisting public officer and obstructing a public 28 officer. 1 create a genuine issue of material fact. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 256. Accordingly, the 2 Court agrees with Defendant that summary judgment on Stewart’s Fourth Amendment 3 claim is warranted. 4 B. State Law Claim 5 The Court’s finding that Defendant had probable cause to arrest Stewart also 6 affects Stewart’s state law claim for false imprisonment and malicious prosecution. This 7 is because these claims are premised on the absence of probable cause, and the Court 8 has already found that Defendant had a probable cause to arrest Stewart. See Hernandez 9 v. City of Reno, 634 P.2d 668, 671 (Nev. 1981), quoting Marschall v. City of Carson, 464 10 P.2d 494 (Nev. 1970) (“To establish false imprisonment of which false arrest is an integral 11 part, it is ... necessary to prove that the person be restrained of his liberty under the 12 probable imminence of force without any legal cause or justification.”); Coleman v. Las 13 Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t, 730 F. Supp. 3d 1097, 1116 (D. Nev. 2024) (quoting 14 Thompson v. Clark, 596 U.S. 36, 44, 49 (2022)) (to prevail on a claim of malicious 15 prosecution, a plaintiff “must establish that the charges against him were ‘instituted 16 without any probable cause’”); Lassiter v. City of San Bremerton, 556 F.3d 1049, 1054- 17 55 (9th Cir. 2009) (“probable cause is an absolute defense to malicious prosecution.”). 18 For these reasons, the Court grants the Motion as to the state law claim. 19 IV. CONCLUSION 20 The Court notes that the parties made several arguments and cited to several 21 cases not discussed above. The Court has reviewed these arguments and cases and 22 determines that they do not warrant discussion as they do not affect the outcome of the 23 motion before the Court. 24 It is therefore ordered that Defendant Nicolette Joy Hawkins’ motion for summary 25 judgment (ECF No. 67) is granted. 26 It is further ordered that Stewart’s motion for extension of time (ECF No. 103) is 27 denied. 28 1 It is further ordered that the Clerk of Court send Stewart a copy of Defendant’s 2 || reply brief (ECF No. 101). 3 It is further ordered that Defendant John Doe LVMPD Intake Officer is dismissed 4 || without prejudice. 5 It is further ordered that the Clerk of Court enter judgment in Defendant’s favor in 6 || accordance with this order and close this case. 7 DATED THIS 9" Day of March 2026. 8

10 □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ 1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28