ANNETTE KINGSLAND ZIEGLER, J.
¶ 1. This is a review of a published decision of the court of appeals, Andersen v. DNR, 2010 WI App 64, 324 Wis. 2d 828, 783 N.W.2d 877, that reversed an order of the Brown County Circuit Court1 affirming an order of the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) which denied in part the petitioners' request for a public hearing under Wis. Stat. § 283.63 (2005-06).2
¶ 2. Curt Andersen, John Hermanson, Rebecca Leighton Katers, Christine Fossen-Rades, Thomas Sydow, and James L. Baldock (collectively, the petitioners), through legal counsel at Midwest Environmental Advocates, petitioned the DNR for review of a Wisconsin Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (WPDES) permit that the DNR reissued to Fort James Operating Company's (Fort James) Broadway Mill in Green Bay. The petitioners argued that the permit failed to comply with basic requirements of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (the Clean Water Act) and federal regulations promulgated thereunder. Pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 283.63(l)(b), the petitioners requested the DNR to hold a public hearing on their petition.
¶ 3. To the extent that the petitioners challenged the permit as being contrary to federal law, the DNR denied their request for a public hearing, concluding that a challenge made under Wis. Stat. § 283.63 must be based on Wisconsin law.
¶ 4. The petitioners, then joined by the Clean Water Action Council of Northeastern Wisconsin, Inc. and the National Wildlife Federation, (collectively, [47]*47CWAC) filed a petition for judicial review of the DNR's order. The circuit court affirmed.
¶ 5. CWAC then appealed to the court of appeals, which reversed. The court of appeals concluded that the DNR possesses the authority to determine whether conditions in a state-issued permit, authorized by state regulations, comply with federal law.
¶ 6. The DNR petitioned this court for review. We now reverse the decision of the court of appeals.
¶ 7. The issue in this case is whether Wis. Stat. § 283.63 requires the DNR to hold a public hearing on CWAC's petition for review of the permit reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill when the premise of CWAC's petition is that the permit fails to comply with basic requirements of the Clean Water Act and federal regulations promulgated thereunder.
¶ 8. We conclude that Wis. Stat. § 283.63 does not require the DNR to hold a public hearing on CWAC's petition for review of the permit reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill when the premise of CWAC's petition is that the permit fails to comply with basic requirements of the federal Clean Water Act and federal regulations promulgated thereunder. A conclusion otherwise would undermine the careful federal and state balance created by the Clean Water Act and would thwart the finality of permits properly issued under the WPDES permit program. If CWAC is entitled to a remedy, the remedy rests with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
¶ 9. Fort James' Broadway Mill produces tissue paper from wastepaper. The facility deinks pre- and post-consumer wastepaper and produces over a thou[48]*48sand tons per day of various tissue and toweling paper. The process results in the daily discharge of several millions of gallons of treated wastewater.
¶ 10. On May 27, 2005, pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 283.39, the DNR issued a public notice of its intent to reissue to Fort James' Broadway Mill a WPDES permit regulating the discharge of pollutants into the Lower Fox River. The DNR made available the proposed permit and a Permit Reissuance Fact Sheet detailing the terms of the proposed permit. Relevant to this case, the proposed permit imposed a phosphorous effluent limitation3 of 1.0 milligrams per liter (mg/L), compliance of which was to be determined as a rolling 12-month average. In addition, the proposed permit required Fort James' Broadway Mill to monitor its mercury discharge according to the requirements of Wis. Admin. Code § NR 106.145 (May 2005).4
¶ 11. The public notice advised interested persons that they had 30 days to comment on, object to, or request a public hearing on the proposed permit. See Wis. Stat. §§ 283.39(2), 283.49(l)(a). The public notice also explained that the EPA is allowed up to 90 days to [49]*49submit comments on or objections to the proposed permit. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(d)(2); Wis. Stat. § 283.41(2).
¶ 12. The DNR received three comment letters on the reissuance of the permit, one of which was from Midwest Environmental Advocates. The comments by Midwest Environmental Advocates were based on both federal and state law. Specifically, Midwest Environmental Advocates commented that (1) pursuant to 40 C.ER. § 122.44(d)(1) (2005),5 the DNR must prepare a reasonable potential analysis to determine whether the Fort James' Broadway Mill's increase in phosphorous discharge will cause or contribute to a violation of water quality standards;6 (2) pursuant to 40 C.F.R. § 122.45(d) and (f), the proposed permit must state the effluent limitation for phosphorous as a maximum daily and average monthly discharge limitation and in terms of a mass limit; and (3) pursuant to Wis. Admin. Code § NR 207, the DNR must perform an anti-degradation analysis to determine whether the increase in phosphorous discharge will exceed effluent limitations or violate water quality standards.
¶ 13. On June 28, 2005, the EPA requested from the DNR the full 90 days to complete its review of the proposed permit to Fort James' Broadway Mill and "to determine whether the draft permit meets the guidelines and requirements of the Clean Water Act."
¶ 14. On July 21, 2005, the EPA advised the DNR that it has reviewed the proposed permit to Fort James' [50]*50Broadway Mill and will not object to the reissuance of the permit as drafted. In addition, the EPA made the following request of the DNR: "When the final permit is issued, please forward one copy and any significant comments received during the public notice to this office at the above address."
¶ 15. On August 24, 2005, the DNR issued a final decision and response to comments on the permit reissuance to Fort James' Broadway Mill.7 The DNR decided to reissue the permit as drafted, with only technical corrections. The permit was reissued effective October 1, 2005, and had an expiration date of September 30, 2010.
II. PROCEDURAL POSTURE
¶ 16. On October 28, 2005, the petitioners, through legal counsel at Midwest Environmental Advocates, petitioned the DNR for review of the permit reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill, pursuant to Wis. [51]*51Stat. § 283.63. The petitioners reiterated the three phosphorous allegations previously raised by Midwest Environmental Advocates during the comment period. In addition, the petitioners requested review of the permit's conditions relating to mercury, including the reasonableness of the DNR's failure (1) to perform a reasonable potential analysis to determine whether Fort James' Broadway Mill discharges mercury at a level that will cause or contribute to a violation of water quality standards under 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d); (2) to incorporate a water quality-based effluent limit for the discharge of mercury; and (3) to require more frequent monitoring for mercury. Pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 283.63(l)(b), the petitioners requested the DNR to hold a public hearing on the issues they raised.
¶ 17. To the extent that the petitioners challenged the permit as being contrary to federal law, the DNR denied their request for a public hearing, concluding that a challenge made under Wis. Stat. § 283.63 must be based on Wisconsin law.8 The DNR explained [52]*52that pursuant to its delegation agreement with the EPA, the EPA "accepts WPDES permitting as the legal surrogate for federal permitting under the Clean Water Act." Should a WPDES permit fail to comply with federal requirements, the DNR maintained that the reviewing authority rests with the EPA: the EPA has the authority to object to a state-issued permit, and the DNR may not issue a permit to which the EPA has objected. Wis. Stat. § 283.31(2)(c). The DNR informed the petitioners that the EPA reviewed the proposed permit to Fort James' Broadway Mill and did not object.
¶ 18. On April 13, 2006, CWAC filed a petition for judicial review of the DNR's order denying the petitioners' request for a public hearing.9 CWAC contended that it was entitled to review under Wis. Stat. § 283.63 of a WPDES permit that allegedly fails to comply with federal law.
¶ 19. On September 29, 2008, the circuit court affirmed the DNR's order. The circuit court agreed with the DNR that only the EPA has the authority to determine whether state-issued permits comply with federal law. Like the DNR, the circuit court noted the EPA's oversight of the WPDES permit program and the fact that the EPA did not object to the permit reissuance to Fort James' Broadway Mill.
¶ 20. CWAC appealed. On April 13, 2010, the court of appeals reversed, holding that "the DNR pos[53]*53sesses authority to determine whether provisions within a state-issued wastewater discharge permit comply with federal law." Andersen, 324 Wis. 2d 828, ¶ 33. The court of appeals reasoned that various provisions of Wis. Stat. ch. 283 require the DNR to comply with federal law when administering the WPDES permit program. Id., ¶ 29 (citing Wis. Stat. §§ 283.001(2), 283.11(2), and 283.31(3)(d)2.). The court of appeals therefore declined to interpret chapter 283 in a manner that "would allow the DNR to determine whether rules or permit terms comply with federal law at the time of their creation, but not when challenged." Andersen, 324 Wis. 2d 828, ¶ 29. Moreover, the court of appeals noted that Wis. Stat. § 283.63 does not expressly restrict the scope of the public hearing to permit challenges grounded in state law. Id., ¶ 30.
¶ 21. The court of appeals deemed its holding consistent with state and federal case law that "suggest[s] state administrative agencies and courts may determine the requirements of, and state compliance with, federal law." Id., ¶¶ 31-32 (citing Froebel v. Meyer, 217 F.3d 928, 935-36 (7th Cir. 2000); N. States Power Co. v. Bugher, 189 Wis. 2d 541, 525 N.W.2d 723 (1995); Hogan v. Musolf, 163 Wis. 2d 1, 21-22, 471 N.W.2d 216 (1991); Sewerage Comm'n of Milwaukee v. DNR, 102 Wis. 2d 613, 627-28, 307 N.W.2d 189 (1981)).
¶ 22. In addition, the court of appeals rejected the significance of the EPA's failure to object to the permit re-issuance to Fort James' Broadway Mill. Andersen, 324 Wis. 2d 828, ¶ 27. Citing Save the Bay, Inc. v. Administrator of EPA, 556 F.2d 1282, 1286, 1294-95 (5th Cir. 1977), the court of appeals opined that the failure to object does not necessarily mean that the EPA found no violation of federal law; rather, the failure to object may [54]*54suggest that the EPA did not find a violation it deemed substantial enough to warrant a veto. Andersen, 324 Wis. 2d 828, ¶¶ 27-28.
¶ 23. The DNR petitioned this court for review, which we granted on July 22, 2010.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶ 24. In an administrative appeal, the scope of our review is identical to that of the circuit court and is set forth in Wis. Stat. § 227.57. See City of La Crosse v. DNR, 120 Wis. 2d 168, 179, 353 N.W.2d 68 (Ct. App. 1984).
¶ 25. The extent of the agency's statutory authority is a question of law which we review independently and without deference to the agency's determination. Wis. Power & Light Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n, 181 Wis. 2d 385, 392, 511 N.W.2d 291 (1994); Rusk Cnty. Citizen Action Group, Inc. v. DNR, 203 Wis. 2d 1, 6, 552 N.W.2d 110 (Ct. App. 1996). In this case, the DNR denied the petitioners' request for a public hearing under Wis. Stat. § 283.63 on the grounds that only the EPA has the authority to determine whether a WPDES permit comports with federal law. Because we "owe no deference to an agency's determination concerning its own statutory authority," Wis. Power & Light, 181 Wis. 2d at 392, we review de novo the question of whether § 283.63 requires the DNR to hold a public hearing on CWAC's petition for review.
¶ 26. In addition, in this case, we are called upon to interpret Wis. Stat. § 283.31(3)(d)2. The interpretation of a statute and its application to undisputed facts [55]*55is a question of law that we review de novo. DOR v. Menasha Corp., 2008 WI 88, ¶ 44, 311 Wis. 2d 579, 754 N.W.2d 95. While we are not bound by an agency's conclusions of law, this court has articulated three levels of deference that we may accord an agency's statutory interpretation and application: great weight deference, due weight deference, and no deference. Id., ¶ 47 (citing Racine Harley-Davidson, Inc. v. Wis. Div. of Hearings & Appeals, 2006 WI 86, ¶ 12, 292 Wis. 2d 549, 717 N.W2d 184). These levels of deference reflect the legislature's determination that when reviewing an agency's decision, "due weight shall be accorded the experience, technical competence, and specialized knowledge of the agency involved, as well as discretionary authority conferred upon it." Wis. Stat. § 227.57(10). Accordingly, the appropriate level of deference depends upon the comparative institutional qualifications and capabilities of the court and the agency. Racine Harley-Davidson, 292 Wis. 2d 549, ¶ 14.
¶ 27. We accord great weight deference to an agency's interpretation and application of a statute when the following four elements are met: (1) the legislature charged the agency with the duty of administering the statute; (2) the agency's interpretation is one of long-standing; (3) the agency employed its expertise or specialized knowledge in forming its interpretation; and (4) the agency's interpretation will provide uniformity and consistency in the application of the statute. Menasha Corp., 311 Wis. 2d 579, ¶ 48. When applying great weight deference, we will sustain the agency's statutory interpretation as long as it is reasonable, even if we conclude that another interpretation is equally or more reasonable. Id.
[56]*56¶ 28. Due weight deference is appropriate "when the agency has some experience in an area but has not developed the expertise that necessarily places it in a better position than a court to make judgments regarding the interpretation of the statute." Racine Harley-Davidson, 292 Wis. 2d 549, ¶ 18. Thus, due weight deference is based, not on the agency's expertise, but instead on the fact that the legislature has charged the agency with enforcement of the statute. Id. Under the due weight standard, we will sustain the agency's statutory interpretation if it is not contrary to the statute's clear meaning and if we determine that a more reasonable interpretation does not exist. Menasha Corp., 311 Wis. 2d 579, ¶ 49.
¶ 29. Finally, we accord no deference to an agency's interpretation and application of a statute when the issue is one of first impression or when the agency's position has been so inconsistent as to offer no real guidance. Id., ¶ 50.
¶ 30. As the court of appeals recently observed in Sierra Club v. DNR, 2010 WI App 89, ¶ 27, 327 Wis. 2d 706, 787 N.W.2d 855, we frequently apply a high level of deference in complex environmental cases in which the legislature has charged the DNR with the duty of administering the applicable and highly technical statutes. In such cases, a high level of deference is appropriate because, as a general matter, the DNR is comparatively more qualified and capable than the court at making legal determinations based on the relevant technical and scientific facts. See id.; Racine Harley-Davidson, 292 Wis. 2d 549, ¶ 14. This case is no exception.
[57]*57¶ 31. We conclude that the DNR's interpretation and application of Wis. Stat. § 283.31(3)(d)2. is entitled to great weight deference. The DNR meets all four elements of the great weight standard. First, the legislature has expressly charged the DNR with the duty of administering the WPDES permit program, the provisions of which are comprised in chapter 283. Wis. Stat. § 283.001(2). Second, the DNR's interpretation and application of chapter 283 (and its predecessor, Wis. Stat. ch. 147) is one of long-standing: the DNR has administered the WPDES permit program since the EPA approved the state program in 1974. See, e.g., Sewerage Comm'n of Milwaukee, 102 Wis. 2d at 615. Third, the DNR employed its expertise or specialized knowledge in forming its statutory interpretation and application to the permit reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill. The DNR considered the particular and highly technical comments submitted by the three interested parties, including Midwest Environmental Advocates, and provided
specific, detailed responses. Fourth, the DNR's interpretation will provide uniformity and consistency in the application of chapter 283. There are currently 1,066 WDPES wastewater permit holders: 680 municipal wastewater permittees and 386 industrial wastewater permittees. Wisconsin DNR, Current WPDES Wastewater Permit Holders, http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/ water/wm/ww/permlists.htm (last visited Mar. 14, 2011). Each WPDES permit is issued for a term not to exceed five-years, see 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(B); Wis. Stat. § 283.53(1), which means that permit reissuances are constantly on public notice and subject to comments and public hearings. See, e.g., Wisconsin DNR, WPDES Permits on Public Notice, http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/ water/wm/ww/drafts/pubnot.htm (last visited Mar. 14, [58]*582011). The frequency with which the DNR issues and reissues WPDES permits compels a uniform and consistent application of chapter 283.
IV ANALYSIS
¶ 32. In Part A, we provide a brief summary of the Clean Water Act and the EPA's approval and oversight of the WPDES permit program. In Part B, we turn to the case now before this court and conclude that Wis. Stat. § 283.63 does not require the DNR to hold a public hearing on CWAC's petition for review of the permit reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill when the premise of CWAC's petition is that the permit fails to comply with basic requirements of the federal Clean Water Act and federal regulations promulgated thereunder.
A. The Clean Water Act and the WPDES Permit Program
¶ 33. Congress enacted the Clean Water Act "to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters." 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a); see also Arkansas v. Oklahoma, 503 U.S. 91, 101 (1992). To effectuate that objective, the Clean Water Act generally prohibits the discharge of any pollutant into navigable waters except when done pursuant to a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. See 33 U.S.C. § 1311(a); U.S. Dep't of Energy v. Ohio, 503 U.S. 607, 611 (1992); Arkansas, 503 U.S. at 102; Am. Paper Inst., Inc. v. U.S. EPA, 996 F.2d 346, 348-49 (D.C. Cir. 1993). The EPA has express authority to issue NPDES permits. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(a)(1); U.S. Dep't of Energy, 503 U.S. at 611; Save the Bay, 556 F.2d at 1285. The Clean Water [59]*59Act mandates that every permit contain (1) effluent limitations10 that reflect the best practicable control technology available to achieve pollution reduction, 33 U.S.C. § 1311(b)(1)(A), and (2) any more stringent pollutant discharge limitations necessary to meet the water quality standards11 of the applicable body of water, § 1311(b)(1)(C). See Am. Paper Inst., 996 F.2d at 349.
¶ 34. The Clean Water Act also articulates Congress' policy "to recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities and rights of States to prevent, reduce, and eliminate pollution. . . ." 33 U.S.C. § 1251(b); Save the Bay, 556 F.2d at 1285. Accordingly, as recognized by the United States Supreme Court, the Clean Water Act envisions a partnership between the states and the federal government. Arkansas, 503 U.S. at 101; see also United States v. Cooper, 482 F.3d 658, 667 (4th Cir. 2007) (referring to the Clean Water Act as a "scheme of cooperative federalism"). In furtherance of that policy, the Clean Water Act empowers each state to administer "its own permit program for discharges into navigable waters within its jurisdiction . . . ." 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b); see also Arkansas, 503 U.S. at 102.
¶ 35. If a state wishes to administer its own permit program, the governor of that state must submit to the EPA (1) a letter requesting program approval; (2) a complete description of the proposed program; (3) a statement from the Attorney General assuring that the state's laws provide adequate authority to carry out the program; (4) a Memorandum of Agreement with the Regional Administrator of the EPA; and (5) copies of all applicable state statutes and regulations, including [60]*60those governing state administrative procedures. 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b); 40 C.F.R. § 123.21(a).
¶ 36. 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b) sets forth the requirements that a state's proposed permit program must meet in order to gain approval by the EPA. For example, a state's proposed permit program shall not be approved if the EPA determines that adequate authority does not exist for the state to issue permits which apply, and insure compliance with, the requirements of the Clean Water Act and of 40 C.F.R. pt. 123. 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(A), (2)(A); § 1342(c)(1); 40 C.F.R. § 123.61(b);12 U.S. Dep't of Energy, 503 U.S. at 611. In particular, 40 C.F.R. § 123.25 sets forth the permitting requirements that a proposed permit program must meet. Significant to this case, 40 C.F.R. §§ 122.44 and 122.45 are included among those permitting requirements. See 40 C.F.R. § 123.25(a)(15), (16). If the EPA determines that the proposed permit program meets the enumerated requirements, then the EPA must approve the program. 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b). Once a state program is approved, the EPA must suspend its own issuance of NPDES permits covering the navigable waters subject to the state program. § 1342(c)(1); 40 C.F.R. § 123.61(c); Save the Bay, 556 F.2d at 1285.
¶ 37. The EPA approved the WPDES permit program on February 4, 1974, marking Wisconsin as the sixth state to gain authority to administer its own permit program. United States EPA, NPDES: Specific State Program Status, http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/statestats. [61]*61cfm?pr o gram_id=45 & view=specific# comments (last visited Mar. 14, 2011). Currently, only four states and the District of Columbia are not authorized to administer a permit program. United States EPA, NPDES: State Program Status, http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/statestats. cfm (last visited Mar. 14, 2011).
¶ 38. Still, even when a state obtains approval to administer its own permit program, the EPA retains significant authority through its continuing oversight of the state's permit program. For example, a state's permit program must be revised according to changes in the controlling federal statutory or regulatory authority. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(c)(2) ("Any State permit program under this section shall at all times be in accordance with this section and guidelines promulgated pursuant to section 1314(i)(2) of this title."); 40 C.F.R. § 123.62(a). To that end, the state must keep the EPA fully informed of any proposed modifications to its permit program. 40 C.F.R. § 123.62(a). If the EPA determines that the revisions are substantial, the EPA must issue a public notice of the revisions and provide an opportunity for comments and a public hearing. § 123.62(b)(2). The EPA then approves or disapproves the revisions based upon the requirements of 40 C.F.R. pt. 123 and of the Clean Water Act. § 123.62(b)(3).
¶ 39. In addition, the EPA has the authority to withdraw its approval of a state's permit program if the program no longer complies with the requirements of 40 C.F.R. pt. 123 and of the Clean Water Act, and if the state fails to take corrective action. 33 U.S.C. § 1342(c)(3); 40 C.F.R. § 123.63(a); Save the Bay, 556 F.2d at 1285. For example, the following circumstances are among those which warrant approval withdrawal: where the state's legal authority no longer meets the requirements of 40 C.F.R. pt. 123, including the state's failure to promulgate [62]*62or enact new authorities when necessary; or where the operation of the state program fails to comply with requirements of 40 C.F.R. pt. 123, including the repeated issuance of permits which do not conform to the requirements of 40 C.F.R. pt. 123. See § 123.63(a)(1), (2).
¶ 40. Of relevance to this case, each state is required to send to the EPA a copy of each permit application received by the state and must provide notice to the EPA of "every action related to the consideration of such permit application, including each permit proposed to be issued by such State." 33 U.S.C. § 1342(d)(1); see also Wis. Stat. §§ 283.41(1), 283.43(l)(b). The EPA then has up to 90 days to comment on, object to, or make recommendations on the proposed permit. 33 U.S.C. § 1342(d)(2); 40 C.F.R. § 123.44(a)(2); Wis. Stat. § 283.41(2). 40 C.F.R. § 123.44(c) lists the valid grounds upon which the EPA may object to the issuance of a proposed permit. Those valid grounds include, inter alia: (1) when the proposed permit fails to apply, or to ensure compliance with, any applicable requirement of 40 C.F.R. pt. 123; (2) when a finding made by the state in connection with the proposed permit misinterprets the Clean Water Act or any guidelines or regulations thereunder, or misapplies them to the facts; (3) when any provisions of the proposed permit relating to the maintenance of records, reporting, monitoring, or sampling by the permittee are inadequate to assure compliance with permit conditions, including effluent standards and limitations, required by the Clean Water Act or any guidelines and regulations issued thereunder; or (4) when the effluent limits of the proposed permit fail to satisfy the requirements of 40 C.F.R § 122.44(d). 40 C.F.R. § 123.44(c)(1), (4), (5), (8). If the EPA objects to the issuance of a proposed permit, the state may not issue the permit as drafted. 33 U.S.C. § 1342(d)(2); Wis. Stat. § 283.31(2)(c).
[63]*63¶ 41. With that context in mind, we return to the case now before this court.
B. CWAC's Petition for Review under Wis. Stat. § 283.63 of the Permit Reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill
¶ 42. We conclude that Wis. Stat. § 283.63 does not require the DNR to hold a public hearing on CWAC's petition for review of the permit reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill when the premise of CWAC's petition is that the permit fails to comply with basic requirements of the federal Clean Water Act and federal regulations promulgated thereunder. We begin by describing the relevant statutes in Wis. Stat. ch. 283. We then apply the facts of this case, and in particular, the issues raised in CWAC's petition for review, to the relevant statutory authority.
1. Wisconsin Stat. ch. 283
¶ 43. Wisconsin Stat. ch. 283 espouses a very similar objective to that of the Clean Water Act: "to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of [Wisconsin's] waters to protect public health, safeguard fish and aquatic life and scenic and ecological values, and to enhance the domestic, municipal, recreational, industrial, agricultural, and other uses of water." Wis. Stat. § 283.001(1). To effectuate that policy, the legislature granted to the DNR "all authority necessary to establish, administer and maintain a state pollutant discharge elimination system ... consistent with all the requirements of the federal water pollution control act amendments of 1972 [the Clean Water Act]." § 283.001(2). In particular, the legislature charged the [64]*64DNR with promulgating rules on effluent limitations, standards of performance for new sources, and other effluent prohibitions and pretreatment standards. § 283.11(1). Section 283.11(2) provides generally that all such rules must comply with and not exceed the requirements of the Clean Water Act and regulations adopted thereunder.
¶ 44. Wisconsin Stat. ch. 283 also codiñes the WPDES permit program. Pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 283.31(1), the discharge of any pollutant into any waters in Wisconsin is prohibited unless done according to a WPDES permit issued by the DNR. Notwithstanding certain exceptions,13 the DNR may issue a permit for the discharge of any pollutant, or combination of pollutants, if the following requirements are met, "whenever applicable":
[65]*65(a) Effluent limitations.
(b) Standards of performance for new sources.
(c) Effluent standards, effluents prohibitions and pretreatment standards.
(d) Any more stringent limitations, including those:
1. Necessary to meet federal or state water quality standards, or schedules of compliance established by the department; or
2. Necessary to comply with any applicable federal law or regulation; or
3. Necessary to avoid exceeding total maximum daily loads established pursuant to a continuing planning process developed under s. 283.83.
(e) Any more stringent legally applicable requirements necessary to comply with an approved areawide waste treatment management plan.
(f) Groundwater protection standards established under ch. 160.
§ 283.31(3).
¶ 45. Wisconsin Stat. § 283.63 provides the procedure to which interested persons14 may petition the DNR for review of any "denial, modification, suspension or revocation" of a WPDES permit, or of "the reasonableness of or necessity for any term or condition of any issued, reissued or modified permit." § 283.63(1). Pursuant to § 283.63(l)(b), the DNR must hold a public hearing at which the petitioner must present evidence in support of the allegations made in the petition for [66]*66review. At the public hearing, all interested persons are given the opportunity to present facts, views, or arguments relevant to the issues raised by the petitioner. § 283.63(l)(b). Then, within 90 days of the public hearing, the DNR must issue its decision on the petition for review § 283.63(l)(d).
¶ 46. Significant to this case, rules promulgated under Wis. Stat. § 281.15, which set forth water quality standards,15 may not be reviewed under Wis. Stat. § 283.63.16 § 283.63(5). Only "[t]he application of rules [67]*67promulgated under s. 281.15 may be reviewed" under § 283.63. Id.
¶ 47. Here, CWAC seeks review under Wis. Stat. § 283.63 of the permit reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill. The scope of review under § 283.63 is the crux of this case.
2. CWAC's Petition for Review
¶ 48. In order to properly apply the facts of this case to the relevant statutory authority, it is necessary to have a basic understanding of the issues raised in CWAC's petition for review. CWAC's petition for review raised three issues based on federal law: (1) the reasonableness of the DNR's failure to prepare a reasonable potential analysis to determine whether the Fort James' Broadway Mill's increase in phosphorous discharge will cause or contribute to a violation of water quality standards under 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1); (2) the reasonableness of the permit's failure to state the effluent limitation for phosphorous as a maximum daily and average monthly discharge limitation and in terms of a mass limit, pursuant to 40 C.F.R. § 122.45(d) and (f); and (3) the reasonableness of the DNR's failure to perform a reasonable potential analysis to determine whether Fort James' Broadway Mill discharges mercury at a level that will cause or contribute to a violation of water quality standards under 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d).17 Thus, at its most basic level, CWAC's petition for review [68]*68alleged that the permit reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill fails to comply with 40 C.F.R. §§ 122.44(d) and 122.45(d) and (f). Accordingly, we briefly describe those two provisions.
¶ 49. 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d) provides generally that each NPDES permit must include conditions that meet the requirements of water quality standards, "when applicable." Section 122.44(d) is applicable to the WP-DES permit program via 40 C.F.R. § 123.25.
¶ 50. 40 C.F.R. § 122.45(d) provides that for continuous discharges, all permit effluent limitations, including those necessary to achieve water quality standards, shall be stated as maximum daily and average monthly discharge limitations, "unless impracticable." Section 122.45(f)(1) provides that all pollutants limited in permits shall have their limitations expressed in terms of mass, with certain exceptions. Again, section 122.45 is applicable to the WPDES permit program via 40 C.F.R. § 123.25.
¶ 51. CWAC acknowledges that the issues it raises implicate water quality standards and that the DNR's rules setting forth water quality standards may not be reviewed under Wis. Stat. § 283.63. See § 283.63(5). Accordingly, CWAC maintains that it is not seeking review of any rule promulgated by the DNR. Instead, CWAC argues, it is challenging the permit reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill on the grounds that the permit fails to comply with 40 C.F.R. §§ 122.44 and [69]*69122.45 — federal requirements which, according to CWAC, are imposed upon the permit via state statutes.
¶ 52. Specifically, CWAC points to Wis. Stat. § 283.31(3)(d)2. and argues that the statute's plain language requires all WPDES permits to comply with "any applicable federal law or regulation."18 Therefore, CWAC asserts that the DNR was obligated to comply with 40 C.ER. §§ 122.44 and 122.45 when establishing the terms of the permit reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill. According to CWAC, it would be illogical for the legislature to require the DNR to issue permits that comply with federal law while at the same time precluding the DNR from reviewing a permit's compliance with federal law under Wis. Stat. § 283.63.
¶ 53. The DNR, on the other hand, argues that CWAC's position upsets the system of checks and balances created by the Clean Water Act. Because the EPA approved the WPDES permit program and therefore determined that Wisconsin's statutory and regulatory program is consistent with federal law, the DNR contends that a permit issued according to Wisconsin's statutory and regulatory program necessarily complies with federal law — unless and until the EPA determines otherwise. As the DNR points out, in this case, the EPA reviewed the proposed permit to determine whether it meets the federal guidelines and requirements, and the EPA did not object.
¶ 54. The DNR further contends that CWAC's interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 283.31(3)(d)2. renders meaningless the WPDES permit program. That is, according to the DNR, if § 283.31(3)(d)2. means simply that all state-issued permits must comply with any [70]*70federal law or regulation, then there would be no need for Wisconsin's own statutory and regulatory program; when issuing a permit, the DNR would have to look only to the Clean Water Act and the federal regulations promulgated thereunder.
¶ 55. The DNR advances a very different interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 283.31(3)(d)2. First, the DNR looks to § 283.31(3)(a)-(d)l. and argues that those subsections require the DNR to issue permits that meet the following state requirements, whenever applicable: "Affluent limitations"; "[standards of performance for new sources"; "Affluent standards, effluents prohibitions and pretreatment standards"; and "[a]ny more stringent limitations" necessary to meet state water quality standards.19 Then, the DNR looks to § 283.31(3)(d)2. and argues that that particular subsection requires the DNR to issue permits that meet the requirements of "any applicable federal law or regulation" that the EPA has promulgated over a state rule — that is, a federal law or regulation that is "more stringent" than the limitations provided in § 283.31(3)(a)-(c).20 The parties agree that no such overpromulgated federal laws or regulations are applicable in this case.
[71]*71¶ 56. As previously explained, the DNR's interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 283.31(3)(d)2. is entitled to great weight deference. See supra Part III. Accordingly, we will sustain the DNR's statutory interpretation as long as it is reasonable. See Menasha Corp., 311 Wis. 2d 579, ¶ 48. We conclude that it is.
¶ 57. Importantly, the DNR's interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 283.31(3)(d)2. gives meaning to certain language that CWAC reads out of the statute: all WPDES permits must meet "[a]ny more stringent limitations, including those . . . [n]ecessary to comply with any applicable federal law or regulation." (Emphasis added.) If, as CWAC argues, § 283.31(3)(d)2. means simply that all WPDES permits must comply with "any applicable federal law or regulation," then the condition that such federal law or regulation provide a "more stringent limitation[]" would be meaningless. By the statute's plain language, the "applicable federal law or regulation" must provide for a "more stringent limitation[]" than something else. It is therefore reasonable to interpret the language of "[a]ny more stringent limitations" as referring back to the previous subsections; that is, pursuant to § 283.31(3)(d)2., all WPDES permits, whenever applicable, must meet more stringent limitations than the state requirements provided in § 283.31(3)(a)-(c), including those necessary to comply with any applicable federal law or regulation. The DNR interprets the "more stringent" language to mean any applicable federal law or regulation that the EPA has promulgated over a state rule. That interpretation is not unreasonable. We therefore sustain the DNR's interpretation of § 283.31(3)(d)2.
¶ 58. While our interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 283.31(3)(d)2. weakens CWAC's position, it does not resolve the central issue in this case. We must still [72]*72determine whether Wis. Stat. § 283.63 requires the DNR to hold a public hearing on CWAC's petition for review when the premise of CWAC's petition is that the permit fails to comply with 40 C.F.R. §§ 122.44(d) and 122.45(d) and (f). We conclude that Wis. Stat. § 283.63 does not require the DNR to hold a public hearing on a petition for review when the premise of the petition is that the permit fails to comply with basic requirements of the federal Clean Water Act and federal regulations promulgated thereunder.
¶ 59. Requiring the DNR to hold a public hearing on CWAC's petition for review would undermine the careful federal and state balance created by the Clean Water Act. For purposes of this appeal, the parties do not dispute that the permit was properly reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill under the state's statutory and regulatory authority. Indeed, CWAC is adamant that it is not challenging any rule promulgated by the DNR but instead is challenging the permit itself as being contrary to 40 C.F.R. §§ 122.44(d) and 122.45(d) and (f). However, we agree with the DNR that because the permit was properly reissued under the state's statutory and regulatory authority, then the permit necessarily complies with federal law — unless and until the EPA determines otherwise. This point is best demonstrated by considering the two federal regulations at issue in CWAC's petition for review: 40 C.F.R. §§ 122.44(d) and 122.45(d) and (f).
¶ 60. When the EPA approved the WPDES permit program, the EPA deemed Wisconsin's statutory and regulatory authority adequate to issue permits that comply with the requirements of the Clean Water Act and of 40 C.F.R. pt. 123. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(1)(A), (2)(A); § 1342(c)(1); 40 C.F.R. § 123.61(b). 40 C.F.R. § 123.25 sets forth the permitting requirements that a [73]*73proposed permit program must meet. Significantly, both 40 C.F.R. §§ 122.44 and 122.45 are included among those permitting requirements. See 40 C.F.R. § 123.25(a)(15), (16). Thus, when the EPA approved the WPDES permit program, the EPA necessarily determined that the program complies with 40 C.F.R. §§ 122.44 and 122.45.
¶ 61. Similarly, any substantial revisions to the WPDES permit program have been, and will continue to be, subject to the EPA's approval. See 40 C.F.R. § 123.62(a). The EPA approves or disapproves the revisions based upon the requirements of the Clean Water Act and of 40 C.F.R. pt. 123 — requirements which, again, include 40 C.F.R. §§ 122.44 and 122.45.
¶ 62. Finally, the EPA reviewed the permit reissuance to Fort James' Broadway Mill and did not object to the permit as drafted. Valid grounds for objection include when the proposed permit fails to comply with the requirements of the Clean Water Act or any regulations issued thereunder, or in particular, when the proposed permit fails to satisfy the requirements of 40 C.F.R § 122.44(d). See 40 C.F.R. § 123.44(c)(1), (5), (8). Thus, on the very grounds espoused by CWAC, the EPA itself did not object to the permit reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill. Indeed, before the permit was reissued, the EPA was apprised of CWAC's allegations that the proposed permit failed to comply with federal law. As previously mentioned, the EPA requested and received copies from the DNR of any significant comments the DNR received during the public notice period.
¶ 63. Stated otherwise, by approving the WPDES permit program and by failing to object to the permit, the EPA effectively determined that the permit complies with 40 C.F.R. §§ 122.44(d) and 122.45(d) and (f). [74]*74In spite of the EPA's determination, CWAC asks this court to construe Wis. Stat. § 283.63 as requiring the DNR to subsequently determine whether the permit complies with those same federal regulations. We decline to do so. To adopt CWAC's interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 283.63 would be to empower the DNR to undercut the EPA's determination. Given the careful system of checks and balances envisioned by the Clean Water Act, the legislature could not have intended for the DNR to have the final say on a permit's compliance with federal law.21
¶ 64. Furthermore, requiring the DNR to hold a public hearing on CWAC's petition for review would [75]*75thwart the finality of permits properly issued under the WPDES permit program. When the DNR properly issues a permit under the state's statutory and regulatory authority, the permittee should be able to rely on the validity of the permit's terms and conditions. In other words, when there is no dispute that a permit's terms and conditions comply with state statutes and regulations, and when the permittee acts in accordance with those terms and conditions, the permittee is entitled to assurance that it is complying with the Clean Water Act. Indeed, Congress expressed that very point in 33 U.S.C. § 1342(k). Section 1342(k) expressly provides that compliance with a permit issued under § 1342 is deemed compliance with the Clean Water Act. Likewise, "compliance with a state-administered permit is deemed compliance with the [Clean Water Act]." U.S. Dep't of Energy, 503 U.S. at 634 (citing § 1342(k)) (White, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part). As recognized by the United States Supreme Court, the purpose of § 1342(k) is to give permits finality. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Train, 430 U.S. 112, 138 n.28 (1977) ("The purpose of § 402(k) seems to be to insulate permit holders from changes in various regulations during the period of a permit and to relieve them of having to litigate in an enforcement action the question whether their permits are sufficiently strict. In short, § 402(k) serves the purpose of giving permits finality."). In this case, there is no dispute that the permit was properly issued under the WPDES permit program, and CWAC does not question Fort James' Broadway Mill's compliance with the permit's terms and conditions. Given these circumstances, if we were to construe Wis. Stat. § 283.63 as requiring the DNR to determine whether the permit complies with the Clean Water Act, [76]*76we would thwart the finality of the permit that Fort James' Broadway Mill is entitled to rely on under 33 U.S.C. § 1342(k).
¶ 65. Our holding does not leave CWAC without an avenue of relief. We merely foreclose Wis. Stat. § 283.63 as one avenue. If CWAC is entitled to a remedy, the remedy rests with the EPA. For instance, an aggrieved person may seek limited judicial review in federal district court of the EPA's decision not to object to a permit. See Save the Bay, 556 F.2d at 1295-96. While such judicial review is available on only two narrow grounds, one of those grounds is particularly relevant to this case: an aggrieved person may claim in federal district court that a proposed permit violates applicable federal guidelines that the EPA failed to consider.22 See id. at 1296. In addition, any interested person may seek judicial review in the federal courts of appeals of the EPA's action "in making any determination as to a State permit program. . . ." 33 U.S.C. § 1369(b)(1)(D);23 see also Am. Forest & Paper Ass'n v. [77]*77U.S. EPA, 137 F.3d 291, 295 (5th Cir. 1998). For example, an interested person may seek review of the EPA's decision to withdraw or not to withdraw authorization of a state's permit program. Sierra Club v. U.S. EPA, 377 F. Supp. 2d 1205, 1208 (N.D. Fla. 2005). As previously explained, one of the circumstances in which the EPA may withdraw its approval of a state's permit program is when the state issues permits that do not comply with the federal regulations. See 40 C.F.R. § 123.63(a)(2).
V CONCLUSION
¶ 66. We conclude that Wis. Stat. § 283.63 does not require the DNR to hold a public hearing on CWAC's petition for review of the permit reissued to Fort James' Broadway Mill when the premise of CWAC's petition is that the permit fails to comply with basic requirements of the federal Clean Water Act and federal regulations promulgated thereunder. A conclusion otherwise would undermine the careful federal and state balance created by the Clean Water Act and would thwart the finality of permits properly issued under the WPDES permit program. If CWAC is entitled to a remedy, the remedy rests with the EPA.
By the Court. — The decision of the court of appeals is reversed.