HAMILTON, Judge,
delivered the following opinion:
1. The first question that should be considered relates to the motion to dismiss because of alleged lack of jurisdiction on the part of the court. The point is that the patente or tax in question is not shown by the bill to amount to $1,000, while on the other hand the affidavit of the mayor of Mayaguez is to the effect [528]*528that the amount is about $600. In support of this, attention is called to Walter v. Northeastern R. Co. 147 U. S. 370, 37 L. ed. 206, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 348, where it is declared that where two or more defendants are sued by the same plaintiff in one suit the test of jurisdiction is the joint or several character of the liability to the plaintiff; the theory being that, although the proceeding is in form one suit, its legal effect is the same as though separate suits had been begun. . The suit was to enjoin execution for specific amounts. In Northern P. R. Co. v. Walker, 148 U. S. 391, 37 L. ed. 494, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 650, based on the Walter Case, it was not shown that the amount of assessments and taxes levied in either or all of the counties exceeded the sum of $2,-000; and, even if this had been the aggregate, the defendants could not have been joined in a single suit for the purpose of sustaining the jurisdiction. In Citizens’ Bank v. Cannon, 164 U. S. 319, 41 L. ed. 451, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 89, it is declared that jurisdiction cannot be conferred in one bill against distinct tax claims no one of which reaches the jurisdictional amount, and it^ will not be presumed taxes for successive years are the same in amount. The Walker Case was not a suit to exempt property from taxation permanently, the purpose of the bill being to restrain assessors and collectors from collecting taxes for specific years; and, from the nature of the case, it was impossible for a court to foresee what taxes might be assessed in future. The bill in this case, however, is not limited to any particular years. The prayer is that the defendants be restrained from proceeding under the Act of 1914 to collect annual taxes. The rule in such cases is that the jurisdictional amount in taxation matters is the value of the right, not an incident, such as the amount of one years’ tax. Berryman v. Whitman College, [529]*529222 U. S. 334, 56 L. ed. 225, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 147; New Orleans v. Citizens Bank, 167 U. S. 371, 42 L. ed. 202, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 905; Deposit Bank v. Frankfort, 191 U. S. 499, 48 L. ed. 276, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 154. There has been a similar ruling where the question of a right to office is concerned. Clayton v. Utah, 132 U. S. 632, 33 L. ed. 455, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 190. It follows that the motion to dismiss for want of jurisdiction must be denied, and a demurrer on the same point is also overruled.
2. The demurrer sets up in the first place that the plaintiff has no interest in the tax complained of. It seems that the Com-pañía de los Ferrocarriles de Puerto Rico owns the property and receives the net income, the original plaintiff, American Railroad Company, being merely an operating company. It is true 'that such an exemption is personal, and does not apply to assignees. Picard v. East Tennessee V. & Gr. R. Co. 130 U. S. 637, 32 L. ed. 1051, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 640; Memphis & L. R. R. Co. v. Railroad Comrs. (Memphis & L. R. R. Co. v. Berry) 112 U. S. 609, 28 L. ed. 837, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 299. But this principle is immaterial, inasmuch as both the operating and the property-owning companies are now made parties plaintiff. At all events, whatever the merits of the question as against the original plaintiff alone, the agreed amendment making the Oompañia de los Ferrocarriles de Puerto Rico a coplaintiff removes the objection. Between them the two plaintiffs represent the railroad property in its corpus and income, and between” them they are interested in the so-called patente tax, if there is anybody that can be interested in the matter at all.
3. The question is raised whether the bill is not multifarious in joining as defendants about two dozen municipalities, each of which, under the law and in point of fact, levies for itself the [530]*530tax complained of. It is perfectly true that each defendant proposes to proceed on its own account, but each one proposes so to proceed under the same legal claim, that is to say, the Act of 1914. The result is that the plaintiffs have a community of interest or common right. Simldns, Fed. Eq. Suit, 29. Wherever there is a common point of interest between complainant and several defendants separately liable, the remedy at law is not as efficient as in equity. There is no hard and fast rule as to multiplicity of suits, and each case must be decided upon substantial convenience. Simkins, Fed. Eq. Suit, 30.
The case at bar is perhaps one where a few defendants may be made parties as representatives of a class claiming the same title or right, but in point of fact all members of the class are made parties and only one objects. United States v. Bitter Root Development Co. 200 U. S. 451, 479, 50 L. ed. 550, 563, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 318. The facts showing the danger and multiplicity of suits must be alleged. Boisé Artesian Hot & Cold Water Co. v. Boisé City, 213 U. S. 276, 53 L. ed. 796, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 426. In tax matters the fundamental ground upon which the suit rests is the unlawfulness of the tax complained of, but this is not in itself sufficient. Where the illegality of the tax is established, there must be added some recognized head of equity jurisdiction, such as that the collection of the tax will entail a multiplicity of suits, cause irreparable injury, or throw a cloud upon the title." Dows v. Chicago, 11 Wall. 108, 20 L. ed. 65; Pacific Exp. Co. v. Seibert, 142 U. S. 339, 348, 35 L. ed. 1035, 1038, 3 Inters. Com. Rep. 810, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 250; Shelton v. Platt, 139 U. S. 591, 35 L. ed. 273, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 646.
The court is of the opinion that, under the facts alleged in the bill, there is involved the question of a multiplicity of suits, [531]*531wbicb the plaintiff is entitled to avoid, provided the tax itself is-shown to be invalid.
4. The demurrer raises the further ground that the plaintiff is not entitled to the relief prayed. In that form the demurrer would be general, and need not be considered. The parties, however, have argued this as amounting to an attack upon the alleged exemption from taxes, and this point will therefore be taken up.
Does the contribution which it is sought to impose amount to> a tax ? There is a distinction between a tax and a license. The former is a contribution exacted by the public authorities for public purposes from property which enjoys public protection. A license on the other hand is an imposition exacted for the right to carry on a business, which may or may not require the use of property otherwise taxed as above. The two are entirely distinct. 37 Oye. 711.
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HAMILTON, Judge,
delivered the following opinion:
1. The first question that should be considered relates to the motion to dismiss because of alleged lack of jurisdiction on the part of the court. The point is that the patente or tax in question is not shown by the bill to amount to $1,000, while on the other hand the affidavit of the mayor of Mayaguez is to the effect [528]*528that the amount is about $600. In support of this, attention is called to Walter v. Northeastern R. Co. 147 U. S. 370, 37 L. ed. 206, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 348, where it is declared that where two or more defendants are sued by the same plaintiff in one suit the test of jurisdiction is the joint or several character of the liability to the plaintiff; the theory being that, although the proceeding is in form one suit, its legal effect is the same as though separate suits had been begun. . The suit was to enjoin execution for specific amounts. In Northern P. R. Co. v. Walker, 148 U. S. 391, 37 L. ed. 494, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 650, based on the Walter Case, it was not shown that the amount of assessments and taxes levied in either or all of the counties exceeded the sum of $2,-000; and, even if this had been the aggregate, the defendants could not have been joined in a single suit for the purpose of sustaining the jurisdiction. In Citizens’ Bank v. Cannon, 164 U. S. 319, 41 L. ed. 451, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 89, it is declared that jurisdiction cannot be conferred in one bill against distinct tax claims no one of which reaches the jurisdictional amount, and it^ will not be presumed taxes for successive years are the same in amount. The Walker Case was not a suit to exempt property from taxation permanently, the purpose of the bill being to restrain assessors and collectors from collecting taxes for specific years; and, from the nature of the case, it was impossible for a court to foresee what taxes might be assessed in future. The bill in this case, however, is not limited to any particular years. The prayer is that the defendants be restrained from proceeding under the Act of 1914 to collect annual taxes. The rule in such cases is that the jurisdictional amount in taxation matters is the value of the right, not an incident, such as the amount of one years’ tax. Berryman v. Whitman College, [529]*529222 U. S. 334, 56 L. ed. 225, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 147; New Orleans v. Citizens Bank, 167 U. S. 371, 42 L. ed. 202, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 905; Deposit Bank v. Frankfort, 191 U. S. 499, 48 L. ed. 276, 24 Sup. Ct. Rep. 154. There has been a similar ruling where the question of a right to office is concerned. Clayton v. Utah, 132 U. S. 632, 33 L. ed. 455, 10 Sup. Ct. Rep. 190. It follows that the motion to dismiss for want of jurisdiction must be denied, and a demurrer on the same point is also overruled.
2. The demurrer sets up in the first place that the plaintiff has no interest in the tax complained of. It seems that the Com-pañía de los Ferrocarriles de Puerto Rico owns the property and receives the net income, the original plaintiff, American Railroad Company, being merely an operating company. It is true 'that such an exemption is personal, and does not apply to assignees. Picard v. East Tennessee V. & Gr. R. Co. 130 U. S. 637, 32 L. ed. 1051, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 640; Memphis & L. R. R. Co. v. Railroad Comrs. (Memphis & L. R. R. Co. v. Berry) 112 U. S. 609, 28 L. ed. 837, 5 Sup. Ct. Rep. 299. But this principle is immaterial, inasmuch as both the operating and the property-owning companies are now made parties plaintiff. At all events, whatever the merits of the question as against the original plaintiff alone, the agreed amendment making the Oompañia de los Ferrocarriles de Puerto Rico a coplaintiff removes the objection. Between them the two plaintiffs represent the railroad property in its corpus and income, and between” them they are interested in the so-called patente tax, if there is anybody that can be interested in the matter at all.
3. The question is raised whether the bill is not multifarious in joining as defendants about two dozen municipalities, each of which, under the law and in point of fact, levies for itself the [530]*530tax complained of. It is perfectly true that each defendant proposes to proceed on its own account, but each one proposes so to proceed under the same legal claim, that is to say, the Act of 1914. The result is that the plaintiffs have a community of interest or common right. Simldns, Fed. Eq. Suit, 29. Wherever there is a common point of interest between complainant and several defendants separately liable, the remedy at law is not as efficient as in equity. There is no hard and fast rule as to multiplicity of suits, and each case must be decided upon substantial convenience. Simkins, Fed. Eq. Suit, 30.
The case at bar is perhaps one where a few defendants may be made parties as representatives of a class claiming the same title or right, but in point of fact all members of the class are made parties and only one objects. United States v. Bitter Root Development Co. 200 U. S. 451, 479, 50 L. ed. 550, 563, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 318. The facts showing the danger and multiplicity of suits must be alleged. Boisé Artesian Hot & Cold Water Co. v. Boisé City, 213 U. S. 276, 53 L. ed. 796, 29 Sup. Ct. Rep. 426. In tax matters the fundamental ground upon which the suit rests is the unlawfulness of the tax complained of, but this is not in itself sufficient. Where the illegality of the tax is established, there must be added some recognized head of equity jurisdiction, such as that the collection of the tax will entail a multiplicity of suits, cause irreparable injury, or throw a cloud upon the title." Dows v. Chicago, 11 Wall. 108, 20 L. ed. 65; Pacific Exp. Co. v. Seibert, 142 U. S. 339, 348, 35 L. ed. 1035, 1038, 3 Inters. Com. Rep. 810, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 250; Shelton v. Platt, 139 U. S. 591, 35 L. ed. 273, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. 646.
The court is of the opinion that, under the facts alleged in the bill, there is involved the question of a multiplicity of suits, [531]*531wbicb the plaintiff is entitled to avoid, provided the tax itself is-shown to be invalid.
4. The demurrer raises the further ground that the plaintiff is not entitled to the relief prayed. In that form the demurrer would be general, and need not be considered. The parties, however, have argued this as amounting to an attack upon the alleged exemption from taxes, and this point will therefore be taken up.
Does the contribution which it is sought to impose amount to> a tax ? There is a distinction between a tax and a license. The former is a contribution exacted by the public authorities for public purposes from property which enjoys public protection. A license on the other hand is an imposition exacted for the right to carry on a business, which may or may not require the use of property otherwise taxed as above. The two are entirely distinct. 37 Oye. 711. A business may be licensed, and not taxed; or it may be taxed, and not licensed. Youngblood v. Sexton, 32 Mich. 406, 20 Am. Rep. 654. A license is a right granted by public authority to carry on a business which could not be carried on without such license. 21 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 773.
The so-called tax is laid upon the physical property as such, but is $1 per thousand dollars of the volume of business transacted, being the gross receipts in any municipality, the gain or profit not being considered alone. The contribution levied, therefore, is upon the gross profits or proceeds of the business. The object of holding any property is the use or income thereof, and it would be difficult to say that a tax upon the gross produce was not a direct tax upon the property itself. Indeed it has been held in the Income Tax Oases that, under the Eederal Constitution a tax upon income from land is a direct tax upon the land it[532]*532self. Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan & T. Co. 157 U. S. 429, 39 L. ed. 759, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 673. So, of income from personalty. Same Case, 158 U. S. 601, 39 L. ed. 1108, 15 Sup. Ct. Rep. 912.
A tax is imposed chiefly for revenue, and a substantial imposition based upon the gross amount of business done, a tenth of 1 per cent, and therefore varying with the size and importance of the municipality, has certainly more elements of a tax than it has of a license. It is a direct contribution levied upon the income of the business in question after it is earned, and not a prerequisite to beginning ány business. The patente, therefore, as presented in the pleadings, must be considered as more in the nature of a tax than of a license.
5. The argument raises questions as to incidents connected with the exemption claimed, but it would seem that all conditions have been complied with; for instance, acceptance is required and the bill alleges acceptance; the legislature must approve, and the bill alleges that the legislature passed an act of approval. The argument that there must be some consideration for the grant of exemption cannot be sustained. A franchise or other grant from the sovereign must be held to have been made upon sufficient grounds of public policy, and must be protected the same as any other contract. Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518, 4 L. ed. 629 (Marshall). Secus as to a municipal corporation. Wells v. Savannah, 181 U. S. 531, 45 L. ed. 986, 21 Sup. Ct. Rep. 697.
This principle has been modified to the extent that grants in derogation of public rights will be strictly construed. Charles River Bridge Case, 11 Pet. 420, 9 L. ed. 773; Stein v. Bienville Water Supply Co. 141 U. S. 67, 35 L. ed. 622, 11 Sup. Ct. Rep. [533]*533892. A mere bounty is revocable. Welch v. Cook, 97 U. S. 541, 24 L. ed. 1112. Thus, tbe tax power is never presumed to be relinquished, and the intention to relinquish must be clearly expressed. Delaware R. Tax Case, 18 Wall. 206, 21 L. ed. 888; Providence Bank v. Billings, 4 Pet. 514, 7 L. ed. 939 (Marshall); Philadelphia, W. & B. R. Co. v. Maryland, 10 How. 376, 13 L. ed. 461 (Taney); Southwestern R. Co. v. Wright, 116 U. S. 231, 29 L. ed. 626, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep 375; Vicksburg, S. & P. R. Co. v. Dennis, 116 U. S. 665, 29 L. ed. 770, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 625.
To meet this question it is generally provided in modern constitutions that the grant of corporate franchises is amendable, and the same principle is applied as to Porto Rico. Section 32 of the Boraker Organic Act of April 12, 1900, provides that “all grants of franchises, rights, and privileges or concessions of a public or quasi public nature shall be made by the Executive Council, with the approval of the governor, and all franchises granted in Porto Rico shall be reported to Congress, which hereby reserves the power to annul or modify the same.” [31 Stat. at L. 84, chap. 191, Comp. Stat. 1916, § 3781]. There was no such annulment or modification by Congress; but a joint resolution of May 1, 1900 (31 Stat. at L. 715, Comp. Stat. 1916, § 3783), provides in § 3, “that all franchises, privileges or concessions granted under § 32 of said act shall provide that the same shall be subject to amendment, alteration, or repeal. . . . Corporations not organized in Porto Rico, and doing business therein, shall be bound by the provisions of this section so far as they are applicable.” It is not clear from the bill of complaint whether this provision or amendment was or not inserted in the-Porto Rico Exemption Act of February 4, 1902, now relied oni [534]*534by the railroad. Eepeal by implication is not favored. South Carolina v. Stoll, 17 Wall. 425, 431, 21 L. ed. 650, 654. There has not been any such repeal in the case at bar, unless it arises from the Act of March 28, 1914, permitting municipalities to levy annual taxes. This is not necessarily a revocation of the exemption, because there might well be other railroads on the Island not exempted, and to which the Act of 1914 would apply without affecting at all the exemption now set up by the plaintiffs. Louisville Water Co. v. Clark, 143 U. S. 1, 36 L. ed. 55, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 346, is not inconsistent with this view. In that case there was an exemption from “taxation of whatever character, state, municipal, or special,” but with a general statute allowing amendment, and a subsequent statute imposes taxes upon all property in the state and expressly repeals all inconsistent laws, general or special. Exemption was a law, either general or special in nature, and therefore was held to be repealed by the new statute. As presented in the pleadings, therefore, while the exemption law may be revocable under the joint resolution of Congress, it is not satisfactorily shown that there has been any ¡such revocation, and it must be held to be in force.
6. It is contended that the railroad has an adequate remedy at law in that the local law provides a method of protest and hearing before a committee of the local municipal council. Act of Porto Rico No. 26 approved .March 28, 1914, § 13. In § 14 it is declared any taxpayer deeming himself prejudiced by the decision of the municipal council shall pay the amount of the tax as fixed, but may apply for review to any court of competent jurisdiction within thirty days, with provision for repayment if he succeeds. In Indiana Mfg. Co. v. Koehne, 188 U. S. 681, 47 L. ed. 651, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 452, it was held that complainant [535]*535could set forth its claim to exemption for its patent in tbe local tribunal, and, in case of refusal, go ultimately to tbe Supreme Court of tbe United States. Tbe Porto Eico statute, however, is not of this character, inasmuch as it provides only for a trial by this committee on tbe protest as to tbe amount of tbe tax. There is no provision made for trial of tbe question of invalidity of tbe tax itself, which would be necessary in ease of claim of exemption. It cannot be said, therefore, that tbe plaintiff has an adequate remedy at law.
It follows that tbe demurrer must be overruled.
Tbe cause coming on then for application for preliminary injunction and on tbe pleadings heretofore filed, there appearing to be probability that tbe plaintiff will succeed in its contentions, tbe practice of this court is to grant tbe injunction, subject of course to dissolution in case tbe plaintiff does not malee out its case. This course will be pursued.
It is so ordered.