Lacey, J.
The main point of objection raised to the validity of the partnership of the appellant and G. W. H. Gilbert is, that it appears that the §2,750, paid in by appellant, was not paid in cash, but was actually paid in liquidation of Gilbert’s debts, due by him on account of the goods then in his stock which was by him then put into the new firm, and that being the case, the affidavit of G. W. H. Gilbert, attached to the certificate of partnership filed in the County Clerk’s office, was false, and thereby each member became “ liable for all the engagements thereof as general partners,” as provided by the statute.
The first inquiry will be, was the money, $2,750, paid in by appellant in ■ cash, or was it goods she put into the firm, or was it inadequate for any reason ?
It is claimed under the authority of Met. Nat. Bank v. Serrett, 97 N. Y. 320, that a- payment coupled with an antecedent agreement obliging the partnership to a specified use of the money, is not á payment in cash. Other cases are cited by appellant. In the case of Andrews v. Schott, 10 Pa. St. 47, one Harris put $10,000 into the firm as a special partner and subsequently another partner was taken into the firm and a new certificate of special partnership issued, showing that Harris had contributed $15,000 to the common stock of the firm. The first amount, $10,000, contributed by Iiarris> was in cash, and remained there untouched by Harris, as a part of the capital, at the time the partnership was renewed or changed. Harris claimed that sum ($10,000) should be considered good payment to the new firm, but the court held all the assets of the first firm are pledged to the debts of that firm, and the entire assets may not be sufficient to pay its debts; that, inasmuch as the first payment was liable to pay the debts of that firm, nothing was paid to the second firm.
In the case of Pierce v. Bryant, 5 Allen, 91, it was held, payment in promissory notes was payment in cash. The court held that this would not be a substantial compliance with the provision of the statute. In Havillard v. Chase, 39 Barb. 284, it was held that a payment in goods is not equivalent to payment in cash. The court say that “ to allow it would be to sanction and encourage fraud.” The same was held in Van Ingen v. Whitman, 62 N. Y. 531. In the case of the Met, Nat. Bank v. Serrett, supra, where the remark was made that C;a payment coupled with an antecedent agreement obliging the partnership to a specified use of the money is not a payment in cash,” it was made with reference to the facts in that case and was dictum, the point not being necessarily involvetb in the question decided. The facts were that the party who became the special partner was the owner of the stocks of goods, and wanting to close up on account of age and let the business go into other hands, entered into partnership with other parties, becoming a special partner by paying §40,000 into the new firm and then immediately selling to the new firm his stock of goods for §40,000, which was paid over to him and the new firm had the goods and he had the §40.000. Though the transaction was very suspicions, the court upheld it on the facts as a genuine transaction, holding there was not sufficient proof to show that the sale of the goods was prearranged prior to the money being paid into the new firm by the special partner.
It will be borne in mind in considering those decisions that the statutes of Hew York, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts allow the proposed special partner to put nothing into the firm for his interest except cash. Hence any circumvention by which a party desiring to become a special partner accomplishes it by paying in his interest, in the proposed firm, in anything save cash, is a fraud on the statute and contrary to the general policy of the law. Such a transaction could not be allowed to stand. And the court, even in the latter case, says: “ There is nothing in the letter or policy of the Limited Partnership Act to prevent the change from a general partnership into a limited one. The practical convenience of such a proceeding in many cases, is manifest.” What, in substance, was done in the case at bar ? G. W. H. Gilbert owned a stock of goods of the value of §10,450, with which he wants to continue business, or with §8,250 of it. If he had as much as §2,750 of cash put into his firm he could pay enough of the old firm’s debts which the goods were pledged to pay, to enable him to pay up the remaining indebtedness and go on with the business. The §2,750 would, by taking in a special partner, go to pay up old debts, and the special partner could not withdraw this capital. The remaining goods, after deducting the §8,250, would be §2,200, just equal to the remaining debts. The new firm could pay those debts out of the goods, and therefore took them and assumed the debts—a far more praiseworthy and honest transaction than to have bought the goods of Gilbert, leaving the old creditors with nothing but Gilbert’s individual responsibility for their security. Why did the Court of Appeals of blew York intimate that an undertaking made in advance to use the money put in by the proposed special partner to pay for goods owned by such proposed partner was equivalent to an agreement to put in the goods without such contract? It is obvious—it was doing indirectly what could not be done directly. It was a fraud on the law, actual and intended.
We can not think that an agreement in advance to use the cash so put in to buy goods in the general market or of any particular firm for the use of the new firm in its business, or even to pay off debts and incumbrances on the stock of goods already in the firm, would vitiate the transaction on the ground that actual cash was not put into the proposed firm by the proposed special partner. Suppose a chattel mortgage due to a third party had been executed by Gilbert on the goods in qiiestion for §2,750 and the agreement had been that the money proposed to be put into the special partnership should be used to pay off such mortgage, could such transaction be construed into one and the same as though appellee had actually put in goods directly? It seems to us that it could not. The title to the goods was never in appellant until she became possessed of her interest as a partner in the firm assets, the entire amount of which was §8,250. She did not put this interest into the firm. She acquired it by the money she put in, which was afterward used to pay off incumbrances on the goods. If she did not put in goods she paid in money, although coupled with a previous or simultaneous agreement that it should be applied in a specified direction. Unless such stipulation rendered the transaction void, as being against public policy and contrary to the provisions of the statute, Gilbert’s affidavit was literally and substantially true.
We will next consider what effect such cotemporaneous agreement could have on the transaction. Is there anything, in the statute or policy of the law to prohibit the general and special partners, in their articles of co-partnership, from providing for the application of the cash to be paid in by the special partner in such a manner as to forward and be consistent with the best interest and lawful purposes of the proposed firm, as well as the rights of future creditors ? By the statute of New York and the other States mentioned, nothing but cash was allowed to be put into the proposed firm by the special partner; goods were excluded; yet the court in Met. Nat. Bank v.
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Lacey, J.
The main point of objection raised to the validity of the partnership of the appellant and G. W. H. Gilbert is, that it appears that the §2,750, paid in by appellant, was not paid in cash, but was actually paid in liquidation of Gilbert’s debts, due by him on account of the goods then in his stock which was by him then put into the new firm, and that being the case, the affidavit of G. W. H. Gilbert, attached to the certificate of partnership filed in the County Clerk’s office, was false, and thereby each member became “ liable for all the engagements thereof as general partners,” as provided by the statute.
The first inquiry will be, was the money, $2,750, paid in by appellant in ■ cash, or was it goods she put into the firm, or was it inadequate for any reason ?
It is claimed under the authority of Met. Nat. Bank v. Serrett, 97 N. Y. 320, that a- payment coupled with an antecedent agreement obliging the partnership to a specified use of the money, is not á payment in cash. Other cases are cited by appellant. In the case of Andrews v. Schott, 10 Pa. St. 47, one Harris put $10,000 into the firm as a special partner and subsequently another partner was taken into the firm and a new certificate of special partnership issued, showing that Harris had contributed $15,000 to the common stock of the firm. The first amount, $10,000, contributed by Iiarris> was in cash, and remained there untouched by Harris, as a part of the capital, at the time the partnership was renewed or changed. Harris claimed that sum ($10,000) should be considered good payment to the new firm, but the court held all the assets of the first firm are pledged to the debts of that firm, and the entire assets may not be sufficient to pay its debts; that, inasmuch as the first payment was liable to pay the debts of that firm, nothing was paid to the second firm.
In the case of Pierce v. Bryant, 5 Allen, 91, it was held, payment in promissory notes was payment in cash. The court held that this would not be a substantial compliance with the provision of the statute. In Havillard v. Chase, 39 Barb. 284, it was held that a payment in goods is not equivalent to payment in cash. The court say that “ to allow it would be to sanction and encourage fraud.” The same was held in Van Ingen v. Whitman, 62 N. Y. 531. In the case of the Met, Nat. Bank v. Serrett, supra, where the remark was made that C;a payment coupled with an antecedent agreement obliging the partnership to a specified use of the money is not a payment in cash,” it was made with reference to the facts in that case and was dictum, the point not being necessarily involvetb in the question decided. The facts were that the party who became the special partner was the owner of the stocks of goods, and wanting to close up on account of age and let the business go into other hands, entered into partnership with other parties, becoming a special partner by paying §40,000 into the new firm and then immediately selling to the new firm his stock of goods for §40,000, which was paid over to him and the new firm had the goods and he had the §40.000. Though the transaction was very suspicions, the court upheld it on the facts as a genuine transaction, holding there was not sufficient proof to show that the sale of the goods was prearranged prior to the money being paid into the new firm by the special partner.
It will be borne in mind in considering those decisions that the statutes of Hew York, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts allow the proposed special partner to put nothing into the firm for his interest except cash. Hence any circumvention by which a party desiring to become a special partner accomplishes it by paying in his interest, in the proposed firm, in anything save cash, is a fraud on the statute and contrary to the general policy of the law. Such a transaction could not be allowed to stand. And the court, even in the latter case, says: “ There is nothing in the letter or policy of the Limited Partnership Act to prevent the change from a general partnership into a limited one. The practical convenience of such a proceeding in many cases, is manifest.” What, in substance, was done in the case at bar ? G. W. H. Gilbert owned a stock of goods of the value of §10,450, with which he wants to continue business, or with §8,250 of it. If he had as much as §2,750 of cash put into his firm he could pay enough of the old firm’s debts which the goods were pledged to pay, to enable him to pay up the remaining indebtedness and go on with the business. The §2,750 would, by taking in a special partner, go to pay up old debts, and the special partner could not withdraw this capital. The remaining goods, after deducting the §8,250, would be §2,200, just equal to the remaining debts. The new firm could pay those debts out of the goods, and therefore took them and assumed the debts—a far more praiseworthy and honest transaction than to have bought the goods of Gilbert, leaving the old creditors with nothing but Gilbert’s individual responsibility for their security. Why did the Court of Appeals of blew York intimate that an undertaking made in advance to use the money put in by the proposed special partner to pay for goods owned by such proposed partner was equivalent to an agreement to put in the goods without such contract? It is obvious—it was doing indirectly what could not be done directly. It was a fraud on the law, actual and intended.
We can not think that an agreement in advance to use the cash so put in to buy goods in the general market or of any particular firm for the use of the new firm in its business, or even to pay off debts and incumbrances on the stock of goods already in the firm, would vitiate the transaction on the ground that actual cash was not put into the proposed firm by the proposed special partner. Suppose a chattel mortgage due to a third party had been executed by Gilbert on the goods in qiiestion for §2,750 and the agreement had been that the money proposed to be put into the special partnership should be used to pay off such mortgage, could such transaction be construed into one and the same as though appellee had actually put in goods directly? It seems to us that it could not. The title to the goods was never in appellant until she became possessed of her interest as a partner in the firm assets, the entire amount of which was §8,250. She did not put this interest into the firm. She acquired it by the money she put in, which was afterward used to pay off incumbrances on the goods. If she did not put in goods she paid in money, although coupled with a previous or simultaneous agreement that it should be applied in a specified direction. Unless such stipulation rendered the transaction void, as being against public policy and contrary to the provisions of the statute, Gilbert’s affidavit was literally and substantially true.
We will next consider what effect such cotemporaneous agreement could have on the transaction. Is there anything, in the statute or policy of the law to prohibit the general and special partners, in their articles of co-partnership, from providing for the application of the cash to be paid in by the special partner in such a manner as to forward and be consistent with the best interest and lawful purposes of the proposed firm, as well as the rights of future creditors ? By the statute of New York and the other States mentioned, nothing but cash was allowed to be put into the proposed firm by the special partner; goods were excluded; yet the court in Met. Nat. Bank v. Serrett, supra, said: “There is nothing in the letter and spirit of the Limited Partnership Act to prevent the change of a general partnership into a limited one.” If that be so as to that State, much more should it be so in this State where the statute expressly authorizes the putting in of goods in lieu of cash by the special partner. Gilbert in this case did not propose to become a special partner, but to remain generally liable for the new as well as the old debts, and there was nothing in the policy of the law to prohibit it. It would be a more favorable arrangement for the future creditors of the new firm as well as the creditors of the old. Gilbert found himself in possession of a large stock of goods incumbered by a considerable debt which he equitably should and did recognize and, an opportunity offering, entered into the contract of co-partnership in question.
The limited partnership then formed received the full value in goods for all assumed liability.
The future creditors commenced dealing with the limited partnership on most favorable terms, as it had only about $2,200 debts, and to offset this indebtedness it had the same amount of goods, and a capital over of $8,250. We can see no objection to such a plan of procedure being adopted in its incipiency by the members of the new firm to be carried out when the firm is organized. The articles of agreement provided for assuming the old debts by the limited partnership. For doing this it received goods in compensation. This part of the agreement is not complained of. The old debts of Gilbert by the agreement became the debts of the new firm and they must be paid. It is not claimed that the new firm could not have lawfully applied the money put in by the special partner, if there had been no pre-existing agreement to that effect, to the payment of the old debts so assumed by the firm. Even with the agreement, as made, the partners might have changed the application of the money paid in by appellee to other purposes after the partnership was formed. It were better for future creditors to have the old debts paid at once and the new -firm free from debt. No harm could come to the general public from the course pursued. Debts are always dangerous to a greater or less degree, to any business, and the future creditors would be benefited in having them paid.
It does not follow in every case where the money of the proposed special partner is paid in with an agreement for its application by the terms of the articles of partnership that the payment will be deemed illegal. It will only be so in cases where some policy of the statute or law is contravened, or where the statute is attempted to be evaded, by fraud and circumlocution. But a previous agreement to appropriate the money to be paid in, not violating any of the above principles, will not be regarded in such a light as to vitiate the payment of the money into the special partnership by the special partner as a payment of cash under the provisions of (he statute, nor will such agreement to appropriate such money for the legitimate purposes of the firm, have the effect to render the affidavit of the general partner, swearing to cash payment, false, within the meaning of the statute, with the consequence of making the special partner generally liable for all the debts. It will be seen by the terms of the articles of agreement of the special partnership, that the application of the money to be paid in was not a condition precedent to its actual payment into the treasury, nor did it render the articles of partnership void in case the money was not applied according to such agreement.
The money was actually paid in for the purposes of the business of the new firm, was so used, and, as we have shown, the agreement as to its application was not in any way harmful or against the spirit or letter of the statute.
In the general formation of partnerships it is of common occurrence in the articles of partnership to provide for the purchase of the assets of the firm, create debts and provide for their payment after such partnership is formed, and limit and control them, and determine out of what fund they shall be paid. The articles of partnership in the case at bar provide for the acquiring the assets and the creation of the debt in consequence, and determine in what manner a portion of such obligation should be paid, to wit, out of the fund contributed by the special partner. We are unable to determine what principle of law or portion of the statute on “ Limited Partnership53 is violated by such an arrangement. And no act is done that would be detrimental to the interest of the public or future creditors. The ordinary business man would understand, as the statute does not forbid, that associations could be formed in this way.
We therefore find that the affidavit attached to the certificate of partnership, in which it is stated that appellant had actually paid in cash the amount of $2,750 into the fund of the partnership, was true in letter and spirit.
If the statute is to be upheld it must have a fair and reasonable construction by the courts, otherwise it would be substantially nullified by a course of narrow, illiberal and technical rulings. The Limited Partnership Act is a beneficial law; it encourages trade, and enables the active business man of small means to obtain capital with which to engage in business, from those who are willing to risk a limited sum, but unwilling to incur general liability.
No fraud was intended by either appellant or Gilbert, either to evade the law or to defraud future creditors of the proposed firm.
The appellee contracted the obligations sued on with full knowledge of the fact that appellant was only a limited partner, and did not expect at the time to hold appellant personally liable for his debt. It would be doing her great injustice to hold her liable as a general partner. The point is made by appellee that the proof fails to show that the $2,750 was actually paid in by appellant prior to the time of filing the certificate of partnership, and the making the affidavit by Gilbert. We have examined the evidence, and deem it sufficient on that point.
The judgment of the court below is therefore reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.