IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO Chief Judge Philip A. Brimmer Civil Action No. 22-cv-02128-PAB AMERICAN FAMILY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, S.I., a foreign corporation, Plaintiff, v. FOT LLC, a foreign limited liability company, ZHEJIANG FOCUS-ON IMPORT & EXPORT CO., LTD., a foreign corporation, ORGILL, INC., a Tennessee corporation, Defendants. ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE The Court takes up this matter sua sponte on the Notice or Removal [Docket No. 1] filed by defendant Orgill, Inc. (“Orgill”). Orgill asserts that this Court has jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Docket No. 1 at 5, ¶ 13. In every case and at every stage of the proceeding, a federal court must satisfy itself as to its own jurisdiction, even if doing so requires sua sponte action. See Citizens Concerned for Separation of Church & State v. City & Cnty. of Denver, 628 F.2d 1289, 1297 (10th Cir. 1980). Absent an assurance that jurisdiction exists, a court may not proceed in a case. See Cunningham v. BHP Petroleum Gr. Brit. PLC, 427 F.3d 1238, 1245 (10th Cir. 2005). Courts are well-advised to raise the issue of jurisdiction on their own, regardless of parties’ apparent acquiescence. First, it is the Court’s duty to do so. Tuck v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 859 F.2d 842, 844 (10th Cir.
1988). Second, regarding subject matter jurisdiction, “the consent of the parties is irrelevant, principles of estoppel do not apply, and a party does not waive the requirement by failing to challenge jurisdiction.” Ins. Corp. of Ir. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 702 (1982) (citations omitted). Finally, delay in addressing the issue only compounds the problem if, despite much time and expense
having been dedicated to the case, a lack of jurisdiction causes it to be dismissed. See U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. Pinkard Constr. Co., No. 09-cv-00491-PAB-MJW, 2009 WL 2338116, at *3 (D. Colo. July 28, 2009). “The party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing such jurisdiction as a threshold matter.” Radil v. Sanborn W. Camps, Inc., 384 F.3d 1220, 1224 (10th Cir. 2004). Orgill asserts that the Court has diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Docket No. 1 at 5, ¶ 13. Pursuant to that section, “district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and is between . . . citizens of different States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). A corporation is deemed to be a citizen of
“every State and foreign state by which it has been incorporated and of the State or foreign state where it has its principal place of business.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1). While, at the pleading stage, the Court takes as true all “well-pled (that is, plausible, conclusory, and non-speculative) facts,” Dudnikov v. Chalk & Vermilion Fine Arts, 514 F.3d 1063, 1070 (10th Cir. 2008), the allegations regarding the citizenship of all defendants are not well-pled. Additionally, Orgill does not indicate whether the other defendants consent to removal. Orgill does not properly allege its own citizenship. The citizenship of a
2 corporation is determined by its state of incorporation and principal place of business, see 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1). Orgill states that it is a “Tennessee corporation,” but does not allege its principal place of business. See Docket No. 1 at 2, ¶ 5. Orgill additionally does not make any allegations regarding the citizenship of
FOT, LLC (“FOT”) and Zhejiang Focus-On Import & Export Co., Ltd. (“Zhejiang”). See generally Docket No. 1. According to the Second Amended Complaint, FOT is a limited liability company and Zhejiang is a “foreign corporation.” See Docket No. 6 at 1-2. However, the notice of removal states that Zhejiang is a limited liability company. Docket No. 1 at 2, ¶ 1. The citizenship of a limited liability company is determined, not by its state of organization or principal place of business, but by the citizenship of all of its members. See Siloam Springs Hotel, LLC v. Century Sur. Co., 781 F.3d 1233, 1237-38 (10th Cir. 2015) (“[I]n determining the citizenship of an unincorporated association for purposes of diversity, federal courts must include all the entities’ members.”). The Notice of
Removal does not identify FOT or Zhejiang’s members and their citizenship, leaving the Court unable to determine the citizenship of these defendants. See Den 8888, LLC v. Navajo Express, Inc., No. 21-cv-00321-STV, 2021 WL 463623, at *3 (D. Colo. Feb. 9, 2021); U.S. Advisor, LLC v. Berkshire Prop. Advisors, LLC, No. 09-cv-00697-PAB-CBS, 2009 WL 2055206, at *2 (D. Colo. July 10, 2009) (citing Hicklin Eng’g, L.C. v. Bartell, 439 F.3d 346, 347 (7th Cir. 2006)); Alphonse v. Arch Bay Holdings, L.L.C., 618 F. App’x 765, 768 (5th Cir. 2015) (unpublished) (“[W]e have observed that the appropriate tests for citizenship involve tracing [entities’] citizenships down the various organizational
3 layers where necessary.” (internal citation omitted)); Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London v. Osting-Schwinn, 613 F.3d 1079, 1092 (11th Cir. 2010) (remanding case in which party invoking the court’s diversity jurisdiction did not disclose the identity and citizenship of each member of an unincorporated entity); Delay v. Rosenthal Collins Grp., LLC, 585
F.3d 1003, 1005 (6th Cir. 2009) (“When diversity jurisdiction is invoked in a case in which a limited liability company is a party, the court needs to know the citizenship of each member of the company. And because a member of a limited liability company may itself have multiple members – and thus may itself have multiple citizenships – the federal court needs to know the citizenship of each ‘sub-member’ as well.”); Rolling Greens MHP, L.P. v. Comcast SCH Holdings L.L.C., 374 F.3d 1020, 1022 (11th Cir. 2004) (“[A] party must list the citizenships of all the members of the limited liability company.”); Prospect Funding Holdings, LLC v. Fennell, 2015 WL 4477120, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 15, 2015) (collecting New York district court decisions holding that a limited liability company must “plead facts establishing their citizenship
including, . . . the identity and citizenship of their members” in order to invoke diversity jurisdiction). Finally, Orgill has not complied with 28 U.S.C. § 1446.
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO Chief Judge Philip A. Brimmer Civil Action No. 22-cv-02128-PAB AMERICAN FAMILY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, S.I., a foreign corporation, Plaintiff, v. FOT LLC, a foreign limited liability company, ZHEJIANG FOCUS-ON IMPORT & EXPORT CO., LTD., a foreign corporation, ORGILL, INC., a Tennessee corporation, Defendants. ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE The Court takes up this matter sua sponte on the Notice or Removal [Docket No. 1] filed by defendant Orgill, Inc. (“Orgill”). Orgill asserts that this Court has jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Docket No. 1 at 5, ¶ 13. In every case and at every stage of the proceeding, a federal court must satisfy itself as to its own jurisdiction, even if doing so requires sua sponte action. See Citizens Concerned for Separation of Church & State v. City & Cnty. of Denver, 628 F.2d 1289, 1297 (10th Cir. 1980). Absent an assurance that jurisdiction exists, a court may not proceed in a case. See Cunningham v. BHP Petroleum Gr. Brit. PLC, 427 F.3d 1238, 1245 (10th Cir. 2005). Courts are well-advised to raise the issue of jurisdiction on their own, regardless of parties’ apparent acquiescence. First, it is the Court’s duty to do so. Tuck v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 859 F.2d 842, 844 (10th Cir.
1988). Second, regarding subject matter jurisdiction, “the consent of the parties is irrelevant, principles of estoppel do not apply, and a party does not waive the requirement by failing to challenge jurisdiction.” Ins. Corp. of Ir. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 702 (1982) (citations omitted). Finally, delay in addressing the issue only compounds the problem if, despite much time and expense
having been dedicated to the case, a lack of jurisdiction causes it to be dismissed. See U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. Pinkard Constr. Co., No. 09-cv-00491-PAB-MJW, 2009 WL 2338116, at *3 (D. Colo. July 28, 2009). “The party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing such jurisdiction as a threshold matter.” Radil v. Sanborn W. Camps, Inc., 384 F.3d 1220, 1224 (10th Cir. 2004). Orgill asserts that the Court has diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Docket No. 1 at 5, ¶ 13. Pursuant to that section, “district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs, and is between . . . citizens of different States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). A corporation is deemed to be a citizen of
“every State and foreign state by which it has been incorporated and of the State or foreign state where it has its principal place of business.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1). While, at the pleading stage, the Court takes as true all “well-pled (that is, plausible, conclusory, and non-speculative) facts,” Dudnikov v. Chalk & Vermilion Fine Arts, 514 F.3d 1063, 1070 (10th Cir. 2008), the allegations regarding the citizenship of all defendants are not well-pled. Additionally, Orgill does not indicate whether the other defendants consent to removal. Orgill does not properly allege its own citizenship. The citizenship of a
2 corporation is determined by its state of incorporation and principal place of business, see 28 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1). Orgill states that it is a “Tennessee corporation,” but does not allege its principal place of business. See Docket No. 1 at 2, ¶ 5. Orgill additionally does not make any allegations regarding the citizenship of
FOT, LLC (“FOT”) and Zhejiang Focus-On Import & Export Co., Ltd. (“Zhejiang”). See generally Docket No. 1. According to the Second Amended Complaint, FOT is a limited liability company and Zhejiang is a “foreign corporation.” See Docket No. 6 at 1-2. However, the notice of removal states that Zhejiang is a limited liability company. Docket No. 1 at 2, ¶ 1. The citizenship of a limited liability company is determined, not by its state of organization or principal place of business, but by the citizenship of all of its members. See Siloam Springs Hotel, LLC v. Century Sur. Co., 781 F.3d 1233, 1237-38 (10th Cir. 2015) (“[I]n determining the citizenship of an unincorporated association for purposes of diversity, federal courts must include all the entities’ members.”). The Notice of
Removal does not identify FOT or Zhejiang’s members and their citizenship, leaving the Court unable to determine the citizenship of these defendants. See Den 8888, LLC v. Navajo Express, Inc., No. 21-cv-00321-STV, 2021 WL 463623, at *3 (D. Colo. Feb. 9, 2021); U.S. Advisor, LLC v. Berkshire Prop. Advisors, LLC, No. 09-cv-00697-PAB-CBS, 2009 WL 2055206, at *2 (D. Colo. July 10, 2009) (citing Hicklin Eng’g, L.C. v. Bartell, 439 F.3d 346, 347 (7th Cir. 2006)); Alphonse v. Arch Bay Holdings, L.L.C., 618 F. App’x 765, 768 (5th Cir. 2015) (unpublished) (“[W]e have observed that the appropriate tests for citizenship involve tracing [entities’] citizenships down the various organizational
3 layers where necessary.” (internal citation omitted)); Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London v. Osting-Schwinn, 613 F.3d 1079, 1092 (11th Cir. 2010) (remanding case in which party invoking the court’s diversity jurisdiction did not disclose the identity and citizenship of each member of an unincorporated entity); Delay v. Rosenthal Collins Grp., LLC, 585
F.3d 1003, 1005 (6th Cir. 2009) (“When diversity jurisdiction is invoked in a case in which a limited liability company is a party, the court needs to know the citizenship of each member of the company. And because a member of a limited liability company may itself have multiple members – and thus may itself have multiple citizenships – the federal court needs to know the citizenship of each ‘sub-member’ as well.”); Rolling Greens MHP, L.P. v. Comcast SCH Holdings L.L.C., 374 F.3d 1020, 1022 (11th Cir. 2004) (“[A] party must list the citizenships of all the members of the limited liability company.”); Prospect Funding Holdings, LLC v. Fennell, 2015 WL 4477120, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 15, 2015) (collecting New York district court decisions holding that a limited liability company must “plead facts establishing their citizenship
including, . . . the identity and citizenship of their members” in order to invoke diversity jurisdiction). Finally, Orgill has not complied with 28 U.S.C. § 1446. Section 1446 states that, “[w]hen a civil action is removed solely under section 1441(a), all defendants who have been properly joined and served must join in or consent to the removal of the action.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(2)(A). The copy of the state court docket filed by Orgill indicates that a return of service was filed on May 12, 2022 for FOT and July 25, 2022 for Zhejiang, Docket No. 1-3 at 1, which is before the notice of removal was filed. Courts
4 understand § 1446 to mean that “a petition filed by less than all the named defendants is considered defective if it fails to contain an explanation for the absence of co-defendants.” Scheall v. Ingram, 930 F. Supp. 1448, 1449 (D. Colo.1996); see also Cornwall v. Robinson, 654 F.2d 685, 686 (10th Cir. 1981) (“A co-defendant . . . did not
join in the petition for removal and the petition was thus procedurally defective.”). A removal that does not comply with the express statutory requirements for removal “can fairly be said to render the removal ‘defective’ and justify a remand.” Huffman v. Saul Holdings Ltd. P’ship, 194 F.3d 1072, 1077 (10th Cir. 1999) (quoting Snapper, Inc. v. Redan, 171 F.3d 1249, 1253 (11th Cir. 1999)); see also Centura Health Corp. v. Agnew, No. 18-cv-00569-RBJ, 2018 WL 3454976, at * 3 (D. Colo. July 18, 2018). Because removal is entirely a statutory right, the relevant procedures must be followed. See Cohen v. Hoard, 696 F. Supp. 564, 565 (D. Kan. 1988). Thus, “[t]he failure of all defendants to consent to removal will result in remand.” Padilla v. Am. Modern Home Ins. Co., 282 F. Supp. 3d 1234, 1254–55 (D.N.M. 2017). Additionally,
the unanimity rule requires that, “[w]here there are multiple defendants, all defendants served at the time of filing must join in the notice of removal.” Vasquez v. Americano U.S.A., LLC, 536 F. Supp. 2d 1253, 1257 (D.N.M. 2008) (citing Cornwall v. Robinson, 654 F.2d 685, 686 (10th Cir. 1981)). Courts have also required that, to join a notice of removal, the support must be in writing. See, e.g., Roybal v. City of Albuquerque, 2008 WL 5991063, at *2 (D.N.M. Sept. 24, 2008); Henderson v. Holmes, 920 F. Supp. 1184, 1186 (D. Kan. 1996). The lack of unanimous consent, however, is a procedural defect, not a jurisdictional defect. See Farmland Nat’l Beef Packing Co., L.P. v. Stone
5 Container Corp., 98 F. App’x 752, 756 (10th Cir. 2004) (unpublished) (citing SBKC Serv. Corp. v. 1111 Prospect Partners, L.P., 105 F.3d 578, 580 (10th Cir. 1997)); see also Sheet Metal Workers Int’l Ass’n v. Seay, 693 F.2d 1000, 1005 n.8 (10th Cir. 1982). Because the allegations regarding each defendants’ citizenship are not well-pled,
the Court is unable to determine whether the Court has jurisdiction. See United States ex rel. General Rock & Sand Corp. v. Chuska Dev. Corp., 55 F.3d 1491, 1495 (10th Cir. 1995) (“The party seeking the exercise of jurisdiction in his favor must allege in his pleading the facts essential to show jurisdiction.” (quotations omitted)). Additionally, the Court believes that Orgill has not complied with 28 U.S.C. § 1446. It is therefore ORDERED that, on or before September 7, 2022, Orgill shall show cause why this case should not be remanded to state court due to the Court’s lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
DATED August 25, 2022. BY THE COURT:
PHILIP A. BRIMMER Chief United States District Judge