In The
Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont _________________
NO. 09-12-00378-CV _________________
ANDREA L. VIDRINE, Appellant
V.
THE CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS AT THE WOODLANDS D/B/A CYNTHIA WOODS MITCHELL PAVILLION AND THE WOODLANDS LAND DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, L.P., Appellees
________________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the 284th District Court Montgomery County, Texas Trial Cause No. 11-12-13089 CV ________________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Andrea L. Vidrine brought suit against the Center for the Performing Arts at
the Woodlands d/b/a Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion (“the Pavilion”) and the
Woodlands Land Development Company (“Woodlands”) after she tripped and fell
on stairs after leaving a concert at the Pavilion. Vidrine appeals the trial court’s
1 order granting summary judgment in favor of the Pavilion and Woodlands. We
affirm the orders of the trial court.
I. BACKGROUND
Vidrine was injured when she fell down a set of steps along the Woodlands
Waterway (“the Waterway”) after leaving a concert at the Pavilion. At the time of
the injury Vidrine was headed to her car, which was parked in a lot across from the
Waterway. Vidrine filed suit against the Pavilion and Woodlands alleging that she
was injured as a result of a dangerous condition. Vidrine specifically alleged that
the stairs on which the accident occurred were not properly lit. Vidrine alleged that
the Pavilion and Woodlands “negligently permitted the stairs to be unlit and/or
improperly lit, negligently or willfully allowed such condition . . . and negligently
or willfully failed to warn [her] of the condition[.]” Vidrine generally pleaded a
cause of action for negligence asserting, among other things, that the Pavilion and
Woodlands failed to maintain the stairs in a reasonably safe condition, failed to
warn her of the dangerous condition, and failed to provide adequate lighting of the
area in question. The Pavilion and Woodlands both filed hybrid motions for
summary judgment. Summary judgment was granted in favor of both parties
against Vidrine. This appeal followed.
2 II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
We review a trial court’s summary judgment ruling de novo. Travelers Ins.
Co. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex. 2010). To prevail on a traditional
motion for summary judgment, the moving party must prove that “there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law on the issues expressly set out in the motion[.]” Tex. R. Civ. P.
166a(c); Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex. 1985). In
reviewing the trial court’s ruling, we must (1) place the burden of showing there is
no issue of material fact on the movant; (2) take all evidence favorable to the non-
movant as true; and (3) indulge every reasonable inference in favor of the non-
movant. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 824 (Tex. 2005); Nixon, 690
S.W.2d at 548-49; see also Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582
(Tex. 2006). “A defendant who conclusively negates at least one of the essential
elements of the plaintiff’s cause of action is entitled to summary judgment.” Little
v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 148 S.W.3d 374, 381 (Tex. 2004).
A no-evidence motion for summary judgment is essentially a directed
verdict granted before trial, to which we apply a legal-sufficiency standard of
review. King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 750-51 (Tex. 2003). In
general, a defendant seeking a no-evidence summary judgment must assert that no
3 evidence exists as to one or more of the essential elements of the plaintiff’s claims
on which the plaintiff would have the burden of proof at trial. Mathis v. RKL
Design/Build, 189 S.W.3d 839, 844 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no
pet.). With the filing of the motion, the burden shifts to the nonmovant. See
Forbes Inc. v. Granada Biosciences, Inc., 124 S.W.3d 167, 172 (Tex. 2003). To
avoid summary judgment, the nonmovant must present “more than a scintilla of
probative evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact.” Id. More than a
scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence allows reasonable and fair-minded
people to differ in their conclusions. Id. Less than a scintilla of evidence exists
when the evidence does “‘no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion.’” King
Ranch, 118 S.W.3d at 751 (quoting Kindred v. Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63
(Tex. 1983)). When, as here, the trial court does not specify the grounds upon
which it ruled, the summary judgment may be affirmed on any of the movant’s
theories that has merit. See Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 625
(Tex. 1996).
III. SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF WOODLANDS
Woodlands filed a traditional and no-evidence motion for summary
judgment. Woodlands presented undisputed evidence that Woodlands Waterway is
a linear park on private land, owned by Woodlands, as a private landowner. It also
4 presented undisputed evidence that Woodlands Waterway is open to the public and
used for a variety of recreational purposes, including: walking, jogging, exercising
pets, playing Frisbee, listening to music, enjoying nature, hosting various athletic
events, sightseeing, kayaking, and canoeing. As one ground in its traditional
motion for summary judgment, Woodlands argued that it could only be held liable
to Vidrine for gross negligence. In support of this argument, Woodlands relied on
the Recreational Use Statute. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 75.001-
.007 (West 2011 & Supp. 2012). (Recreational Use Statute).
“The recreational use statute recognizes that landowners or occupiers, who
open their property to the public for recreational purposes, provide a public
benefit.” Stephen F. Austin State Univ. v. Flynn, 228 S.W.3d 653, 658 (Tex.
2007). To encourage this use, the statute limits the liability of property owners
who give permission to the public to enter the premises for recreation. Id.; see also
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 75.002(c); State v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d
279, 284 (Tex. 2006). The statute “absolves property owners of liability for
injuries to others using the property for recreation so long as the property owner
does not engage in grossly negligent conduct or act with malicious intent or in bad
faith.” City of Bellmead v. Torres, 89 S.W.3d 611, 612 (Tex. 2002). The Statute
states in pertinent part:
5 (c) If an owner . . . gives permission to another to enter the premises for recreation, the owner . . . by giving the permission, does not:
(1) assure that the premises are safe for that purpose;
(2) owe to the person to whom permission is granted a greater degree of care than is owed to a trespasser on the premises; or
(3) assume responsibility or incur liability for any injury to any individual or property caused by any act of the person to whom permission is granted.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 75.002(c).
Woodlands argued that pursuant to the statute, Vidrine had the legal status of
a trespasser and could only recover from Woodlands for gross negligence, malice,
or bad faith. See id. § 75.002(c)(2). In its no-evidence motion, Woodlands argued
that there was no evidence Woodlands owed Vidrine a duty to remedy the
condition, no evidence Woodlands committed gross negligence, no evidence that
Woodlands willfully or wantonly injured Vidrine, and no evidence that Woodlands
acted with malicious intent or bad faith towards Vidrine. In her response, Vidrine
argued that the Recreational Use Statute did not apply to exempt Woodlands from
liability for general negligence. On appeal, Vidrine argues that the trial court erred
in granting Woodlands’ motion for summary judgment because she was using the
Waterway solely as a method of ingress and egress between the concert at the
Pavilion and its parking lot, and not for recreation.
6 A. Application of the Recreational Use Statute
In determining whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment,
we must first determine whether the Recreational Use Statute applies. If it does,
the statute limits Woodlands’s liability by raising Vidrine’s burden of proof to that
of gross negligence, malicious intent, or bad faith. See Flynn, 228 S.W.3d at 659
(citing Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 285-87). The Statute provides a non-exclusive list
of activities that are considered “recreation[,]” including: hunting, fishing,
swimming, boating, camping, picnicking, hiking, pleasure driving, nature study,
cave exploration, water sports, bicycling and mountain biking, disc golf, dog
walking, radio control flying, and “any other activity associated with enjoying
nature or the outdoors.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 75.001(3). Vidrine
argues that her “use of the Waterway was only for ingress and egress between [t]he
Pavilion and the parking lot” and “getting to one’s car is not ‘enjoying nature or
the outdoors.’” Woodlands contends that Vidrine was walking along the
Waterway, “and walking is a form of recreation.”
The Texas Supreme Court has stated that a person’s intent upon entering the
premises is not controlling. Torres, 89 S.W.3d at 614. “It is what she was doing
when she was injured that controls[]” the determination. Id. In support of its
assertion that Vidrine was recreating on the premises, Woodlands cites cases in
7 which individuals were injured while walking in a park, including City of Austin v.
Saverse, No. 03-11-00330-CV, 2011 WL 4507268, at *1 (Tex. App.—Austin Sept.
30, 2011, pet. denied) and Russell v. City of Fort Worth, No. 2-05-191-CV, 2006
WL 1351485, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth May 18, 2006, pet. denied).1
However in both Saverse and Russell, the plaintiffs acknowledged that they were
engaged in recreation on the premises at the time of their injuries. See Russell,
2006 WL 1351485, at *3 n.2 (“Russell acknowledges that the Recreational Use
Statute applies to the incident in question.”); Saverse, 2011 WL 4507268, at *1
(“Saverse filed suit against the City alleging that, while engaged in recreation, he
was injured as a result of the City’s gross negligence or willful or wanton acts.”).
Saverse and Russell are inapposite to the present case.
1 Vidrine also relies heavily on Dubois v. Harris Cnty., 866 S.W.2d 787 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, no pet.). We note that the Dubois opinion was handed down nine years before the Texas Supreme Court’s 2002 decision in Torres. Compare Dubois, 866 S.W.2d at 787, with Torres, 89 S.W.3d at 611. In Dubois, it was undisputed that the plaintiff was injured in a parking lot located on the park’s premises. Dubois, 866 S.W.2d at 789. In upholding the trial court’s determination that the Recreational Use Statute applied, the court found “that a structure used within a recreational area to provide parking for persons visiting the [recreational] area is within the meaning of the term ‘premises[]’” as defined by the statute. Id. at 789-90; see also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 75.001(2). Additionally, the court found significant that the record contained “uncontroverted evidence that the area where the injury occurred was a park that appellant frequented in order to take walks along its nature trail.” Id. at 790. 8 In Homoky, the plaintiff filed suit under a premises liability theory for
injuries she sustained when she tripped and fell in a City-owned golf course
clubhouse. City of Plano v. Homoky, 294 S.W.3d 809, 811-12 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2009, no pet.). At the time of her injury, the plaintiff was not playing golf. Id. at
816. She was walking from a restaurant in the clubhouse where she had been
talking with friends, through the clubhouse, and towards the building’s exit. Id.
She argued that “simply walking across a room indoors” did not constitute
recreation under the statute. Id. The Dallas Court of Appeals noted that “‘playing
golf’” would constitute “‘recreation’” under the statute as an “‘activity associated
with enjoying nature or the outdoors.’” Id. But, the court disagreed with Homoky’s
characterization of her activity at the time of her injury as “‘simply walking across
a room indoors.’” Id. The Court considered the activity in context, and concluded,
“Homoky’s injury was related to the activity of playing golf.” Id.
Unlike the plaintiffs in Homoky, Saverse, and Russell, Vidrine was not
recreating on the premises on which she was injured. While “walking” or
“strolling” may be a form of recreation under some circumstances, the undisputed
evidence here establishes that Vidrine was only walking through the Waterway to
get to the parking lot where her car was parked; not specifically to enjoy the
natural beauty of the Waterway. One of our sister courts has concluded that the
9 intent of the statute is to “immunize land owners from suit where the injured party
was engaging in activity which bears some risk of danger.” Sullivan v. City of Fort
Worth, No. 02-10-00223-CV, 2011 WL 1902018, at *7 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
May 19, 2011, pet. denied) (mem. op. on reh’g) (citing House Study Group, Bill
Analysis, Tex. H.B. 749, 67th Leg., R.S. (1981)). In Sullivan, the plaintiff was
injured while attending her granddaughter’s wedding, held in the Japanese Garden,
which was part of the city-owned Fort Worth Botanic Gardens. Sullivan, 2011 WL
1902018, at *1. While leaving the wedding, Sullivan fell on one of the designated
footpaths and broke her ankle. Id. Like Vidrine, Sullivan claimed the lighting on
the path, which included stone and wood steps, was inadequate. See id.
In arguing the Recreational Use Statute applied, the City asserted that the
Japanese Garden, where the outdoor wedding was held, is a city park, thus, its
purpose is for recreational use. Id. at *5. The court did not consider the fact that
the Japanese Garden is a park as determinative of whether the Recreational Use
Statute applied. Id. at *6. Considering the list of activities set forth in the statute,
the court concluded that the statutory definition of recreation is not “so broad as to
encompass all activity beyond work . . . as long as it is conducted outdoors.” Id.
The court further concluded that the intent of the statute is “to immunize land
owners from suit where the injured party was engaging in activity which bears
10 some risk of danger.” Id. at *7. In holding the Recreational Use Statute did not
apply, the court stated:
A wedding is not the type of activity in which people engage assuming a risk of injury from physical activity. Thus, we do not think that the wedding transforms from a ceremony to recreation simply because it occurred outside. We believe there has to be something more—an activeness, a physical exertion, or immersion in the physical elements of nature—that is essential to finding an activity ‘associated with enjoying nature or the outdoors’ as the statute intends. . . .
To be a guest at a wedding is not an activity so similar to the sports and hobbies listed in the Recreational Use Statute that we think the legislature intended its inclusion. We therefore hold that the Sullivans were not engaging in recreation at the time of the accident.
Id. (internal citations omitted); accord Univ. of Tex. at Arlington v. Williams, No.
02-12-00425-CV, 2013 WL 1234878, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth March 28,
2013, pet. filed) (holding Recreational Use Statute did not apply to plaintiff who
was injured while leaving high school stadium after watching a soccer game).
In the present case, the evidence established that Vidrine was injured while
walking through the Waterway to get to the parking lot where she parked her car
while attending a concert at the Pavilion, which is not on the park’s premises. It is
undisputed that she was using the Waterway as nothing more than a passageway to
get to and from the Pavilion and its parking lot. Under these facts, we conclude the
Recreational Use Statute does not apply.
11 B. Duty
In the trial court, Woodlands argued that if the Recreational Use Statute did
not apply, Vidrine was on the premises uninvited, as a trespasser, in which case
Woodlands’s only duty was not to injure her through willful or wanton conduct or
gross negligence; therefore, summary judgment would still be proper. See Tex.
Utils. Elec. Co. v. Timmons, 947 S.W.2d 191, 193 (Tex. 1997) (“The only duty a
premises owner or occupier owes a trespasser is not to injure him willfully,
wantonly, or through gross negligence.”). On appeal, Woodlands argues that if
Vidrine was not recreating on the property, “she exceeded any implied license for
use” and became a trespasser. A trespasser is a person who enters the property of
another without lawful authority, permission, or invitation. Am. Indus. Life Ins.
Co. v. Ruvalcaba, 64 S.W.3d 126, 134 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001,
pet. denied). Woodlands presented summary judgment evidence establishing that
the property is open to the public and they have knowledge that thousands of
people walk on the property after each concert held at the Pavilion.2 On these
facts, we cannot conclude that Vidrine was a trespasser.
2 In his affidavit, Daniel Kolkhorst, Vice President of Engineering & Construction of The Woodlands Development Company stated, “[t]housands of people walk on the property after each concert held at the Pavilion.” Likewise, Bruce Tough, Chairman of The Woodlands Township, stated in his affidavit, “[i]n the many years that the Waterway has existed, thousands and thousands of people 12 Undisputed evidence established that Vidrine had to pass through the
Waterway in order to get from the Pavilion to the Pavilion’s parking lot where she
was parked. Further, undisputed evidence established that passage must be made
through the Waterway to get to all of the Pavilion’s parking lots, except the “gold”
lot. A person who is privileged to enter the premises of another by their express or
implied permission is a licensee. Lacy v. Rusk State Hosp., 31 S.W.3d 625, 630
(Tex. App.—Tyler 2000, no pet.) (citing Peerenboom v. HSP Foods, Inc., 910
S.W.2d 156, 163 (Tex. App.—Waco 1995, no writ)). The undisputed evidence in
the record establishes that Vidrine had implied permission to use the Waterway as
a means of passage to and from the Pavilion. Therefore, we conclude that Vidrine
is a licensee, not a trespasser.3
The duty owed to a licensee is to not injure the licensee by willful, wanton,
or grossly negligent conduct, and in cases in which the licensor has actual
knowledge of a dangerous condition unknown to the licensee, to use ordinary care
to either warn the licensee of the condition or make the condition reasonably safe.
every year use the location complained of by [Vidrine ;]” “[w]hen concerts let out at the Pavilion, very large numbers of people, like [Vidrine], walk on the Waterway after dark.” 3 See 19 William V. Dorsaneo III, Texas Litigation Guide § 310.04[2][a] (2013) (“In addition to the duties owed to a trespasser, an owner or occupier owes certain other duties to licensees.”). 13 City of Dallas v. Reed, 258 S.W.3d 620, 622 (Tex. 2008) (per curiam) (citing State
Dep’t of Highways & Public Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 237 (Tex. 1992)).
C. No Evidence of Breach
“Gross negligence requires that the landowner be subjectively aware of, and
consciously indifferent to, an extreme risk of harm.” Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at 288.
In its no-evidence motion for summary judgment, Woodlands asserted that there
was no evidence Woodlands was grossly negligent or otherwise acted willfully,
wantonly, or consciously indifferent. The burden then shifted to Vidrine to provide
more than a scintilla of probative evidence that Woodlands committed gross
negligence or injured her by willful or wanton conduct. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i).
The allegations in this case fail to demonstrate that the improperly lit steps
presented an extreme risk of harm. Moreover, Vidrine generally pleaded a
negligence claim. Vidrine did not specifically allege that Woodlands had actual
knowledge of the alleged dangerous condition. But even construing Vidrine’s
pleadings broadly enough to state a claim for which she could recover, Vidrine
failed to present any probative evidence that Woodlands had actual knowledge of
the alleged dangerous condition, acted with gross negligence, or otherwise acted
willfully or wantonly.
14 The record contains evidence that: (1) Woodlands provides lighting along
the Waterway, “including on the very step [Vidrine] allegedly tripped on[,]” (2)
“[t]here are area lights on poles near the top of the steps, and the bottom of the
steps, in addition to lights built into the steps at each individual step[,]” and (3)
though the location where Vidrine was injured is used by “thousands of people
every year[,]” “no known prior accidents” have occurred at that location. Vidrine
failed to present any evidence in response to Woodlands’ motion to show that
Woodlands was aware that there was an issue with the lighting on the stairs, or
otherwise acted with conscious indifference to a problem with the lighting on the
stairs. See Reed, 258 S.W.3d at 622; see also Flynn, 228 S.W.3d at 659-60. In our
independent review of the record, we have found no evidence that Woodlands had
actual knowledge of the alleged condition, acted with conscious indifference, or
otherwise acted willfully or wantonly. We affirm the trial court’s order granting
summary judgment in favor of Woodlands.
IV. SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF THE PAVILION
The Pavilion also filed a traditional and no-evidence motion for summary
judgment. The Pavilion argued it was not liable to Vidrine as a matter of law
because it was not a possessor of the premises where the injury occurred as it
neither owned, nor exercised control over the Waterway. In its no-evidence
15 motion, the Pavilion argued there was no evidence that the Pavilion owed Vidrine
a legal duty, breached any duty allegedly owed, or that any alleged breach caused
Vidrine damages. In response to the Pavilion’s motion, Vidrine argued that the
Pavilion owed her a duty because it exercised control over the area and the lighting
in the area where she was injured.
To recover in negligence a plaintiff must prove (1) a legal duty owed by one
party to another; (2) a breach of that duty; and (3) damages proximately caused by
that breach. Greater Houston Transp. Co. v. Phillips, 801 S.W.2d 523, 525 (Tex.
1990). Duty is a threshold inquiry in a negligence case. Id. The existence of a
duty is question of law for the court to decide based on the specific facts of the
case. Id.
It is undisputed that Vidrine alleges she was injured by a condition of the
stairs on which she fell. Her First Amended Original Petition can fairly be read as
alleging only a premises liability claim. See H.E. Butt Grocery Co. v. Warner, 845
S.W.2d 258, 259 (Tex. 1992). The Pavilion owed Vidrine a duty as an invitee to
keep the premises in a reasonably safe condition. See Montes v. Indian Cliffs
Ranch, Inc., 946 S.W.2d 103, 105 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1997, writ denied). To
that end, the Pavilion had a duty to use ordinary care to protect Vidrine from
unreasonable risk of harm created by a premises condition of which the Pavilion
16 had actual or constructive knowledge. See Del Lago Partners, Inc. v. Smith, 307
SW.3d 762, 767 (Tex. 2010); see also Western Invs., Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d
547, 550 (Tex. 2005). However, it is undisputed that Vidrine was not injured at the
Pavilion, but was injured on the Waterway, owned by Woodlands, after she left the
Pavilion.
The general rule is that there is no duty to protect persons from injury on
adjacent property a person neither owns nor occupies. Hirabayashi v. N. Main
Bar-B-Q, Inc., 977 S.W.2d 704, 707 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1998, pet. denied).
An owner or occupier is usually under no duty to someone who has ceased to be an
invitee. Portillo v. Housing Auth. of City of El Paso, 652 S.W.2d 568, 569 (Tex.
App.—El Paso 1983, no writ). An exception to the general rule exists when an
owner or occupier “assumes actual control” over a portion of adjacent property.
Hirabayashi, 977 S.W.2d at 707 (citing Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Alexander, 868
S.W.2d 322, 324 (Tex. 1993)); see also City of Denton v. Page, 701 S.W.2d 831,
835 (Tex. 1986) (A defendant may be held liable for a dangerous condition on
another’s property if it “assum[ed] control over and responsibility for the
premises” even if it did not own or physically occupy the premises.).
In Alexander, the plaintiff sued Wal-Mart for injuries she suffered after she
tripped on a ramp leading from the parking lot to a sidewalk in front of Wal-Mart’s
17 leased premises. Alexander, 868 S.W.2d at 323. Wal-Mart argued that it had no
duty to the plaintiff because it was not the owner or occupier of the area where the
ramp was located. Id. at 324. The Texas Supreme Court held that Wal-Mart had a
duty of reasonable care to maintain the safety of the ramp after it built the ramp on
its own initiative, and at its own expense. Id. “By so doing, it assumed actual
control of the ramp area.” Id. The Court cited the Restatement (Second) of Torts,
which provides that a “possessor of land includes a person ‘in occupation of land
with intent to control it’ regardless of whether the occupation is rightful.” Id.(citing
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 328E (1965)).
In support of its motion for summary judgment, the Pavilion presented an
affidavit from Jeff Young, the Vice President of Operations for the Pavilion, in
which he stated that the Pavilion “neither owned nor controlled the area” where
Vidrine was injured. The Pavilion also presented the Kolkhorst affidavit, which
stated that Woodlands provided lighting along the Waterway. In response to this
evidence, Vidrine presented deposition testimony from Young, as well as her own
affidavit.
Young testified that “when the [Pavilion] was first opened in 1990[]” and
“prior to the opening of the waterway” around 2000, there were pathways cut
through trees leading from the parking lots to the Pavilion. Young stated that the
18 Pavilion installed some lights along the pathways to get to the venue, and also
placed staff members on the pathways “to help the guests navigate to the venue.”
However, Young testified that this practice stopped around 1999 or 2000 when the
waterway was built.
Young testified the Pavilion’s cleaning staff picks up trash along the
pathways on the Waterway. In addition, Young stated generally that “[i]f there’s
lighting that [is] out in certain locations, we would either take care of it, try to do it
ourselves, or notify the appropriate parties to try to get lights on[.]” Young
explained that the Pavilion was “told to contact Brickman, [which] is the company
that maintains the lights[,]” if they noticed an issue with the lights on the
Waterway. Brickman would then subcontract out the job to an electrician who
would “come out and actually physically fix the lights.” According to Young, the
Pavilion relies on Woodlands to properly maintain and light the Waterway, and no
one has ever told the Pavilion it is responsible for maintaining the lights on the
Waterway. Young stated that prior to the accident in this case,4 the last time the
4 Young also testified that the Pavilion may have replaced some lights on the Waterway in 2010 (well after Vidrine’s 2008 accident). Young noted that “[t]here was a timer that was bad” on some pole lights “and some lights that were out that we had fixed after some events.” According to Young, “that would be the last time.” “Other than that,” he stated he would imagine that any repairs to the lighting on the Waterway by the Pavilion would have been prior to 1999. 19 Pavilion would have replaced any lighting on the Waterway would probably have
been prior to 1999.
Young stated that the Pavilion’s employees are “staffed to be inside the
venue and in the [Pavilion’s] parking lots.” But Young acknowledged that there
may be staff members “watching the area[]” outside the Pavilion as people leave
the facility “making sure that . . . everything is going fine, there’s no fights, things
like that, or altercations.” Vidrine relied on (1) Young’s deposition testimony in
which he stated that after Vidrine’s fall, a Pavilion employee came to her aid, and
(2) the event medical treatment report, which indicated that Vidrine received
medical attention at the Pavilion’s medical facility. In her affidavit, Vidrine stated
that the Pavilion employee who transported her back to her car after she received
medical attention told her that the Pavilion usually had staff members along the
pathways with flashlights to guide departing guests and he did not know why the
Pavilion did not have staff stationed there when she fell. 5
5 This statement was not objected to in the trial court. An objection to the form of an affidavit must be made in writing. City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 677 (Tex. 1979); see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(f). Thus, any argument that this statement is not proper summary judgment evidence has been waived. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. Young testified that the Pavilion does not station employees along the pathways with flashlights during the blowout from concerts. However, in reviewing the trial court’s grant of summary judgment, we must disregard conflicting evidence and accept as true all evidence favorable to the non-movant, unless reasonable jurors could not. See Montgomery v. Kennedy, 669 20 In the context of possession of real property giving rise to premises liability,
we have previously defined “control” as ‘‘‘the power or authority to manage,
direct, superintend, restrict, regulate, govern, administer, or oversee.’” Thornhill v.
Ronnie’s I-45 Truck Stop, Inc., 944 S.W.2d 780, 788 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1997,
writ dism’d by agr.). Therefore, “the primary test is whether the defendant is
managing or directing the operations of the premises.” Id. at 790 (citing Gunn v.
Harris Methodist Affiliated Hosp., 887 S.W.2d 248, 252 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
1994, writ denied)). Young’s testimony regarding the maintenance of the lights on
the Waterway was uncontroverted. Viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to Vidrine, the evidence establishes, at most, that the Pavilion staff had
access to the area where Vidrine fell and were free to address emergencies or other
issues they observed on the Waterway. We conclude that Vidrine failed to produce
more than a scintilla of probative evidence that the Pavilion “assumed actual
control” of the stairs where Vidrine was injured. See King Ranch, Inc. v.
Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003); see also Hirabayashi, 977 S.W.2d at
707; Alexander, 868 S.W.2d at 324; see also Thornhill, 944 S.W.2d at 788.
In addition to arguing that the Pavilion exercised control over the steps
where Vidrine fell, Vidrine relies on another exception to the general rule that
S.W.2d 309, 311 (Tex. 1984); Great Am. Reserve Ins. Co. v. San Antonio Plumbing Supply Co., 391 S.W.2d 41, 47 (Tex. 1965). 21 there is no duty to prevent accidents on adjacent property a person neither owns
nor occupies. This exception extends the duty to keep one’s premises in reasonably
safe condition to “obscured danger[s]” present near the entrances and exits of the
premises.6 See Hirabayashi., 977 S.W.2d at 707 (citing Renfro Drug Co. v. Lewis,
149 Tex. 507, 235 S.W.2d 609, 615 (1950)). Vidrine argues that the inadequately
lit steps on the Waterway presented an “obscured danger” that falls within this
exception to the general rule. We disagree. We conclude the inadequately lit steps
do not present the type of “obscured danger” to which this narrow exception to the
6 Vidrine did not argue this exception to the no duty rule in response to the Pavilion’s motion for summary judgment. However, Vidrine did argue the application of this exception to the trial court in her motion for new trial. We recognize that summary judgment cannot be affirmed or reversed on grounds not expressly set out in the motion or response. See Stiles v. Resolution Trust Corp., 867 S.W.2d 24, 26 (Tex. 1993); see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). However, because the Pavilion also filed a no-evidence motion contending there was no evidence it owed Vidrine a duty, we may affirm the trial court’s summary judgment on the grounds that no duty exists even if it requires legal analysis of a duty theory not expressly presented in the written response. See Chrismon v. Brown, 246 S.W.3d 102, 115 n.12 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (citing cases affirming summary judgment granting motion that asserted generally there was no evidence of duty, even though analysis of this ground on appeal required consideration of various legal principles involving duties); compare Avery v. Alexander, No. 09-08-00078-CV, 2008 WL 6740797, at *5 (Tex. App.— Beaumont Aug. 27, 2009, pet. denied) (concluding that trial court could not have granted summary judgment on an assumed duty exception raised by the plaintiffs in response to the defendant’s traditional motion for summary judgment because a summary judgment cannot be granted on grounds not expressly set out in the movant’s motion.).
22 general rule has been applied. See Renfro Drug, 235 S.W.2d at 615 (dangerous
condition created by doorway that opened into drug store directly over a set of
steps not level with garage floor); cf. Hirabayashi, 977 S.W.2d at 706-07 (holding
busy roadway in front of restaurant did not present an obscured danger).
The Pavilion negated the element of duty as a matter of law. We overrule
Vidrine’s second issue. Having overruled all of Appellant’s issues, we affirm the
trial court’s orders granting summary judgment in favor of the Center for the
Performing Arts at the Woodlands d/b/a Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion and the
Woodlands Land Development Company, L.P.
AFFIRMED.
___________________________ CHARLES KREGER Justice
Submitted on May 22, 2013 Opinion Delivered September 19, 2013
Before McKeithen, C.J., Gaultney and Kreger, JJ.