In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-17-00029-CR
ANH T. NGUYEN, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 396th District Court Tarrant County, Texas Trial Court No. 1465102R, Honorable George W. Gallagher, Presiding
December 14, 2018
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
Appellant Anh T. Nguyen appeals from his conviction by jury of the first-degree
felony offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child1 and the resulting sentence of
imprisonment for a period of fifty years.2 Appellant challenges his conviction through two
issues. We will affirm.
1 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02 (West 2018) (describing offense of continuous sexual abuse of young child). 2 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.32 (West 2018) (applicable punishment range). Background
Appellant was charged via indictment with continuous sexual abuse of his five-
year-old step-daughter, D.L.
At trial, the State introduced into evidence an audio recording of a police interview
with appellant during which he admitted to sexual conduct. During the interview, appellant
admitted he touched D.L. several times for the purpose of applying anti-itch cream to her
private area and “itching” her there. However, he also admitted he became aroused and
erect when he touched D.L. He also admitted D.L. touched his penis on more than one
occasion.
D.L. testified at trial. She was eight years old by that time. She described several
instances of sexual contact with appellant that occurred when she and her mother lived
with him. She told the jury the contact happened in appellant’s bedroom while her mother
was at work. She said appellant made her touch his “private part” with her hand under
his clothes on several occasions. D.L. testified appellant also touched her “private part”
with his hand. During these incidents, appellant made her take off her clothes. She
testified she was five years old the first time appellant touched her and made her touch
him. She also told that appellant put cream on her private but did not recall feeling “itchy”
when he did so.
When appellant testified at trial, he admitted he applied cream to D.L.’s privates
three times but said he did so because D.L. told him she was “itchy” and because D.L.’s
mother had instructed him to use the cream. Appellant also testified D.L. touched his
2 penis fewer times than he admitted in his police interview. He denied any arousal or
sexual gratification and denied any penetration of D.L.’s female sexual organ.
Analysis
Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support his
conviction for continuous sexual abuse of D.L. His issues on appeal contend first that his
trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to request an instruction on the medical-
care defense to be included in the charge to the jury, and second, that the trial court erred
by admitting the testimony of outcry witnesses.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
The United States Constitution guarantees the right to reasonably effective
assistance of counsel in criminal prosecutions. Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142
(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel under the
standard set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Hernandez v. State,
726 S.W.2d 53, 57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Under this standard, an appellant must prove
that (1) counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of prevailing
professional norms, and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
deficiency, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 690-94. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in
the outcome.” Id. at 694. An appellant bears the burden to establish both prongs of the
Strickland test by a preponderance of the evidence. Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954,
956 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Our review of counsel’s performance is highly deferential
and “involves a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within a wide range of
3 reasonable professional assistance.” Villa v. State, 417 S.W.3d 455, 463 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2013). Counsel’s deficiency must be firmly founded in the record. Thompson v.
State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
Penal Code section 22.011 addresses the offense of sexual assault. It states a
medical-care defense in subsection 22.011(d). The subsection provides:
It is a defense to the prosecution under Subsection (a)(2) that the conduct consisted of medical care for the child and did not include any contact between the anus or sexual organ of the child and the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of the actor or a third party.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. 22.011(d) (West 2018).
A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a defense if there is some evidence,
from any source, on each element of the defense that, if believed by the jury, would
support a rational inference that that element is true, even if that evidence is weak or
contradicted or the trial court does not find it credible. Shaw v. State, 243 S.W.3d 647,
658 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The medical-care defense is one of confession and
avoidance. Villa, 417 S.W.3d at 462. See also Osborne v. State, No. 07-13-00156-CR,
2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 5518, at *21-22 (Tex. App.—Amarillo May 29, 2015, pet. ref’d)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) (citation omitted). “An instruction on a
confession and avoidance is appropriate only when the defendant’s defensive evidence
essentially admits to every element of the offense including the culpable mental state, but
interposes the justification to excuse the otherwise criminal conduct.” Villa, 417 S.W.3d
at 462 (citations omitted).
The offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child requires proof that the defendant
committed at least two acts of sexual abuse. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02. The
4 indictment alleged appellant committed the offenses of: (1) aggravated sexual assault of
a child by causing the penetration of the sexual organ of D.L. by inserting his finger into
D.L.’s sexual organ; (2) indecency with a child by contact by touching the genitals of D.L.;
and (3) indecency with a child by contact by causing D.L. to touch appellant’s genitals.
Appellant argues his contention that he applied the cream to D.L. for a medical
purpose was repeatedly raised at trial and his counsel was ineffective for failing to request
an instruction regarding the defense. However, while the medical-care defense applies
to one of the alleged predicate offenses contained in the indictment, that of aggravated
sexual assault, no medical-care defense applies to the remaining predicate offenses
alleged, those of indecency with a child by contact. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11
(West 2018) (describing offense of indecency with a child).
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In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-17-00029-CR
ANH T. NGUYEN, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 396th District Court Tarrant County, Texas Trial Court No. 1465102R, Honorable George W. Gallagher, Presiding
December 14, 2018
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
Appellant Anh T. Nguyen appeals from his conviction by jury of the first-degree
felony offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child1 and the resulting sentence of
imprisonment for a period of fifty years.2 Appellant challenges his conviction through two
issues. We will affirm.
1 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02 (West 2018) (describing offense of continuous sexual abuse of young child). 2 TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.32 (West 2018) (applicable punishment range). Background
Appellant was charged via indictment with continuous sexual abuse of his five-
year-old step-daughter, D.L.
At trial, the State introduced into evidence an audio recording of a police interview
with appellant during which he admitted to sexual conduct. During the interview, appellant
admitted he touched D.L. several times for the purpose of applying anti-itch cream to her
private area and “itching” her there. However, he also admitted he became aroused and
erect when he touched D.L. He also admitted D.L. touched his penis on more than one
occasion.
D.L. testified at trial. She was eight years old by that time. She described several
instances of sexual contact with appellant that occurred when she and her mother lived
with him. She told the jury the contact happened in appellant’s bedroom while her mother
was at work. She said appellant made her touch his “private part” with her hand under
his clothes on several occasions. D.L. testified appellant also touched her “private part”
with his hand. During these incidents, appellant made her take off her clothes. She
testified she was five years old the first time appellant touched her and made her touch
him. She also told that appellant put cream on her private but did not recall feeling “itchy”
when he did so.
When appellant testified at trial, he admitted he applied cream to D.L.’s privates
three times but said he did so because D.L. told him she was “itchy” and because D.L.’s
mother had instructed him to use the cream. Appellant also testified D.L. touched his
2 penis fewer times than he admitted in his police interview. He denied any arousal or
sexual gratification and denied any penetration of D.L.’s female sexual organ.
Analysis
Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support his
conviction for continuous sexual abuse of D.L. His issues on appeal contend first that his
trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to request an instruction on the medical-
care defense to be included in the charge to the jury, and second, that the trial court erred
by admitting the testimony of outcry witnesses.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
The United States Constitution guarantees the right to reasonably effective
assistance of counsel in criminal prosecutions. Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142
(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel under the
standard set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Hernandez v. State,
726 S.W.2d 53, 57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Under this standard, an appellant must prove
that (1) counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of prevailing
professional norms, and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
deficiency, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 690-94. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in
the outcome.” Id. at 694. An appellant bears the burden to establish both prongs of the
Strickland test by a preponderance of the evidence. Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954,
956 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). Our review of counsel’s performance is highly deferential
and “involves a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within a wide range of
3 reasonable professional assistance.” Villa v. State, 417 S.W.3d 455, 463 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2013). Counsel’s deficiency must be firmly founded in the record. Thompson v.
State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
Penal Code section 22.011 addresses the offense of sexual assault. It states a
medical-care defense in subsection 22.011(d). The subsection provides:
It is a defense to the prosecution under Subsection (a)(2) that the conduct consisted of medical care for the child and did not include any contact between the anus or sexual organ of the child and the mouth, anus, or sexual organ of the actor or a third party.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. 22.011(d) (West 2018).
A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a defense if there is some evidence,
from any source, on each element of the defense that, if believed by the jury, would
support a rational inference that that element is true, even if that evidence is weak or
contradicted or the trial court does not find it credible. Shaw v. State, 243 S.W.3d 647,
658 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The medical-care defense is one of confession and
avoidance. Villa, 417 S.W.3d at 462. See also Osborne v. State, No. 07-13-00156-CR,
2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 5518, at *21-22 (Tex. App.—Amarillo May 29, 2015, pet. ref’d)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) (citation omitted). “An instruction on a
confession and avoidance is appropriate only when the defendant’s defensive evidence
essentially admits to every element of the offense including the culpable mental state, but
interposes the justification to excuse the otherwise criminal conduct.” Villa, 417 S.W.3d
at 462 (citations omitted).
The offense of continuous sexual abuse of a child requires proof that the defendant
committed at least two acts of sexual abuse. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02. The
4 indictment alleged appellant committed the offenses of: (1) aggravated sexual assault of
a child by causing the penetration of the sexual organ of D.L. by inserting his finger into
D.L.’s sexual organ; (2) indecency with a child by contact by touching the genitals of D.L.;
and (3) indecency with a child by contact by causing D.L. to touch appellant’s genitals.
Appellant argues his contention that he applied the cream to D.L. for a medical
purpose was repeatedly raised at trial and his counsel was ineffective for failing to request
an instruction regarding the defense. However, while the medical-care defense applies
to one of the alleged predicate offenses contained in the indictment, that of aggravated
sexual assault, no medical-care defense applies to the remaining predicate offenses
alleged, those of indecency with a child by contact. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11
(West 2018) (describing offense of indecency with a child). Those offenses require proof
that appellant’s sexual contact with D.L. was accompanied by the intent to arouse or
gratify the sexual desire of a person. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11(c). D.L. testified
appellant had her touch his penis on several occasions. In his testimony, appellant
acknowledged D.L. touched his penis twice. And, in his statement to the detective,
appellant admitted he was sexually aroused when he applied cream to D.L.’s private area.
Though appellant denied sexual arousal in his trial testimony, we find counsel reasonably
could have concluded an instruction on the medical-care defense, applicable not to the
entirety of the indicted offense of continuous sexual abuse but only to one of the predicate
offenses, merely would have served to confuse the jury and invite the State to emphasize
the damaging evidence of his indecency with D.L., including his admission of sexual
arousal. Counsel argued to the jury that he applied the cream only to the surface of D.L.’s
sexual organ and no penetration occurred.
5 The record is silent as to counsel’s reasons for not requesting the instruction.
There was no motion for new trial and no hearing during which the trial court could have
explored counsel’s reasons for choosing not to request the instruction. The record does
not support a conclusion no competent attorney would have chosen to pursue that trial
strategy and forego an instruction on the medical-care defense under these
circumstances. See Sheppard v. State, No. 03-16-00702-CR, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS
4282, at *18 (Tex. App.—Austin May 11, 2017, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (reaching similar conclusion). We will not speculate on counsel’s motives in
the face of a silent record. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.
Appellant has failed to satisfy his burden to show his counsel’s failure to request
the instruction fell below prevailing norms.
Moreover, even if counsel were deficient in failing to request the instruction,
appellant has not satisfied the second prong of the Strickland test because he has not
shown that his counsel’s failure to request the medical-care defense instruction
prejudiced him. As noted, the defense has no application to the remaining predicate
offenses charged, those of indecency with a child. D.L.’s testimony, corroborated to a
large degree by appellant’s testimony and his police interview, supported appellant’s
conviction based on the indecency predicate offenses.
For those reasons, appellant has failed to show that, but for his counsel’s failure
to request a medical-care defense instruction, the result of the trial would have been
different. See, e.g., Browne v. State, 483 S.W.3d 183, 191-95 (Tex. App.—Austin 2015,
no pet.) (similar analysis).
6 Appellant has not satisfied his burden under Strickland. We overrule appellant’s
first issue.
Outcry Witness Testimony
In appellant’s second issue, he challenges the admission of the testimony of a CPS
investigator, Kimberly Jimerson, and D.L.’s grandmother as outcry witnesses.
Article 38.072
Article 38.072 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure creates a statutory
exception to the general rule excluding hearsay evidence. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
art. 38.072 (West 2018). The statute applies only to statements made by the child against
whom the offense was allegedly committed and to the first person, eighteen years of age
or older, other than the defendant, to whom the child made a statement about the offense.
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.072, § 2(a). “Outcry testimony admitted in compliance
with Article 38.072 is considered substantive evidence, admissible for the truth of the
matter asserted in the testimony.” Sosa v. State, No. 01-14-00157-CR, 2015 Tex. App.
LEXIS 6504, at *10 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 25, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.,
not designated for publication) (citing Duran v. State, 163 S.W.3d 253, 257 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth 2005, no pet.)).
Outcry witness testimony is event-specific, not person-specific. Canfield v. State,
No. 07-13-00161-CR, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 1694, at *9 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Feb. 19,
2015, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (citing Lopez v. State, 343
S.W.3d 137, 140 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)). “That is, where more than one offense is being
prosecuted, there may be more than one outcry statement and more than one outcry
7 witness.” Id. (citing Robinett v. State, 383 S.W.3d 758, 761-62 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
2012, no pet.)). In such situations, “each outcry statement must meet the requirements
of article 38.072, and because designation of the proper outcry witness is event-specific,
the outcry statements related by different witnesses must concern different events and
not simply be the repetition of the same event told by the victim at different times to
different individuals.” Id. (citations omitted).
We review the admission of outcry testimony under an abuse of discretion
standard. Garcia v. State, 792 S.W.2d 88, 92 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The outcry witness
is the first adult to whom the child relates the how, when, and where of the assault. Reyes
v. State, 274 S.W.3d 724, 727 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2008, pet. ref’d) (citation
omitted). See also Solis v. State, No. 02-12-00529-CR, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 4493, at
*10 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 24, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication). The statement must describe the alleged offense in some discernible way
and amount to “more than words which give a general allusion that something in the area
of child abuse was going on.” Garcia, 792 S.W.2d at 91.
Application
The trial court held a pretrial hearing to determine the propriety of the offered outcry
testimony. The child’s mother, her grandmother, and Jimerson testified at the hearing.
At its conclusion, the trial court determined Jimerson and the grandmother were proper
outcry witnesses. Appellant objected, arguing their outcry testimony did not rise to the
level of adequately describing sexual abuse and contained merely general allusions to
the possibility such abuse was occurring. In its written order following the hearing, the
8 trial court found that the statements of D.L. to Jimerson and the grandmother sufficiently
described “discrete occurrences of different offenses” and thus were admissible as outcry
statements.
We cannot find the trial court abused its discretion in its ruling. The hearing record
shows D.L.’s statement to Jimerson described the offense of indecency with a child by
contact. D.L. told Jimerson appellant touched her private area and that she touched his.
Jimerson also testified D.L. told her this contact happened in the apartment where she
lived with appellant and her mother and that the incidents occurred when she was in
kindergarten while her mother was at work.
D.L.’s statements to her grandmother describe other instances of indecency with
a child. D.L. told her grandmother that appellant put “lotion” on her privates so often that
it hurt and she had to go to the hospital. D.L. said it happened “a lot.” D.L. also told her
grandmother that appellant took his clothes off and made her take her clothes off. D.L.
told her appellant touched her private part and made her touch his private part. She said
also she and appellant had “sex.” These statements describe the alleged offenses of
indecency with a child by contact and aggravated sexual assault of a child.
On this record, we cannot find the trial court abused its discretion in finding
Jimerson and D.L.’s grandmother adequately described discrete and separate offenses
making them both proper outcry witnesses.
We overrule appellant’s second issue.
9 Conclusion
Having resolved each of appellant’s issues against him, we affirm the judgment of
the trial court.
James T. Campbell Justice
Do not publish.