Anderson v . United States 12-CV-115-SM 5/1/13 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Leif Anderson
v. Case N o . 12-cv-115-SM Opinion N o . 2013 DNH 068 United States of America
O R D E R
Petitioner was convicted, based on his guilty plea, of one
count of failing to register as a sex offender in violation of
the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (“SORNA”). He
was sentenced to twelve months and one day of incarceration
followed by lifetime supervised release. Petitioner now seeks
relief under the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 2255.
Standard of Review
Section 2255 provides relief “only when the petitioner has
demonstrated that his sentence (1) was imposed in violation of
the Constitution, or (2) was imposed by a court that lacked
jurisdiction, or (3) exceeded the statutory maximum, or (4) was
otherwise subject to collateral attack.” Moreno-Moreno v . United
States, 334 F.3d 1 4 0 , 148 (1st Cir. 2003) (internal quotation
marks omitted). The fourth category “includes only assignments
of error that reveal fundamental defects which, if uncorrected,
will result in a complete miscarriage of justice, or irregularities that are inconsistent with the rudimentary demands
of fair procedure.” Id. A petition under § 2255 may be decided
without a hearing “as to those allegations which, if accepted as
true, entitle the movant to no relief, or which need not be
accepted as true because they state conclusions instead of facts,
contradict the record, or are inherently incredible.”1 United
States v . McGill, 11 F.3d 223, 226 (1st Cir. 1993).
Background
Petitioner was convicted in 1984 in California of one count
of lewd or lascivious acts with a child under the age of fourteen
in violation of California Penal Code § 288(a). While in
California, he registered as a sex offender. He moved to New
Hampshire in 2008 but failed to register as a sex offender.
A criminal complaint was filed against petitioner in this
district on February 1 8 , 2010, for failing to register as a sex
offender, as required, in violation of SORNA, 18 U.S.C. §
2250(a), United States v . Anderson, 10-cr-56-SM (D.N.H. Feb. 1 8 ,
2010), and a grand jury later returned an indictment against
petitioner on April 2 1 , 2010, charging him with violating
§ 2250(a).
In this case, petitioner did not request a hearing.
2 Petitioner entered into a plea agreement, under the terms of
which he pled guilty to the charge of knowingly failing to
register as a sex offender. Petitioner was sentenced on
September 8 , 2010, and judgment was entered the same day.
Petitioner appealed the supervised release portion of his
criminal sentence. He was represented by new counsel on appeal.
On September 2 7 , 2011, the court of appeals summarily affirmed
the sentence imposed. The Supreme Court denied defendant’s
petition for a writ of certiorari.
Discussion
Petitioner contends that his conviction and sentence as a
tier III offender who failed to register in violation of
§ 2250(a) must be vacated, because his guilty plea was neither
knowingly nor voluntarily entered and because his trial and
appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance. In support,
he argues that he was not guilty of violating § 2250(a) because
his original California conviction, considered from a categorical
perspective, and without reference to the underlying facts, did
not qualify him as a “sex offender” as that term is used in SORNA
and, in addition, he did not qualify as a tier III offender, as
that term is used in SORNA. As a result, he contends, he was not
required to register as a sex offender in New Hampshire, should
3 not have pled guilty to an offense he did not commit, and, had he
been properly counseled, he would not have pled guilty.
Section 2250(a) makes it a crime for someone who is required
to register under SORNA to travel in interstate or foreign
commerce and knowingly fail to register or update a registration
that is required under SORNA. SORNA’s registration requirements
apply to “sex offender[s],” 42 U.S.C. § 16913(a), that i s ,
individuals “convicted of a sex offense,” 42 U.S.C. § 16911(1).
A “sex offense” is defined in § 16911(5)(A)(ii) to include “a
criminal offense that is a specified offense against a minor.”
Specified offenses against a minor include “criminal sexual
conduct involving a minor,” § 16911(7)(H), and “any conduct that
by its nature is a sex offense against a minor,” § 16911(7)(I).
Sex offenders are classified by the statute as tier I , tier
I I , or tier III offenders, depending on the severity of the
underlying offense. § 16911(2),(3) & ( 4 ) ; United States v .
Felts, 674 F.3d 599, 605 (6th Cir. 2012). An offender’s tier
classification determines the length of SORNA’s registration
requirement. 42 U.S.C. § 16915(a). Tier III offenders, who must
register for life, are those whose underlying offense is
punishable by more than one year of imprisonment and, among other
things, “is comparable to or more severe than . . . (i)
4 aggravated sexual abuse or sexual abuse (as described in sections
2241 and 2242 of Title 1 8 ) ; or (ii) abusive sexual contact (as
described in section 2244 of Title 18) against a minor who has
not attained the age of 13 years.” § 16911(4)(A).
As noted, petitioner pled guilty to and was convicted of
violating California Penal Code § 288(a). “[S]ection 288(a) is
violated by ‘any touching’ of an underage child committed with
the intent to sexually arouse either the defendant or the child.”
People v . Martinez, 903 P.2d 1037, 1041 (Cal. 1995). Petitioner
engaged in sexual intercourse with, and molested, at least one
child who was ten years old. Accordingly, he necessarily
concedes that the underlying facts of his § 288(a) conviction
easily meet the pertinent SORNA definitions, and support his
federal conviction.
Petitioner contends, however, that viewing his predicate
§ 288(a) conviction from a categorical perspective (that i s ,
considering the elements of a § 288(a) offense alone, without
reference to the underlying facts), it is clear that the state
conviction does not support his classification as a “sex
offender” under SORNA. He argues that the provisions of
§ 288(a), taken literally, broadly criminalizes mere “touching,”
such as rubbing a child’s back, if the touching is accompanied by
5 a subjective sexual motive — conduct that does not constitute a
“sex offense” as defined by § 16911(7)(H), which requires sexual
conduct, not mere physical contact accompanied by impure motives.
With respect to § 16911(7)(I), petitioner asserts, in a cursory
manner, that the definition is unconstitutionally vague, but he
does not suggest that the elements of § 288(a) do not meet that
definition. S o , petitioner appears to concede that his
conviction under § 288(a) would qualify as a sex offense under §
16911(7)(I).
Alternatively, petitioner argues that under a strict
categorical approach, considering only the elements of § 288(a),
the government could not prove that he was a tier III offender
(which carries a lifetime registration requirement). In support,
he contends that the elements of § 288(a) cover actions that do
not constitute sexual abuse or sexual conduct, as required under
§ 16911(4). Absent the lifetime registration requirement imposed
on tier III offenders, petitioner, again, would not have been
required to register as a sex offender in New Hampshire, and so
would not have violated § 2250(a) by failing to register.
The government counters that because petitioner did not
raise the involuntary plea issue on direct appeal, he has
procedurally defaulted the issue for purposes of § 2255. The
6 government asserts that petitioner cannot avoid his procedural
default nor can he establish ineffective assistance of counsel
under the applicable legal standard. Petitioner replies that the
procedural default rule should not be given effect in the
circumstances of his case.
A. Procedural Default
“In order to pass constitutional muster, a guilty plea must
be both knowing and voluntary.” United States v . Jiminez, 498
F.3d 8 2 , 85 (1st Cir. 2007). “[T]he voluntariness and
intelligence of a guilty plea can be attacked on collateral
review only if first challenged on direct review.” Bousley v .
United States, 523 U.S. 6 1 4 , 621 (1998); Oakes v . United States,
400 F.3d 9 2 , 95-96 (1st Cir. 2005). Therefore, a petitioner
seeking review under § 2255 has procedurally defaulted his claim
if he fails to first seek direct review, and a procedurally
defaulted claim may be considered for habeas relief “only if the
[petitioner] can first demonstrate either ‘cause’ and actual
‘prejudice’ or that he is ‘actually innocent.’”2 Bousley, 523
U.S. at 622 (internal citations omitted).
2 Petitioner does not appear to argue that he is actually innocent. To the extent he may have intended to make that argument based on his interpretation of SORNA and a strict categorical approach to his conviction under § 288(a), that claim has not been proven.
7 1. Exceptions
The procedural default rule will not apply, however, when
“the claim could not be presented without further factual
development.” Id. at 621. One example of a claim that would
require further factual development within the meaning of the
procedural default exception is a claim that the guilty plea was
coerced by prosecutors. Id. at 621-22. Another familiar example
would be a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See
United States v . Neto, 659 F.3d 1 9 4 , 203 (1st Cir. 2011).
Petitioner did not present his improvident guilty plea claim
on appeal. And he does not now suggest that his claim falls
within a recognized exception to the procedural default rule,
i.e., for claims that require further factual development. He
argues instead, without citation to supporting authority, that he
did not default the claim because he was misinformed by his
lawyer and pleaded guilty based on that misinformation.
Petitioner’s improvident guilty plea claim is a fairly
common one — like many others that have been found to be
procedurally defaulted. In most cases involving a procedural
default of a guilty plea challenge, the petitioner asserts that
his plea was involuntary because he did not understand the
charges against him, his defenses, or the potential sentence, due
8 generally to alleged errors by trial counsel. See, e.g.,
Bousley, 523 U.S. at 606; Thien Ha v . United States, 2012 WL
603122, at *2 (D. Mass. Feb. 2 4 , 2012); Patterson v . United
States, 2012 WL 2377436, at *4 (D. Mass. June 2 5 , 2012); Butler
v . United States, 2010 WL 4905492, at *2-*3 (D.N.H. Nov. 2 3 ,
2010); Brown v . United States, 2010 WL 2817182, at *3 (D. Mass.
July 1 5 , 2010). Those claims, as challenges, are routinely
deemed to fall into the procedural default category, though an
ineffective assistance claim, i s , of course, treated differently.
Therefore, petitioner has not shown that his improvident guilty
plea claim, as such, is excepted from the procedural default
rule.
2. Application
To avoid the bar of procedural default, petitioner must show
“both (1) ‘cause’ for having procedurally defaulted his claim;
and (2) ‘actual prejudice’ resulting from the alleged error,” o r ,
alternatively, actual innocence. Bucci v . United States, 622
F.3d 1 8 , 27 & n.6 (1st Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
Cause may be shown if the procedural default itself was the
result of ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. at 2 9 . When
ineffective assistance is asserted as cause for a procedural
9 default, the petitioner must meet the ineffective assistance
standard articulated in Strickland v . Washington, 466 U.S. 668
(1984). Bucci, 662 F.3d at 2 9 . And, prejudice sufficient to
avoid a procedural default, is the prejudice that meets
Strickland’s requirement for ineffective assistance of counsel.
Id.
Therefore, petitioner’s ineffective assistance of counsel
claim is addressed in the context of a proffered excuse for a
procedural default.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Petitioner asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective
because she failed to recognize that, under the circumstances,
the indictment did not properly charge an offense, and because
she erroneously counseled him to plead guilty to that charge. He
asserts that appellate counsel was also ineffective, because he
failed to challenge the providency of his guilty plea on appeal.
To succeed on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim,
petitioner “must demonstrate both: (1) that ‘counsel’s
performance was deficient,’ meaning that ‘counsel made errors so
serious that counsel was not functioning as the “counsel”
guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment’; and (2) ‘that
the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.’” United
10 States v . Valerio, 676 F.3d 2 3 7 , 246 (1st Cir. 2012) (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 6 8 7 ) .
1. Deficient Performance
Review of “counsel’s performance [is] highly deferential.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. For that reason, there is “a strong
presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance.” Id. The inquiry is an
objective one, assessing the reasonableness of counsel’s
performance based on the “‘prevailing professional norms’” at the
time. United States v . Rodriguez, 675 F.3d 4 8 , 56 (1st Cir.
2012) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 6 8 9 ) . Therefore,
counsel’s performance will be deemed ineffective “only where,
given the facts known at the time, counsel’s choice was so
patently unreasonable that no competent attorney would have made
it.” Valerio, 676 F.3d at 246 (internal quotation marks
Petitioner’s ineffective assistance claim is based upon his
assertion that he was not a “sex offender” within the meaning of
SORNA, o r , if he was a sex offender, that he was not a tier III
offender, and his legal counsel should have recognized as much.
Petitioner does not dispute that the facts underlying his
California conviction plainly establish that he is indeed a tier
11 III sex offender, and that he violated § 2250(a). He contends,
rather, that the proper legal analysis requires a limited,
categorical assessment of the state statute, paying no heed to
the facts underlying his predicate conviction, and that under
such a scheme, the elements of § 288(a) simply do not describe a
sex offense under SORNA. Alternatively, he says, even if the
SORNA sex offender definition is met, § 288(a)’s elements do not
establish that he is a tier III offender.
Petitioner insists that his trial counsel should have
understood that, based on the strict categorical approach theory,
the indictment did not adequately allege an offense under SORNA
and, s o , counsel should not have advised him to plead guilty. He
also argues that appellate counsel should have raised the
providency of his guilty plea as an issue on direct appeal, on
those same grounds.
Petitioner’s strict categorical approach theory is borrowed
from cases that address federal sentencing enhancements based
upon prior convictions. See, e.g., Sykes v . United States, 131
S . C t . 2267, 2272 (2011); United States v . Ramirez, 708 F.3d 295,
300 (1st Cir. 2013). Under the categorical approach, when
determining the nature of a prior, usually state, conviction, a
court considers “the elements of the offense as delineated in the
12 statute of conviction (as judicially glossed) and the standard
charging language . . . [but] eschew[s] consideration of the
offender’s particular conduct.” United States v . Jonas, 689 F.3d
8 3 , 88 (1st Cir. 2012). But, when the statute governing the
predicate offense describes several generic crimes, all of which
do not fall within the required classification, a “modified
categorical approach” enables courts to consider the trial record
from the prior conviction to determine just which statutory
provision served as the basis for the conviction. Johnson v .
United States, 559 U.S. 133, 130 S . C t . 1265, 1273 (2010).
The categorical approach used to determine sentencing
enhancements based on classifying predicate offenses is a two-
step process. First, the court identifies the offense of
conviction. United States v . Davis, 676 F.3d 3 , 8 (1st Cir.
2012). Then, if the offense of conviction is divisible — meaning
that the statute includes multiple offenses, some of which do not
meet the particular sentencing classification requirements — the
“court must examine certain approved documents to determine the
offense of which the defendant was actually convicted.” Id.
Petitioner cites to no precedent or other authority
suggesting that a strict categorical approach should preclude
consideration of facts pertaining to his California conviction
13 for SORNA purposes. Indeed, he acknowledges that in at least one
appellate decision, United States v . Dodge, 597 F.3d 1347, 1354-
55 (11th Cir. 2010), the court held that in cases like this one a
noncategorical approach should be used.
Petitioner relies exclusively on descriptions of SORNA
offenses provided in “The National Guidelines for Sex Offender
Registration and Notification,” published on July 2 , 2008, by the
Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending,
Registering, and Tracking in the Department of Justice.
Specifically, the petitioner points to an explanation provided
there for SORNA § 111(7)(H) (42 U.S.C. § 16911(7)(H)).3
Petitioner has not shown, however, that his trial or appellate
counsel were, or should have been, aware of the Department of
Justice’s guidelines, nor that they are controlling in some way.
The guidelines, therefore, are not particularly weighty in
assessing the performance of trial and appellate counsel.
For purposes of sentencing under SORNA, courts have used a
modified categorical or non-categorical approach when classifying
prior convictions, an approach that permits consideration of some
3 The government also notes that § 16911(7)(H) is not the only applicable SORNA section for purposes of defining a sex offense, so that even if the guidelines description were applicable, its explanation would not be determinative.
14 underlying facts about a defendant’s predicate conviction, rather
than a strict categorical approach that looks only to the
elements of the statute, which may be inconclusive. See United
States v . Butler, 682 F.3d 1210, 1213 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing
United States v . Byun, 539 F.3d 9 8 2 , 990-94 (9th Cir. 2008));
United States v . Taylor, 644 F.3d 573, 576-77 (7th Cir. 2011);
Dodge, 597 F.3d at 1354-55. In the context of challenges to the
sufficiency of an indictment under SORNA, however, courts have
generally concluded that consideration of the underlying facts of
the predicate offense may well be necessary when determining
whether the conviction qualifies as a “sex offense” under
§ 16911(5)(C) and § 16911(7). See United States v . Quan T u , 2012
WL 5603631, at *5 (D. O r . Nov. 1 5 , 2012); United States v . Piper,
2012 WL 4757696, at *4 (D. V t . Oct. 5 , 2012); United States v .
Brown, 2012 WL 604185, at *4 (W.D. P a . Feb. 2 4 , 2012). Courts
have not adopted petitioner’s theory that a strict categorical
approach necessarily applies when determining whether an
underlying conviction was or was not a “sex offense” under SORNA,
and there is no reason to fault his trial or appellate counsel
for not urging such a weak theory and thereby risk the benefit of
his plea agreement.
Petitioner disagrees, asserting that trial counsel was
ineffective because she did not argue, or even consider, the
15 strict categorical approach as a defense to the charge. In
support, petitioner submits the affidavit of his trial counsel,
Jessica Brown. Brown states that “[t]o the best of [her]
memory,” she had determined that petitioner was a tier III sex
offender for purposes of SORNA because of the facts underlying
his California conviction. Brown also states that it did not
occur to her that the charged SORNA violation would be based on
anything other than the facts of petitioner’s conduct in the
underlying conviction, that she did no research to determine
whether a SORNA violation could be based on the underlying
conduct, or whether the statutory elements of the underlying
crime were, alone, determinative, and did not review the
statutory elements of petitioner’s predicate California
conviction.
Despite Brown’s affidavit, the record discloses that during
the change of plea hearing the issue of how to assess
petitioner’s California conviction for purposes of the SORNA
charge was discussed briefly. Assistant United States Attorney
Huftalen made both a legal proffer about the crime charged under
§ 2250(a) and a factual proffer with respect to what the
government would prove beyond a reasonable doubt if the case were
tried. The following exchange occurred during the factual
proffer:
16 [Mr. Huftalen:] Based upon the facts of that California conviction, the defendant is classified federally as a tier III sex offender, and as such, is required to register for life and report into the local law enforcement agency where he’s registered every three months.
The facts of the underlying conviction, which M s . Brown and I disagree about as to whether or not they would have to be proven or could be proven at the trial, are not necessary for your determination today, but he is a tier III sex offender and was convicted of an offense - -
THE COURT: I guess I’m not really following that. He has a predicate conviction that requires his registration?
MR. HUFTALEN: Yes.
THE COURT: There’s no dispute about that?
MR. HUFTALEN: No dispute. M s . Brown’s position is if we were to go to trial I should not be allowed to bring in the facts of that underlying conviction. My position is in order to prove that he had to register for life I would have to prove i t , but nonetheless, the facts of the underlying case, if it were to go to trial and if it were admitted, would show that he penetrated a child under the age of 13 for sexual gratification.4
United States v . Anderson, 10-cr-56-SM, Transcript of Change of
Plea Hearing, Doc. n o . 2 9 , at *8-*9. Even if petitioner could
show that trial counsel was obligated to consider and assert the
strict categorical theory he now advances, it appears that at the
4 To the extent petitioner argues that the government’s factual proffer was insufficient, he does not develop the argument to support his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. See Higgins v . New Balance Athletic Shoe, Inc., 194 F.3d 2 5 2 , 260 (1st Cir. 1999).
17 time of his plea colloquy, petitioner’s trial counsel was at
least aware of a possible argument for a strict categorical
approach, and may have made the argument to the government, but
for understandable reasons did not pursue it following the plea
negotiations.
Petitioner has not shown that the representation provided by
either his trial counsel or his appellate counsel was
constitutionally deficient. Despite apparently being aware of a
potential categorical approach argument with respect to
determining petitioner’s sex offender status, trial counsel
instead advised petitioner to plead guilty under the terms of the
negotiated plea agreement. Given the absence of legal support
for a strict categorical approach under these circumstances, and
the unlikelihood that such an argument would succeed, petitioner
has not shown that trial counsel’s advice was so unreasonable
that no competent attorney would have proceeded in that manner.
In fact, contrary advice by trial counsel would likely have
provided a more plausible basis upon which to claim ineffective
assistance. Similarly, petitioner has not shown that appellate
counsel acted unreasonably in choosing not to raise that issue on
appeal, given its apparent lack of merit, lack of support in the
case law, and given that petitioner was not likely to prevail on
the claim.
18 2. Prejudice
When a petitioner has pleaded guilty, to show prejudice for
purposes of a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel,
he must “show that there is a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and would
have insisted on going to trial.” Hill v . Lockhart, 474 U.S. 5 2 ,
59 (1985). To show prejudice due to ineffective assistance by
appellate counsel, petitioner must show that “there is a
reasonable probability that but for counsel’s unprofessional
errors, he would have prevailed” on a claim that his guilty plea
was involuntary. Ramirez-Burgos v . United States, 313 F.3d 2 3 ,
28 (1st Cir. 2002). Because petitioner has not shown that the
representation provided by his trial or appellate counsel was
deficient, it is not necessary to consider the prejudice prong.
But, even s o , petitioner has not demonstrated prejudice.
Although petitioner asserts in a conclusory manner that he would
not have pleaded guilty “had he been given the correct advice by
trial counsel, and where his plea would have been reversed on
direct appeal,” he provides no developed argument to support his
claim. In particular, petitioner does not address the likelihood
of success on his involuntary plea theory, and relevant precedent
seemingly rejects a strict categorical approach when assessing
19 predicate convictions for purposes of SORNA registration
requirements.
Because petitioner pleaded guilty, his offense level under
the Sentencing Guidelines was reduced by three points. That
three point reduction put him in a sentencing range of twelve to
eighteen months, and he was sentenced to twelve months and one
day of imprisonment. Absent that reduction, the recommended
guideline range would have been twenty-one to twenty-seven months
of imprisonment. Petitioner’s brief does not weigh the risks of
not pleading guilty against the minimal likelihood of success on
his categorical approach theory. S o , given the lack of merit of
his current theory, and the likelihood that had he considered it
at the time of his plea and been well-advised, he still would
have pled guilty and not risked trial, he cannot show prejudice.
C. Summary
Because petitioner has not shown cause for his procedural
default, he is not entitled to relief under § 2255 on the claim
of an involuntary guilty plea. Petitioner also failed to show
that his conviction and sentence should be set aside due to
ineffective assistance provided by his trial or appellate
counsel.
20 D. Certificate of Appealability
“Unless a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of
appealability, an appeal may not be taken to the court of appeals
from . . . the final order in a proceeding under section 2255.”
28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1). “A certificate of appealability may
issue under paragraph (1) only if the applicant has made a
substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.”
If the petition was denied on the merits of its
constitutional claims, “[t]he petitioner must demonstrate that
reasonable jurists would find the district court’s assessment of
the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.” Slack v .
McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 485 (2000). When the district court
denies a petition for habeas relief on procedural grounds alone,
“the petitioner seeking a COA must show both that jurists of
reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a
valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that
jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district
court was correct in its procedural ruling.” Gonzalez v . Thaler,
132 S . C t . 6 4 1 , 548 (2012) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In this case, petitioner’s claim that his guilty plea was
involuntary, uninformed, and improvident is denied because
petitioner procedurally defaulted the claim and has failed to
21 show the cause and prejudice necessary to overcome that default.
His claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is denied on the
merits.
Petitioner’s claim that his guilty plea was not providently
entered lacks merit based on the applicable precedent and the
merits, and it appears unlikely that reasonable jurists would
find the petitioner’s procedural default argument debatable. It
also seems unlikely that reasonable jurists would find the denial
of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim debatable or
erroneous. Therefore, there appear to be no grounds warranting
issuance of a certificate of appealability. Petitioner i s ,
however, entitled to seek such a certificate from the Court of
Appeals.
Conclusion
The petition is denied. The court declines to issue a
certificate of appealability, but petitioner may seek a
certificate from the Court of Appeals under Federal Rule of
Appellate Procedure 2 . See Rule 1 1 , Federal Rules Section 2255
Proceedings.
The Clerk of Court shall enter judgment in accordance with
this order and close the case.
22 SO ORDERED.
t^"-^^^*^^^-^
Ste'even J./McAuliffe fnited States District Judge
May 1 , 2013
cc: Seth R. Aframe, AUSA Benjamin L . Falkner, Esq.