2014 IL App (1st) 131631 No. 1-13-1631 Fifth Division June 27, 2014 ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
) AMERICAN FAMILY MUTUAL INSURANCE ) COMPANY, as Subrogee of Michael P. McGrath, Jr., ) ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of Cook County. v. ) ) No. 12 L 11528 PATRICK PLUNKETT, Individually; and PATRICK ) PLUNKETT ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, LTD., ) The Honorable ) Moira S. Johnson, Defendants-Appellants ) Judge Presiding. ) (Northern Heritage Builders, L.L.C., ) Defendant). ) ) ______________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices McBride and Taylor concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 The instant interlocutory appeal arises from the attempts of plaintiff American Family
Mutual Insurance Company (American Family) to file suit against the defendant builders1
and architects in its capacity as subrogee of Michael P. McGrath, Jr., the owner of a home
designed and built by defendants. McGrath filed a claim with American Family, his insurer,
1 A default judgment was entered against Northern Heritage Builders on May 30, 2013, and it is not a party to the instant appeal. Any reference to “defendants” accordingly refers only to the defendants who remain parties on appeal. No. 1-13-1631
after his home sustained water damage, and, after a lawsuit in federal court, American
Family settled the claim for approximately $1.1 million; after paying McGrath, American
Family asked McGrath to execute a written assignment to the extent of its payment, but
McGrath failed to respond.
¶2 American Family then filed suit against defendants for their negligence in causing the
damage. Since it was not in possession of an executed written assignment, American Family
filed suit in its capacity as McGrath’s equitable subrogee. While that case was pending,
American Family filed suit against McGrath for specific performance in order to obtain his
executed written assignment. American Family’s suit against defendants was dismissed with
prejudice on a combined motion to dismiss under section 2-619.1 of the Code of Civil
Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2008)), with the trial court finding that
American Family was required to have a written assignment in order to pursue a subrogation
claim. Shortly thereafter, American Family’s suit against McGrath was dismissed on a
section 2-619 motion to dismiss (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2008)), with the trial court finding
that American Family had released its claim for an assignment by settling the federal lawsuit;
the court also found that the claim was barred by res judicata based on the dismissal of the
equitable subrogation suit against defendants.
¶3 American Family simultaneously appealed the dismissal of both suits, and the appellate
court affirmed the dismissal of the equitable subrogation claim, holding that American
Family had failed to perfect its rights of subrogation under the terms of the insurance policy.
American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Northern Heritage Builders, L.L.C., 404 Ill. App.
3d 584, 588 (2010). However, the appellate court reversed the dismissal of American
Family’s claim against McGrath and remanded the case. American Family Mutual Insurance
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Co. v. McGrath, No. 1-10-1619 (2011) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
On remand, McGrath eventually tendered an executed assignment to American Family, and
the case was dismissed.
¶4 American Family then filed another lawsuit against defendants, this time as McGrath’s
contractual subrogee. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss, claiming that the suit was barred
by the statute of limitations. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss, finding that the
statute of limitations had been equitably tolled. Defendants then moved for a permissive
interlocutory appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994), and the
trial court certified one question for review: “Is ‘equitable tolling’ a proper basis to deny
Plunkett’s and PPAD’s motion to dismiss based upon the statute of limitations found in 735
ILCS 5/13-214(b)?” We granted the petition for leave to appeal, and now answer the trial
court’s certified question in the negative.
¶5 BACKGROUND2
¶6 I. Federal Court Case
¶7 McGrath was the owner of a single-family home in Chicago that was designed and built
by defendants. The home was covered by an insurance policy issued by American Family.
On August 23, 2006, while the policy was in force, McGrath made an insurance claim for
water damage caused by alleged faulty design and construction of the home. American
Family denied the claim, and McGrath filed suit against American Family in the United
States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (the federal court case). Summary
2 The background details of the numerous court proceedings leading to the instant appeal are helpful in understanding the parties’ arguments on appeal. However, many of the documents that provide such background are not included in the record on appeal. Thus, any gaps are filled in by relying on the statement of facts in our earlier decisions in American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Northern Heritage Builders, L.L.C., 404 Ill. App. 3d 584 (2010), and American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. McGrath, No. 1-10-1619 (2011) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).
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judgment was granted in McGrath’s favor on the issue of coverage, and the case proceeded to
a jury trial on the issue of damages. A jury returned a verdict in favor of McGrath, in the
amount of $1,130,680.16.
¶8 Subsequent to the verdict, on May 16, 2008, McGrath and American Family settled the
federal court case and executed a settlement agreement; the terms of the settlement
agreement did not contain an assignment to American Family of McGrath’s rights of
recovery against any negligent party by reason of the damage to his residence. American
Family paid McGrath $1,130,680.16.
¶9 On June 18, 2008, American Family requested an assignment of their rights of recovery
(subrogation) from McGrath to the extent of the $1,130,680.16 payment made by American
Family. McGrath did not respond to the request.
¶ 10 II. Equitable Subrogation Case
¶ 11 On May 20, 2008, American Family filed a complaint against defendants in the law
division of the circuit court of Cook County in its capacity as a subrogee of McGrath (the
equitable subrogation case). American Family alleged breach of contract in the defective
design of McGrath’s home and negligence in the construction of the home. On March 13,
2009, American Family filed its third amended complaint, claiming that it was an equitable
subrogee due to the payment it had made to McGrath.
¶ 12 On April 21, 2009, American Family sent another request for an assignment from
McGrath.
¶ 13 On May 13, 2009, defendants filed a combined motion to dismiss the complaint under
section 2-619.1 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2008)). On August 3, 2009, the trial
court granted defendants’ combined motion to dismiss the complaint with prejudice.
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¶ 14 On December 22, 2009, the trial court denied American Family’s motion to reconsider,
finding that American Family’s right to subrogation was limited to contractual subrogation,
not equitable or common-law subrogation, due to the existence of a subrogation clause in the
insurance policy between American Family and McGrath. On January 14, 2010, American
Family filed a notice of appeal.
¶ 15 III. Specific Performance Case
¶ 16 While the equitable subrogation case was pending, American Family filed suit against
McGrath in the chancery division of the circuit court of Cook County (the specific
performance case). American Family’s one-count complaint alleged that McGrath was
contractually obligated to assign his subrogation rights to American Family, and sought
specific performance of the contract.
¶ 17 After the trial court dismissed the equitable subrogation case under section 2-619.1 of the
Code due to its finding that contractual subrogation was the only available basis for
subrogation, McGrath filed a motion to dismiss American Family’s complaint under section
2-619 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2008)), arguing that the complaint was barred
under res judicata and by the parties’ settlement agreement.
¶ 18 On May 11, 2010, the trial court granted McGrath’s section 2-619 motion to dismiss
American Family’s complaint for specific performance. The court found that the complaint
was barred by res judicata in light of the dismissal with prejudice of the equitable
subrogation complaint. Furthermore, the court held that American Family released any rights
to an assignment of subrogation rights when it entered into a release and settlement
agreement with McGrath concerning payment under the insurance policy. On June 2, 2010,
American Family filed a notice of appeal.
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¶ 19 IV. Appeals of Equitable Subrogation and Specific Performance Cases
¶ 20 On October 12, 2010, the appellate court issued an opinion affirming the dismissal of the
equitable subrogation case, holding that any subrogation right American Family had was a
contractual one, arising from the insurance policy between American Family and McGrath,
and equitable subrogation was not available in light of the express contractual provision.
American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Northern Heritage Builders, L.L.C., 404 Ill. App.
3d 584, 588 (2010). Since there was no written assignment of McGrath’s rights, the appellate
court found that American Family failed to perfect its rights of subrogation under the terms
of the policy, and affirmed the dismissal of the complaint on that basis. Northern Heritage,
404 Ill. App. 3d at 588-89.
¶ 21 On March 14, 2011, the appellate court issued an unpublished order reversing the
dismissal of the complaint for specific performance, finding that American Family’s claims
were not barred by res judicata or by the settlement agreement and release. American Family
Mutual Insurance Co. v. McGrath, No. 1-10-1619 (2011) (unpublished order under Supreme
Court Rule 23).
¶ 22 V. Remand of Specific Performance Case
¶ 23 On remand, American Family again demanded that McGrath tender an executed
assignment. On October 31, 2011, McGrath executed a written assignment transferring his
interest in the claim against defendants to American Family, to the extent of American
Family’s payment to McGrath. However, American Family claims that it did not receive the
assignment until June 2012, after American Family filed a motion for summary judgment.
After receiving the assignment, the specific performance case was voluntarily dismissed.
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¶ 24 VI. Instant Case
¶ 25 On October 10, 2012, American Family filed a complaint against defendants in its
capacity as the contractual subrogee of McGrath. The complaint alleges that defendants
breached their contracts and an implied warranty of habitability with McGrath by preparing
design plans and constructing a house that contained defects, allowing moisture to build up
inside the house and causing damage. The complaint further alleges that McGrath became
aware of the defects in the work in July or August 2006. On January 2, 2013, American
Family filed an amended complaint, containing substantially the same allegations as the
original complaint.
¶ 26 On February 20, 2013, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint
pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code, claiming that the action was barred by the statute of
limitations and by res judicata.
¶ 27 On April 25, 2013, the trial court denied defendants’ motion to dismiss on the basis that
equitable tolling applied to toll the statute of limitations. On May 14, 2013, the trial court
entered an order certifying the following question for review:
“Is ‘equitable tolling’ a proper basis to deny Plunkett’s and PPAD’s motion to
dismiss based upon the statute of limitations found in 735 ILCS 5/13-214(b)?”
Defendants filed a petition for leave to appeal pursuant to Rule 308 on May 28, 2013, and we
granted the petition on June 12, 2013.
¶ 28 ANALYSIS
¶ 29 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994) provides a remedy of permissive
appeal from interlocutory orders where the trial court has deemed that they involve a
question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and where an
7 No. 1-13-1631
immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the
litigation. We apply a de novo standard of review to legal questions presented in an
interlocutory appeal brought pursuant to Rule 308. Simmons v. Homatas, 236 Ill. 2d 459, 466
(2010). De novo consideration means we perform the same analysis that a trial judge would
perform. Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408 Ill. App. 3d 564, 578 (2011). Additionally, we are
limited to the issues raised in the certified questions and will not go beyond those questions
to consider other matters. See Townsend v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 227 Ill. 2d 147, 153
(2007) (“An interlocutory appeal pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 308 is ordinarily limited to
the question certified by the circuit court ***.”).
¶ 30 On appeal, we are asked to consider one question: whether the trial court properly
determined that equitable tolling applied to toll the statute of limitations in the instant case.
Defendants also ask us to consider whether res judicata applies to bar the instant claim.
However, we decline to consider this additional issue, which was not certified by the trial
court. It was not relied upon by the trial court in denying the motion to dismiss and it is not
necessary to the resolution of the question properly before us.
¶ 31 Turning to the certified question, the parties agree that the applicable statute of
limitations for American Family’s claims against defendants is the four-year statute of
limitations provided in section 13-214(b) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/13-214(b) (West 2008)),
and further agree that McGrath and American Family became aware of the water damage to
McGrath’s home in August 2006. Thus, as McGrath’s subrogee, American Family would
have been required to file suit on or before August 31, 2010. While American Family did file
suit as McGrath’s equitable subrogee in May 2008, well within the statute of limitations, that
suit was dismissed. American Family then filed the complaint in the case at bar in October
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2012 as McGrath’s contractual subrogee. However, American Family argues that the instant
suit is not time-barred because the doctrine of equitable tolling applied to toll the statute of
limitations from December 22, 2009 – when American Family’s motion to reconsider the
dismissal of the equitable subrogation case was denied – until June 2012 – when McGrath
finally tendered the executed assignment to American Family, permitting it to file the instant
lawsuit in its capacity as McGrath’s contractual subrogee.
¶ 32 “Equitable tolling of a statute of limitations may be appropriate if the defendant has
actively misled the plaintiff, or if the plaintiff has been prevented from asserting his or her
rights in some extraordinary way, or if the plaintiff has mistakenly asserted his or her rights
in the wrong forum.” Clay v. Kuhl, 189 Ill. 2d 603, 614 (2000) (citing Ciers v. O.L. Schmidt
Barge Lines, Inc., 285 Ill. App. 3d 1046, 1052 (1996)). “Extraordinary barriers include legal
disability, an irredeemable lack of information, or situations where the plaintiff could not
learn the identity of proper defendants through the exercise of due diligence.” Thede v.
Kapsas, 386 Ill. App. 3d 396, 403 (2008) (citing Griffin v. Willoughby, 369 Ill. App. 3d 405,
415-16 (2006)). “ ‘[E]quitable tolling, unlike equitable estoppel, applies even when the
defendant is faultless.’ ” Kaufmann v. Jersey Community Hospital, 396 Ill. App. 3d 729, 743
(2009) (quoting Griffin, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 416).
¶ 33 While equitable tolling is recognized in Illinois, it is rarely applied. The supreme court
has applied it once, in Williams v. Board of Review, 241 Ill. 2d 352, 360 (2011), a case in
which it applied federal law. Additionally, while neither party cites it, this court found the
doctrine applicable in Ralda-Sanden v. Sanden, 2013 IL App (1st) 121117, ¶ 26, a case in
which the plaintiff sought to file suit under the Illinois Parentage Act of 1984 (750 ILCS 45/1
et seq. (West 2010)). There, the plaintiff filed a complaint to establish paternity nearly two
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years after the expiration of the statute of limitations period and the complaint was dismissed
under section 2-619 of the Code. Ralda-Sanden, 2013 IL App (1st) 121117, ¶¶ 17-18. On
appeal, the plaintiff argued that the statute of limitations period should be equitably tolled
because she had not discovered her putative father was alive until July 2011, three months
before she filed her complaint. Ralda-Sanden, 2013 IL App (1st) 121117, ¶ 18. The appellate
court agreed, noting that the uncontroverted affidavits of the plaintiff and her mother
established that the plaintiff’s mother had withheld information concerning the plaintiff’s
putative father due to his past violent behavior and threats to kill her and her family. Randa-
Sanden, 2013 IL App (1st) 121117, ¶ 25. Accordingly, the court found that the plaintiff was
prevented from asserting her rights in an extraordinary way and the statute of limitations
period should therefore be equitably tolled. Randa-Sanden, 2013 IL App (1st) 121117, ¶ 26.
¶ 34 In the case at bar, American Family argues that equitable tolling should apply to toll the
statute of limitations in its case because “American Family was extraordinarily prevented
from bringing its claim for contractual subrogation against the Plunkett Defendants because it
did not have such a claim until it received the Assignment, after this Court ruled that an
executed Assignment from the McGraths was the only available theory under which
American Family could sue the Plunkett Defendants in subrogation, and after this Court
separately determined that American Family was entitled to the Assignment from the
McGraths.” However, we do not find this argument persuasive.
¶ 35 There is no question that American Family diligently pursued its equitable subrogation
and specific performance cases, including seeking appeals before this court. Additionally, we
agree that American Family did not have a claim as McGrath’s contractual subrogee until
after the execution of the written assignment. However, the fact remains that American
10 No. 1-13-1631
Family’s problems are entirely based on American Family’s decision not to obtain an
executed assignment at the time it paid McGrath in settlement of the insurance claim, as was
its right pursuant to the insurance policy. Thus, as defendants point out, “any alleged damage
done to [American Family] is self-inflicted.”
¶ 36 Furthermore, it should have come as no surprise to American Family that an assignment
was required in order for it to be able to file suit in its capacity as McGrath’s subrogee. While
the appellate court decision in the equitable subrogation case “address[ed] the question left
unanswered by the supreme court in Schultz v. Gotlund, 138 Ill. 2d 171, 173 *** (1990),
namely, the effect of an express contractual subrogation provision on a common law or
equitable subrogation theory of recovery” (Northern Heritage Builders, 404 Ill. App. 3d at
588), a number of appellate court cases had previously established that where the right of
subrogation is created by contract, the contract terms, rather than common law or equitable
principles, control. See, e.g., Benge v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 297 Ill.
App. 3d 1062, 1071 (1998) (“Where the right [to subrogation] is created by an enforceable
subrogation clause in a contract, the contract terms, rather than common law or equitable
principles, control.”); Capitol Indemnity Corp. v. Strike Zone, S.S.B.&B. Corp., 269 Ill. App.
3d 594, 596 (1995) (agreeing with prior case law that “if a subrogation clause is enforceable,
it is the contract terms, and not common law concepts of subrogation, which control”); In re
Estate of Scott, 208 Ill. App. 3d 846, 848 (1991) (in considering a medical subrogation clause
in an insurance contract, noting that “if such a clause is enforceable, it is not common-law
concepts of subrogation but the contract terms that control”). Thus, since there was a
subrogation clause in the insurance policy, established law provided that the policy’s
contractual terms would apply, rather than common law or equitable principles.
11 No. 1-13-1631
Consequently, we do not find persuasive any argument that American Family could not have
known that the assignment would be required for it to be able to file suit against defendants.
¶ 37 The circumstances in the instant case are certainly unusual. However, we cannot find that
American Family was prevented from filing its lawsuit in an extraordinary way such that
equitable tolling should apply. See Clay, 189 Ill. 2d at 614. Instead, American Family was
only “prevented” from filing its lawsuit due to its own failure to obtain an executed
assignment at the time it paid McGrath. This is not the sort of extraordinary situation in
which equitable tolling applies, and accordingly, we answer the trial court’s certified
question in the negative.
¶ 38 American Family’s citation to persuasive authority does not change this result. Three of
the cases it cites are unreported cases from federal district courts in Illinois, California, and
the Virgin Islands, while the fourth is from the Supreme Court of California. Unreported
decisions have no precedential value, and this is even more true for decisions from foreign
jurisdictions. Burnette v. Stroger, 389 Ill. App. 3d 321, 329 (2009). Additionally, none of the
cases American Family cites bears any semblance to the factual scenario in the case at bar.
Finally, it appears that the equitable tolling doctrine has been applied much more liberally in
those jurisdictions, which is not the case here in Illinois where, as noted, it is rarely applied.
Thus, the fact that those courts chose to find equitable tolling in the cases before them does
not change our result in the case at bar: American Family has not demonstrated that it was
prevented in some extraordinary way from filing a suit against defendants, and so equitable
tolling does not apply.
12 No. 1-13-1631
¶ 39 CONCLUSION
¶ 40 Since American Family’s inability to file a complaint in its capacity as McGrath’s
contractual subrogee was based entirely on its failure to obtain an executed assignment at the
time it paid McGrath under the insurance policy, there are no extraordinary circumstances
that prevented American Family from filing suit and, accordingly, equitable tolling did not
apply to toll the statute of limitations. Therefore, we answer the question certified by the trial
court in the negative.
¶ 41 Certified question answered.