In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-23-00284-CV
ANNA JOSLIN AKA ANNA MENDIOLA, APPELLANT
V.
DELFINA G. MUNOZ, ET AL., APPELLEES
On Appeal from the 79th District Court Jim Wells County, Texas1 Trial Court No. 18-09-58739-CV, Honorable Richard C. Terrell, Presiding
April 30, 2024 MEMORANDUM OPINION Before PARKER and DOSS and YARBROUGH, JJ.
Appellant Anna Joslin appeals from the trial court’s judgment awarding title and
possession of real property to Appellees Delfina Gonzalez Munoz, individually and as
1 Originally appealed to the Fourth Court of Appeals, this appeal was transferred to this Court by
the Texas Supreme Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001. Should a conflict exist between precedent of the Fourth Court of Appeals and this Court on any relevant issue, this appeal will be decided in accordance with the precedent of the transferor court. TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3. administrator of the Estate of Juan Manuel Munoz, Mark Anthony Gonzalez, Bonnie Marie
Gonzalez, Jacob Manuel Munoz, and Luis Albert Munoz. We reverse and remand.
BACKGROUND
Appellees claim that Juan Manuel Munoz and Delfina Munoz, husband and wife,
constructed and occupied a brick home valued at $200,000 on a 1.25-acre parcel of real
property (the “Property”) which was owned by Juan’s mother, Joslin, in reliance on
Joslin’s promise to gift the Property to them. Juan and Delfina lived in the home and
considered it their homestead. In April of 2017, Juan died intestate. In May of 2017,
Joslin demanded that Delfina move out of the home. Delfina was appointed as dependent
administratrix of Juan’s estate in July of 2017. Joslin moved into the house in 2019.
The parties subsequently mediated their claims in Cause No. 17-07784-PR, In the
Estate of Juan Manuel Munoz, Deceased, pending in the county court of Jim Wells
County, and in Cause No. 18-09-58739-CV, styled Delfina Munoz, Individually and as
Executor of the Estate of Juan Manuel Munoz v. Anna Joslin, pending in the 79th District
Court of Jim Wells County. On December 13, 2019, Delfina and Joslin signed a
settlement agreement providing that Joslin was to pay Delfina and the estate $150,000
within 120 days in exchange for the release of Appellees’ claims to the Property and for
reimbursement. All Appellees were required to execute a quitclaim deed conveying their
rights in the Property to Joslin.
Appellees signed a quitclaim deed on January 30, 2020. On January 31, they filed
an amended petition against Joslin alleging that she had wrongfully dispossessed them
2 of the Property.2 Appellees sought a deed to the Property or, in the alternative, monetary
relief of $200,000.
The case proceeded to a bench trial held via Zoom on March 6, 2023, at which
Joslin and Delfina testified. On April 26, the trial court entered a judgment awarding title
and possession of the Property to Appellees, from which Joslin appeals.
ANALYSIS
By five issues on appeal, Joslin challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the judgment and the propriety of the relief granted. In her first two issues,
she alleges that there is no evidence or insufficient evidence to support the judgment.
Her remaining issues challenge the propriety of the relief granted by the trial court. In our
analysis, we will consider, in turn, the three causes of action asserted by Appellees in
their petition.3
To prevail on their first claim, trespass to try title, Appellees had to (1) prove a
regular chain of conveyances from the sovereign, (2) establish superior title out of a
common source, (3) prove title by limitations, or (4) prove title by prior possession coupled
with proof that possession was not abandoned. Plumb v. Stuessy, 617 S.W.2d 667, 668
(Tex. 1981). Appellees did not present evidence supporting a claim of title from
sovereignty, from a common source, by limitations, or by prior possession. Therefore,
they could not prevail on their trespass to try title claim.
2 The first pleading included in the Clerk’s Record is titled “Plaintiffs’ First Amended Original Petition.” 3 Appellees’ pleadings do not include a breach of contract claim seeking enforcement of the parties’
settlement agreement.
3 Second, Appellees asserted that Joslin agreed to give them, by oral gift, the
Property. In Texas, the well-settled general rule is that a conveyance of real property
must be in writing. See Dawson v. Tumlinson, 242 S.W.2d 191, 192 (Tex. 1951); see
also TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 5.021 (requiring instrument of conveyance); TEX. BUS. &
COM. CODE ANN. § 26.01(a), (b)(4) (Statute of Frauds). However, an exception to the
general rule exists for an oral gift of real estate. To establish a valid parol gift of real
estate, a claimant must show (1) a gift “in praesenti,” that is, a present gift, (2) possession
under the gift by the donee with the donor’s consent, and (3) permanent and valuable
improvements by the donee with the donor’s consent or other facts demonstrating that
the donee would be defrauded if the gift were not enforced. Troxel v. Bishop, 201 S.W.3d
290, 297 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.); Thompson v. Dart, 746 S.W.2d 821, 825
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1988, no writ). “Because an oral transfer of real estate is a
strictly[-]enforced exception to the statute of frauds, a person claiming a gift of real estate
by oral transfer must prove the oral gift under a clear and convincing evidence standard
of proof.” In re Estate of McNutt, No. 04-15-00110-CV, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 1305, at
*7 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Feb. 10, 2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.). While there was
evidence that Delfina and Juan made valuable improvements to the Property by
constructing a house thereon, there is no evidence of a present gift of the Property by
Joslin. To be a present gift, the donor must “intend an immediate divestiture of the rights
of ownership out of himself and a consequent immediate vesting of such rights in the
donee.” Thompson, 746 S.W.2d at 825. In this case, Delfina testified that she and Juan
built the house “based on a promise that [Joslin] would transfer” Lot 19 to them. Appellees
did not establish that a gift “in praesenti” was made. See id. at 827 (testimony that aunt
“was going” to give family members property not a present gift); see also Grimsley v. 4 Grimsley, 632 S.W.2d 174, 178 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1982, no writ) (“A mere
intention to make a gift, however clearly expressed, which has not been carried into effect,
amounts to nothing, and enforces no rights in the subject matter of the proposed gift upon
the intended donee.”). Because there is no evidence of this element, Appellees were not
entitled to judgment on their claim for an oral gift of real estate.
Third, Appellees asserted a claim for fraud. To recover in an action for fraud, a
party must prove that: (1) a material representation was made, (2) it was false, (3) when
the speaker made the representation she knew it was false or made it recklessly without
any knowledge of the truth and as a positive assertion, (4) the speaker made it with the
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In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-23-00284-CV
ANNA JOSLIN AKA ANNA MENDIOLA, APPELLANT
V.
DELFINA G. MUNOZ, ET AL., APPELLEES
On Appeal from the 79th District Court Jim Wells County, Texas1 Trial Court No. 18-09-58739-CV, Honorable Richard C. Terrell, Presiding
April 30, 2024 MEMORANDUM OPINION Before PARKER and DOSS and YARBROUGH, JJ.
Appellant Anna Joslin appeals from the trial court’s judgment awarding title and
possession of real property to Appellees Delfina Gonzalez Munoz, individually and as
1 Originally appealed to the Fourth Court of Appeals, this appeal was transferred to this Court by
the Texas Supreme Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001. Should a conflict exist between precedent of the Fourth Court of Appeals and this Court on any relevant issue, this appeal will be decided in accordance with the precedent of the transferor court. TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3. administrator of the Estate of Juan Manuel Munoz, Mark Anthony Gonzalez, Bonnie Marie
Gonzalez, Jacob Manuel Munoz, and Luis Albert Munoz. We reverse and remand.
BACKGROUND
Appellees claim that Juan Manuel Munoz and Delfina Munoz, husband and wife,
constructed and occupied a brick home valued at $200,000 on a 1.25-acre parcel of real
property (the “Property”) which was owned by Juan’s mother, Joslin, in reliance on
Joslin’s promise to gift the Property to them. Juan and Delfina lived in the home and
considered it their homestead. In April of 2017, Juan died intestate. In May of 2017,
Joslin demanded that Delfina move out of the home. Delfina was appointed as dependent
administratrix of Juan’s estate in July of 2017. Joslin moved into the house in 2019.
The parties subsequently mediated their claims in Cause No. 17-07784-PR, In the
Estate of Juan Manuel Munoz, Deceased, pending in the county court of Jim Wells
County, and in Cause No. 18-09-58739-CV, styled Delfina Munoz, Individually and as
Executor of the Estate of Juan Manuel Munoz v. Anna Joslin, pending in the 79th District
Court of Jim Wells County. On December 13, 2019, Delfina and Joslin signed a
settlement agreement providing that Joslin was to pay Delfina and the estate $150,000
within 120 days in exchange for the release of Appellees’ claims to the Property and for
reimbursement. All Appellees were required to execute a quitclaim deed conveying their
rights in the Property to Joslin.
Appellees signed a quitclaim deed on January 30, 2020. On January 31, they filed
an amended petition against Joslin alleging that she had wrongfully dispossessed them
2 of the Property.2 Appellees sought a deed to the Property or, in the alternative, monetary
relief of $200,000.
The case proceeded to a bench trial held via Zoom on March 6, 2023, at which
Joslin and Delfina testified. On April 26, the trial court entered a judgment awarding title
and possession of the Property to Appellees, from which Joslin appeals.
ANALYSIS
By five issues on appeal, Joslin challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the judgment and the propriety of the relief granted. In her first two issues,
she alleges that there is no evidence or insufficient evidence to support the judgment.
Her remaining issues challenge the propriety of the relief granted by the trial court. In our
analysis, we will consider, in turn, the three causes of action asserted by Appellees in
their petition.3
To prevail on their first claim, trespass to try title, Appellees had to (1) prove a
regular chain of conveyances from the sovereign, (2) establish superior title out of a
common source, (3) prove title by limitations, or (4) prove title by prior possession coupled
with proof that possession was not abandoned. Plumb v. Stuessy, 617 S.W.2d 667, 668
(Tex. 1981). Appellees did not present evidence supporting a claim of title from
sovereignty, from a common source, by limitations, or by prior possession. Therefore,
they could not prevail on their trespass to try title claim.
2 The first pleading included in the Clerk’s Record is titled “Plaintiffs’ First Amended Original Petition.” 3 Appellees’ pleadings do not include a breach of contract claim seeking enforcement of the parties’
settlement agreement.
3 Second, Appellees asserted that Joslin agreed to give them, by oral gift, the
Property. In Texas, the well-settled general rule is that a conveyance of real property
must be in writing. See Dawson v. Tumlinson, 242 S.W.2d 191, 192 (Tex. 1951); see
also TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 5.021 (requiring instrument of conveyance); TEX. BUS. &
COM. CODE ANN. § 26.01(a), (b)(4) (Statute of Frauds). However, an exception to the
general rule exists for an oral gift of real estate. To establish a valid parol gift of real
estate, a claimant must show (1) a gift “in praesenti,” that is, a present gift, (2) possession
under the gift by the donee with the donor’s consent, and (3) permanent and valuable
improvements by the donee with the donor’s consent or other facts demonstrating that
the donee would be defrauded if the gift were not enforced. Troxel v. Bishop, 201 S.W.3d
290, 297 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.); Thompson v. Dart, 746 S.W.2d 821, 825
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1988, no writ). “Because an oral transfer of real estate is a
strictly[-]enforced exception to the statute of frauds, a person claiming a gift of real estate
by oral transfer must prove the oral gift under a clear and convincing evidence standard
of proof.” In re Estate of McNutt, No. 04-15-00110-CV, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 1305, at
*7 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Feb. 10, 2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.). While there was
evidence that Delfina and Juan made valuable improvements to the Property by
constructing a house thereon, there is no evidence of a present gift of the Property by
Joslin. To be a present gift, the donor must “intend an immediate divestiture of the rights
of ownership out of himself and a consequent immediate vesting of such rights in the
donee.” Thompson, 746 S.W.2d at 825. In this case, Delfina testified that she and Juan
built the house “based on a promise that [Joslin] would transfer” Lot 19 to them. Appellees
did not establish that a gift “in praesenti” was made. See id. at 827 (testimony that aunt
“was going” to give family members property not a present gift); see also Grimsley v. 4 Grimsley, 632 S.W.2d 174, 178 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1982, no writ) (“A mere
intention to make a gift, however clearly expressed, which has not been carried into effect,
amounts to nothing, and enforces no rights in the subject matter of the proposed gift upon
the intended donee.”). Because there is no evidence of this element, Appellees were not
entitled to judgment on their claim for an oral gift of real estate.
Third, Appellees asserted a claim for fraud. To recover in an action for fraud, a
party must prove that: (1) a material representation was made, (2) it was false, (3) when
the speaker made the representation she knew it was false or made it recklessly without
any knowledge of the truth and as a positive assertion, (4) the speaker made it with the
intention that it should be acted upon by the party, (5) the party acted in reliance upon it,
and (6) the party thereby suffered injury. Green Int’l, Inc. v. Solis, 951 S.W.2d 384, 390
(Tex. 1997). On appeal, Joslin’s sole challenge to Appellees’ fraud claim is that the
Statute of Frauds bars not only the enforcement of an oral contract to convey the Property
but also any fraud claim based on it. However, the Statute of Frauds only bars a fraud
claim “to the extent the plaintiff seeks to recover as damages the benefit of a bargain that
cannot otherwise be enforced because it fails to comply with the Statute of Frauds.”
Haase v. Glaser, 62 S.W.3d 795, 799 (Tex. 2001). A fraud claim does not “contravene
the Statute of Frauds to the extent that [the claimant] seeks out-of-pocket damages
incurred in relying upon [the defendant’s] alleged misrepresentations.” Id.; see also
Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 49
(Tex. 1998) (under the common law, a fraud claimant may recovery either the benefit of
the bargain or out-of-pocket losses). Here, Appellees sought enforcement of the oral
contract but also pleaded in the alternative for damages in the amount of $200,000. The
5 Statute of Frauds does not bar Appellees’ recovery of out-of-pocket damages for fraud.
Baylor Univ. v. Sonnichsen, 221 S.W.3d 632, 636 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam). Thus,
Appellees’ fraud claim is viable to the extent that they seek to recover out-of-pocket
damages.
However, in this case, the trial court did not award out-of-pocket damages but
instead awarded title to and possession of the Property, i.e., the benefit of the bargain, to
Appellees.4 We conclude that the trial court erred in granting this relief. Accordingly, we
reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand this case for a new trial pursuant to Rule
43.3 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. See Crawford Chevrolet, Inc. v. Rowland, 525
S.W.2d 242, 250 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1975, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (“It is well recognized that
where . . . the proper measure of damage was not applied, the interests of justice require
a remand.”).
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the
entire cause is remanded for a new trial.
Judy C. Parker Justice
4 The judgment awards a 50% interest to Delfina, and a 25% of 50% interest to each of the remaining Appellees. We note that nothing in the brief trial court record explains the basis for this allocation of interests.