Anaya v. Bondi

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Decided: July 24, 2025
• Docket: 24-1457
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

24-1457 Anaya v. Bondi BIA Driscoll, IJ A246 672 654

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 24th day of July, two thousand twenty- five.

PRESENT: RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, SARAH A. L. MERRIAM, MARIA ARAÚJO KAHN, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________

JUAN PABLO ANAYA, Petitioner,

v. 24-1457

PAMELA BONDI, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL, Respondent. _____________________________________ FOR PETITIONER: Nicholas Walter, Rajeev Muttreja, Jones Day, New York, NY.

FOR RESPONDENT: Leslie McKay, Assistant Director; Walter Bocchini, Senior Litigation Counsel; Office of Immigration Litigation, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC.

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a Board of

Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the petition for review is DENIED.

Petitioner Juan Pablo Anaya, a native and citizen of El Salvador, seeks

review of a May 6, 2024, decision of the BIA affirming a January 18, 2024, decision

of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying his application for asylum, withholding of

removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). See In re Juan

Pablo Anaya, No. A 246 672 654 (B.I.A. May 6, 2024), aff’g No. A 246 672 654

(Immigr. Ct. Batavia Jan. 18, 2024). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the

underlying facts and procedural history.

Where, as here, “the BIA adopts the decision of the IJ and merely

supplements the IJ’s decision, . . . we review the decision of the IJ as supplemented

by the BIA.” Yan Chen v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 268, 271 (2d Cir. 2005). “We review

the agency’s factual findings” for substantial evidence and “questions of law and

2 the application of law to fact” de novo. Hong Fei Gao v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 67, 76 (2d

Cir. 2018) (citation omitted). “[T]he administrative findings of fact are conclusive

unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the

contrary.” 8 U.S.C. §1252(b)(4)(B).

I. Asylum and Withholding of Removal

This Court previously dismissed Petitioner’s asylum and withholding of

removal claims for failure to exhaust any challenge to those claims on appeal to

the BIA. See Anaya v. Garland, No. 24-1457 (2d Cir. July 24, 2024), Doc. 20.1 at 1.

We will not reconsider a prior ruling “absent cogent or compelling reasons.”

Ollman v. Special Bd. of Adjustment No. 1063, 527 F.3d 239, 251 (2d Cir. 2008) (citation

and quotation marks omitted). Petitioner has identified no error in our prior

determination that he failed to exhaust a challenge to the agency’s finding that he

committed a serious nonpolitical crime barring him from asylum and withholding

of removal. We therefore decline to revisit our prior ruling. 1

1 Petitioner contends that this Court dismissed as unexhausted only his withholding of removal claim under the Immigration and Nationality Act (the “INA”), see 8 U.S.C. §1231(b), and not withholding of removal pursuant to CAT, see 8 C.F.R. §1208.16. See Petitioner’s Br. at 48-49. However, under both the INA and CAT, a serious nonpolitical crime bars relief. See 8 U.S.C. §1231(b)(3)(B)(iii) (withholding of removal under the INA); 8 C.F.R. §1208.16(d)(2) (withholding of removal under CAT). His failure to exhaust any challenge to that finding is therefore fatal to both claims.

3 II. Due Process

Petitioner asserts that his due process rights were violated because: (1) the

IJ displayed bias and engaged in hostile questioning; (2) his asylum application

should not have been accepted because it was incomplete; and (3) the interpreter

“botched” critical translations. See Petitioner’s Br. at 37-47. As the Government

points out, see Gov’t Br. at 49, these arguments are unexhausted because Petitioner

did not raise them before the BIA, see Certified Admin. Rec. (“CAR”) at 11-20.

“To preserve an issue for judicial review, the petitioner must first raise it with

specificity before the BIA.” Punin v. Garland, 108 F.4th 114, 124 (2d Cir. 2024)

(citation and quotation marks omitted). “While this Court will not limit the

petitioner to the exact contours of his argument below in determining whether the

petitioner exhausted the issue, the issue raised on appeal must be either a specific,

subsidiary legal argument or an extension of an argument raised directly before

the BIA.” Steevenez v. Gonzales, 476 F.3d 114, 117 (2d Cir. 2007) (citations and

quotation marks omitted). “[W]e construe generously” a petitioner’s “pro se brief

to the BIA,” id. at 118 (citation and quotation marks omitted), “[b]ut when an

argument made to this Court cannot be closely matched up with a specific

argument made to the BIA, it has not been properly exhausted and we cannot hear

4 it,” Punin, 108 F.4th at 124.

On appeal to the BIA, Petitioner’s due process argument was limited to a

claim that the IJ did not afford him more time to retain an attorney. See CAR at 17.

That brief reference to due process “cannot be closely matched up” with his

current assertions of bias, translation errors, and the erroneous acceptance of an

incomplete asylum application. Punin, 108 F.4th at 124. Nor are Petitioner’s

arguments before this Court “specific, subsidiary legal argument[s]” or

“extension[s] of an argument raised directly before the BIA.” Id. (citation and

quotation marks omitted). We therefore cannot consider Petitioner’s new and

unexhausted due process arguments. See Santos-Zacaria v. Garland, 598 U.S. 411,

423 (2023) (concluding that the requirement of issue exhaustion is not

jurisdictional but is nonetheless mandatory where, as here, it is not waived or

forfeited); see also Ud Din v. Garland, 72 F.4th 411, 419-20 & n.2 (2d Cir. 2023).

III. Convention Against Torture

Finally, we deny the petition as to the CAT claim. An applicant for CAT

relief must prove “that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured

if removed to the proposed country of removal.” 8 C.F.R. §1208.16(c)(2).

Petitioner challenges the agency’s adverse credibility determination, argues

5 that the agency erroneously required corroborating evidence, and contends that

the agency did not provide an “independent basis” for the denial of CAT relief.

See Petitioner’s Br. at 23-37. For the following reasons, we reject each argument.

First, substantial evidence supports the agency’s adverse credibility

determination. “We defer . . . to an IJ’s credibility determination unless, from the

totality of the circumstances, it is plain that no reasonable fact-finder could make

such an adverse credibility ruling.” Xiu Xia Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 167 (2d

Cir. 2008) (per curiam); see also Hong Fei Gao, 891 F.3d at 76. In making a

credibility determination, the IJ may consider the “consistency between the

applicant’s . . . written and oral statements (whenever made and whether or not

under oath, and considering the circumstances under which the statements were

made), [and] the internal consistency of each such statement.” 8 U.S.C.

§1229a(c)(4)(C).

Here, the agency reasonably relied on inconsistencies in Petitioner’s

statements to find that he was not credible. Specifically, Petitioner’s testimony

was inconsistent as to whether a gang or police officers attacked him in 2018; his

statements at his hearing and reasonable fear interview conflicted as to when

police allegedly beat him and suspended him over a hole; and his testimony and

6 interview statements differed as to how many times he was arrested in El

Salvador. In light of these numerous (and significant) discrepancies, Petitioner

has failed to show that “no reasonable fact-finder” could make an adverse

credibility finding here. Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 167; see also Likai Gao v. Barr, 968

F.3d 137, 145 n.8 (2d Cir. 2020) (“[E]ven a single inconsistency might preclude an

alien from showing that an IJ was compelled to find him credible. Multiple

inconsistencies would so preclude even more forcefully.”).

Moreover, the IJ was not required to accept Petitioner’s explanation that his

testimony was inconsistent because he was confused and upset and because he

did not realize that he needed to mention all relevant information at his reasonable

fear interview. See Majidi v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 77, 80 (2d Cir. 2005) (“A petitioner

must do more than offer a plausible explanation for his inconsistent statements to

secure relief; he must demonstrate that a reasonable fact-finder would be compelled

to credit his testimony.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)). Petitioner

now also argues that these discrepancies were trivial or caused by translation

errors or confusing questioning, see, e.g., Petitioner’s Br. at 25-26, but again, those

arguments do not compel a different result.

Second, because Petitioner’s credibility was in question, the agency

7 reasonably relied on the lack of corroborating evidence. See Biao Yang v. Gonzales,

496 F.3d 268, 273 (2d Cir. 2007) (“[T]he absence of corroboration in general makes

an applicant unable to rehabilitate testimony that has already been called into

question.”). While Petitioner argues that the IJ erred by requiring medical

records when he testified that he did not receive medical care after the alleged

beatings, see Petitioner’s Br. at 34, he offers no explanation for his failure to provide

letters from family or friends regarding any of his claimed experiences.

Third, although the record contains objective evidence of Petitioner’s

criminal history and suspected gang membership that is not impacted by the

agency’s adverse credibility finding, 2 Petitioner has nonetheless failed to establish

that “someone in his particular alleged circumstances is more likely than not to be

tortured if imprisoned.” Mu Xiang Lin v. U.S. Dep't of Just., 432 F.3d 156, 160 (2d

Cir. 2005) (emphases altered) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Rather, the

2 “[A]n alien’s CAT claim may be established using different evidence and theories than the alien’s claims under the INA, and an adverse credibility determination made in the asylum context should not necessarily affect the BIA’s consideration of the alien’s CAT claim.” Paul v. Gonzales, 444 F.3d 148, 155 (2d Cir. 2006) (citation and quotation marks omitted); see also Xian Tuan Ye v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 446 F.3d 289, 297 (2d Cir. 2006) (“An IJ may properly deny a CAT claim if he or she finds adverse credibility with respect to facts that form the ‘only potentially valid basis’ for the CAT claim.” (citation omitted)).

8 evidence suggested only, in a broad and generally applicable way, that people

with criminal records, or who have been suspected of gang membership, might

sometimes be tortured. The objective evidence, on its own, does not support a

finding that Petitioner “personally, was more likely than not to be tortured.”

Sanusi v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 193, 201 n.10 (2d Cir. 2006) (citation and quotation

marks omitted). Accordingly, Petitioner has not carried his burden of

demonstrating that he is entitled to CAT relief. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2).

* * *

We have considered Petitioner’s remaining arguments and find no basis for

relief. For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is DENIED. All

pending motions and applications are DENIED and stays VACATED.

FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court