IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 14–1808
Filed June 24, 2016
Amended September 12, 2016
ERIKA L. SPITZ f/k/a ERIKA L. GENTZ,
Plaintiff,
vs.
IOWA DISTRICT COURT FOR MITCHELL COUNTY,
Defendant.
On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.
Certiorari to the Iowa District Court for Mitchell County,
Christopher C. Foy, Judge.
An ex-spouse seeks further review of a decision of the court of
appeals upholding a district court ruling that she did not purge a
contempt based on her failure to comply with the visitation provisions of
the dissolution decree and ordering her to serve the previously imposed
thirty-day jail sentence. WRIT ANNULLED.
Jaclyn M. Zimmerman of Harrison & Dietz-Kilen, P.L.C., Des
Moines, for plaintiff.
Scott A. Michels (until withdrawal) of Gourley, Rehkemper &
Lindholm, P.L.C., West Des Moines, for defendant.
Bradley A. Gentz, pro se. ZAGER, Justice.
This case presents several questions of Fourteenth Amendment
due process in the context of civil contempt. After two former spouses
were both found in contempt for willfully violating provisions of the
dissolution decree, they were given an opportunity to avoid jail by
purging their respective contempts. Each claimed the other did not meet
the conditions for purging contempt so a subsequent hearing was held.
The ex-spouses appeared pro se, and the district court limited the time
for the hearing. At the conclusion of the hearing, the district court found
that neither spouse had purged their contempt and ordered each to serve
time in jail.
The ex-spouse who had been found in contempt for denying
visitation with the children to the other ex-spouse sought a writ of
certiorari. She argued the Fourteenth Amendment was violated (1) when
she was allowed to proceed without counsel or a valid waiver of the right
to counsel, (2) when the district court imposed a time limitation on the
hearing, and (3) when the district court did not allow the children to
testify. The court of appeals rejected her arguments and annulled the
writ.
On further review, we conclude she was not entitled to the right to
counsel under the United States Constitution at the hearing to determine
whether she had purged her civil contempt. We also conclude, under the
specific facts and circumstances of this case, neither the time limitation
nor the refusal to allow the children to testify resulted in a denial of due
process.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
Erika Spitz (formerly Erika Gentz) and Bradley Gentz were divorced
pursuant to a stipulation and decree of dissolution of marriage entered on November 21, 2011. Erika and Bradley are the parents of three
children. At the time of their divorce, all three children were minors.
The stipulation, incorporated by the district court into its decree,
provided for joint legal custody of the children with primary physical
custody awarded to Erika. Specific visitation rights were provided to
Bradley. The stipulation also provided for child support payable by
Bradley and for an allocation between the parties for the costs of
uncovered medical expenses for the children. Both parties were
represented by counsel during the initial divorce proceedings.
Unfortunately, the decree of dissolution was not the end of these
parties’ involvement with the court system. On March 27, 2013, Bradley
filed a pro se application to have Erika held in contempt for denying
visitation. On April 18, Erika, who was still represented by counsel, filed
an application of her own to have Bradley held in contempt for failing to
pay his share of medical bills. A hearing on both applications was held
on May 14, at which Erika appeared with her counsel and Bradley
appeared pro se. The hearing was not completed due to other matters on
the court’s calendar. However, based on the parties’ agreement, the
district court did order “counseling for the purposes of building the
relationship between [Bradley] and their three daughters, and facilitating
visitation between [Bradley] and the girls.” The hearing was completed
on August 12. Again, Erika was represented by counsel and Bradley
appeared pro se. The district court did not rule immediately.
On August 20, Bradley filed another pro se application for
contempt, alleging that Erika was willfully refusing to cooperate in
scheduling appointments with the counselor appointed by the district
court. On September 25, the district court issued a detailed ruling based
on the evidence it had received on May 14 and August 12. Among other
things, the district court found the following:
Although Bradley has made several attempts to pick up the girls from her home for purposes of visitation, Erika has not required or even encouraged any of them to go on a single visit with their father. In fact, Erika routinely calls the police to remove Bradley from her property when he does show up to get their daughters. Erika acknowledges that Bradley has not had regular visitation with any of their daughters since March 2012. Erika knows that Bradley is entitled to regular visitation with the girls under the Decree. However, Erika claims that the girls are afraid of Bradley and do not want to have visitation, so she has not required them to go with their father.
While it appears that [two of the girls] now may feel uncomfortable in the presence of Bradley, there is absolutely nothing in the record to suggest these feelings are justified. Erika offered no evidence to show that Bradley presents any threat or risk of harm to any of their daughters. She admitted that Bradley has never hit or physically abused her or any of the girls.
Erika did not describe a single event or situation that would explain why the girls supposedly do not feel safe or comfortable around Bradley.
The district court went on to find that there was “no good reason for
Erika to ignore and disobey the visitation provisions of the Decree” and
that Erika’s failure to allow visitation after March 2012 was “willful,
intentional, and contrary to a known duty imposed on her under the
Decree.”
Turning to Bradley, the district court rejected his argument that he
did not have an obligation to reimburse Erika for a share of orthodontia
expenses for one of the daughters because Erika did not consult with
him before the braces were installed. The district court found both Erika
and Bradley in contempt. The district court ordered Erika to serve twenty days in jail, but
gave her an opportunity to purge the contempt by providing visitation in
October and paying the counseling service’s fees. In a similar vein, the
district court ordered Bradley to serve five days in jail, but gave him the
opportunity to purge the contempt by paying $2975.45 within thirty
days. This represented his unpaid share of medical expenses for 2012
and 2013. The district court stated that it would assume both
contempts had been purged unless otherwise notified.
On October 1, the district court held a further hearing—this time
on Bradley’s August 20 application. At this hearing, both parties
appeared pro se. On October 15, the district court dismissed the August
20 application. The district court criticized both parties, suggesting that
both of them appeared to be more interested in scoring points against
each other than in the well-being of their daughters.
Between November 2013 and March 2014, Bradley had only three
visits with the two minor children. 1 Bradley was denied visitation and
the children expressed frustration with the visitation arrangement.
Between November 2013 and March 2014, Erika and Bradley discussed
whether they could agree to reduce Bradley’s visitation with the children in exchange for reducing the amount of child support he paid each
month. With the help of Erika’s attorney, they drafted a potential
agreement whereby Bradley would give up his parental rights in
exchange for lowering his child support payments to $100 per child per
month until age eighteen, and a one-time payment of $1500 for any and
all future medical expenses. Because of ongoing disagreements between
the parties and concerns whether the district court would enforce such
1The third child of the parties had reached the age of majority by this time. an agreement, no modification occurred regarding parental rights or
visitation. The original schedule for visitation contained in the November
2011 stipulation and decree remained in effect.
On March 16, 2014, Erika’s counsel moved to withdraw. Counsel
explained that there was currently no pending activity in the case but
Bradley had requested that a formal withdrawal be entered. Erika’s
counsel added that he had written to her in January that he would no
longer be involved in the case. A formal order of withdrawal was entered
March 27.
On March 27, Bradley filed a pro se affidavit to start a new
contempt proceeding against Erika. In his affidavit, Bradley alleged that
Erika violated the September 2013 contempt order and she continued to
violate the original visitation schedule. The next day, Erika responded by
filing a pro se affidavit to start contempt proceedings against Bradley.
Erika alleged that Bradley had failed to pay his portion of uncovered
medical expenses for one of the children.
A hearing on the dueling contempt actions came before the district
court on May 27. Neither party was represented by counsel at this
hearing. On June 3, the district court issued its order finding both Erika
and Bradley in contempt of court under Iowa Code section 598.23
(2013). 2 The district court found Erika in contempt for failing to provide
visitation as required by the stipulation and decree and sentenced her to
2Iowa Code section 598.23 deals specifically with contempt proceedings in the context of dissolution of marriage. It provides, If a person against whom a temporary order or final decree has been entered willfully disobeys the order or decree, the person may be cited and punished by the court for contempt and be committed to the county jail for a period of time not to exceed thirty days for each offense. Iowa Code § 598.23 (2013). thirty days in jail. Mittimus on the jail sentence was withheld to give
Erika the opportunity to purge the contempt. In order to purge the
contempt, Erika was required to follow a graduated visitation schedule
ordered by the district court. Specifically, the district court ordered
visitation for the months of June and July that would take place in the
office of a social worker, counselor, or clergy member selected by Erika.
Beginning August 1, visitation was to resume pursuant to the original
stipulation and decree. The district court also ordered Erika to file a
statement detailing the efforts she took to achieve the court-ordered
visitation and purge the contempt, specifically noting the dates when
visitation occurred. The district court also found Bradley in contempt for
failing to pay $2019.45 in uncovered medical expenses. Bradley had
sixty days to pay his share of the unreimbursed medical expenses in
order to purge his contempt. Neither Erika nor Bradley appealed the
district court order finding them in contempt.
Bradley had visitation with the children in June and July
consistent with the district court’s order. Each visitation was supervised
by the children’s pastor. In August, Bradley began exercising visitation
with the children consistent with the stipulation and decree and
consistent with the district court order.
On August 4, Erika filed an affidavit contending Bradley had failed
to pay the $2019.45 within sixty days. On August 7, after Bradley’s first
regularly scheduled visitation with the children, Erika filed an emergency
motion with the district court to modify visitation. In the motion, Erika
alleged the two teenage children were fearful of Bradley and did not want
to continue their visitation. Following the filing of this motion, the
children attended their first weekend visitation with Bradley. However,
when they returned home on August 10, the police chief was waiting at Erika’s home. The next time Bradley arrived at Erika’s home to pick up
the children for visitation, he was met by a department of human
services (DHS) investigator and a police officer. They advised Bradley
that Erika had filed a report with DHS alleging emotional abuse and that
the children would not be going with him for visitation. Erika suggested
that the children’s counselor also may have reported Bradley to DHS for
emotional abuse.
Between August 10 and September 2, DHS conducted its
investigation into the allegations. During this time, the children did not
attend any visitations with Bradley. In a report dated September 2, DHS
concluded that the allegations of emotional abuse were not confirmed.
After receipt of this report, Erika made no effort to reestablish visitation
between Bradley and the children.
On August 25 and September 4, Bradley filed affidavits asserting
that Erika had wrongfully denied him visitation. A combined hearing on
these matters took place on September 16. The orders setting the
combined hearing indicated that jail sanctions would be the subject of
the hearing and that the hearing would be limited to one hour. Neither
party objected that this time would be insufficient or sought additional
time.
Both parties appeared pro se at the hearing on September 16. At
the outset of the hearing, the district court identified the matters that
would be considered. Among other things, the district court stated,
The third matter that the Court will consider is the . . . affidavit that [Bradley] filed alleging that . . . [Erika] has failed to comply with the provisions of an order . . . that the Court entered on June 3, 2014 finding . . . [Erika] to be in contempt and then allowing [Erika] an opportunity to purge herself of the contempt. The affidavit that [Bradley] has filed alleges that [Erika] has not complied with the requirements or the conditions that the Court had set out for her to . . . purge the contempt.
The district court then asked each party if he or she was prepared
to proceed without counsel, knowing that the result of the hearing could
be an order directing them to jail. Specifically, the district court inquired
of Erika, “Well, Ms. Spitz, knowing that the result of this hearing could
be an order directing you to go to jail, are you prepared to proceed today
without an attorney or do you want time to, um, hire an attorney?” She
answered, “I will proceed, Your Honor, because, um, due to the reputation of the case, it’s been difficult to communicate with an attorney
in regards to retaining one.”
After both Erika and Bradley agreed to continue with the hearing
without representation, the district court stated that it had “some
familiarity with the case and the issues that . . . the two of you have
struggled with.” 3 It added that it was an hour behind schedule, and
there was another matter still to be heard that afternoon. It stated that
each party would have twenty-five minutes to present evidence, cross-
examine parties or witnesses, and make arguments to the court. The
district court explained that this would enable the hearing to be completed within an hour.
The hearing actually took one hour and twenty minutes. The
district court first took up the issue of whether Bradley had purged
himself of his contempt. The district court next turned to the emergency
motion for modification and then to whether Erika had purged her
contempt. At this point the district court informed Erika that she had
“pretty much used her time” and informed Bradley that he had two or
3The district judge presiding over this hearing was the same judge who had conducted all the 2013 contempt hearings and who had entered the September 25 and October 15, 2013 contempt rulings. three minutes of time left and could ask a few questions of Erika if he
wished. Bradley’s “cross-examination,” probably not surprisingly for a
hearing at which neither party was represented, was essentially a back-
and-forth argument between the parties. At this point, the district court
gave the parties an opportunity to offer additional exhibits.
Erika had brought the children with her to the courthouse so they
could testify at the hearing. Prior to the hearing, Bradley had asked
Erika not to bring the children because he did not want them to testify.
During the hearing, Erika mentioned several times to the district court
that it should hear the children’s “truth” about their visitations with their
father. The district court declined to let the children testify. However, it
admitted into evidence a letter from each child detailing their feelings
about their father and their visitations with him.
On October 9, the district court found that neither Erika nor
Bradley had purged their respective contempt citations under Iowa Code
section 598.23. With respect to Erika, the district court’s order found,
The evidence before the Court clearly shows that neither Erika nor Bradley has done what was required for purging his or her respective contempt. The Decree entitles Bradley to visitation with [the girls] every other weekend, but Erika has not provided Bradley visitation with the girls since August 10, 2014. It might be argued that Erika was justified in denying visitation for roughly three weeks while the Department of Human Services investigated a report of child abuse made against Bradley. The investigation was completed by September 2, 2014, and the report of abuse was not confirmed. Even after the investigation was done, Erika continued to deny Bradley any visitation. The refusal of Erika to provide Bradley visitation after September 2, 2014, is contrary to the Decree. Because Erika failed to purge her contempt, the Court concludes that the sanction originally fixed in the Contempt Order should be carried out. The order contained an additional paragraph detailing Bradley’s
noncompliance. Erika was directed to serve the previously ordered thirty
days in jail and Bradley was ordered to serve ten days in jail.
At this point, each party hired an attorney and filed a motion for
reconsideration. When both motions for reconsideration were denied,
Erika filed a petition for writ of certiorari, which we granted, along with a
temporary stay.
Erika’s opening brief argued (1) the district court denied her Sixth
Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment rights by imposing a jail
sentence following a proceeding at which she was not represented by
counsel, (2) she did not waive her right to counsel, (3) she was also
denied her Fourteenth Amendment rights by the district court’s time
limitations and limitations on the presentation of evidence, and (4) the
evidence does not support the finding that she failed to purge her
contempt. 4 Bradley did not file a brief in response. We transferred the
case to the court of appeals. The court of appeals rendered a decision
that annulled the writ. We granted Erika’s application for further review.
II. Standard of Review.
Generally, we review certiorari actions for correction of errors at law. State v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 801 N.W.2d 513, 517 (Iowa 2011). However,
when a certiorari action alleges a violation of a constitutional right, we
have recognized an exception to this general rule. Id. When the violation
of a constitutional right is alleged, our standard of review is de novo. Id.
To the extent Erika raises constitutional issues, we review them de novo.
Erika also raises nonconstitutional issues. To the extent she alleges the
4All constitutional arguments were raised only under the United States Constitution. We do not consider any claim under article I, section 10 of the Iowa Constitution. finding of contempt or the finding she failed to purge the contempt is in
error, our review is at law. See Ary v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 735 N.W.2d 621,
624 (Iowa 2007). We therefore examine “the jurisdiction of the district
court and the legality of its actions.” Id. (quoting Christensen v. Iowa
Dist. Ct., 578 N.W.2d 675, 678 (Iowa 1998)). We find error when the
district court’s finding of facts are not supported by substantial evidence
or when the court has not applied the law properly. Id.
III. Analysis.
A. Right to Counsel Under the Federal Constitution. Erika
first contends the September 16 purge hearing violated her constitutional
rights under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments. The Sixth
Amendment is clearly not at issue because this is not a criminal
proceeding. See, e.g., McNabb v. Osmundson, 315 N.W.2d 9, 11 (Iowa
1982) (holding “the protections that shelter [civil contemnors] are to be
found in the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment”). We
begin our discussion with how we have historically treated the right to
counsel in civil contempt proceedings.
There are two types of contempt: civil and criminal. Many courts
have recognized that civil contempt proceedings in which there is the
possibility of imprisonment are quasi-criminal in nature and thus require
certain due process rights. See, e.g., Phillips v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 380
N.W.2d 706, 708 (Iowa 1986). The distinction between civil and criminal
contempt is based upon the purpose of the contempt proceeding, namely
whether it is meant to punish or meant to coerce. See 1 Wayne R.
LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law § 1.7(e), at 68 (2003).
Criminal contempt is punitive in nature. Id. These proceedings
are intended to “preserve the power and vindicate the dignity of the
courts, and to punish for disobedience of their orders.” Id. Civil contempt, on the other hand, is remedial and coercive in nature. Id. The
parties who have the chief interest in the outcome of civil contempt
proceedings are individuals whose private rights or remedies are being
protected by the proceedings. Id. Civil contempt proceedings are
intended “to preserve and enforce the rights of private parties to suits,
and to compel obedience to orders and decrees made to enforce the
rights and administer the remedies to which the court has found them to
be entitled.” Id. This is true even when the underlying punishment is
imprisonment. “If the relief provided is a sentence of imprisonment, it is
remedial if the ‘defendant stands committed unless and until he
performs the affirmative act required by the court’s order . . . .’ ” Id.
(quoting Hicks ex. rel. Feiock v. Feiock, 485 U.S. 624, 632, 108 S. Ct.
1423, 1429, 99 L. Ed. 2d 721, 731 (1988)).
Despite this distinction, certain civil contempt proceedings do
require due process rights similar to those required in criminal
proceedings. In the past, when we have addressed the question of the
right to counsel in contempt proceedings, we have answered the question
under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, rather
than the Sixth Amendment. See McNabb, 315 N.W.2d at 11. Utilizing
the Due Process Clause, we have concluded that there are a number of
safeguards afforded individuals in contempt proceedings—both civil and
criminal. 5 In Phillips, we established that the Due Process Clause
requires that contempt be proved beyond a reasonable doubt because of
the quasi-criminal nature of the proceedings. Phillips, 380 N.W.2d at
707–09.
5In State v. Mott, we noted that we treat all contempt proceedings as quasi- criminal, including civil contempt cases. 731 N.W.2d 392, 394 (Iowa 2007). In McNabb, we noted that there are a number of due process
requirements applicable to indirect 6 contempt proceedings:
Except for a narrowly limited category of contempts, due process of law . . . requires that one charged with contempt of court be advised of the charges against him, have a reasonable opportunity to meet them by way of defense or explanation, have the right to be represented by counsel, and have a chance to testify and call other witnesses in his behalf, either by way of defense or explanation.
McNabb, 315 N.W.2d at 12 (quoting In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257, 275, 68
S. Ct. 499, 508–09, 92 L. Ed. 682, 695 (1948)). We have applied these due process rights in civil contempt cases since the early 1980s. See,
e.g., Van Meter v. Hellwege, 356 N.W.2d 541, 543 (Iowa 1984) (noting
that the denial of counsel in the civil contempt proceeding was a denial of
due process).
In McNabb, we concluded that the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment requires the right to counsel in both civil and
criminal contempt proceedings. 315 N.W.2d at 11. We also recognized
there is a distinction between whether the right to counsel exists and
under what circumstances it is required that an attorney must be
appointed for an indigent defendant. Id. at 12 (“Of course, it is plain that
the right to be represented by counsel does not answer the question
when and in what circumstances the due process clause requires that an
attorney be appointed for an indigent.”). In McNabb, we separated the
analysis for whether an individual is entitled to the right to counsel in a
contempt proceeding and whether an individual is entitled to a state-
6An indirect contempt is an act that was committed outside the court’s presence while a direct contempt is one that occurs in the presence of the court. McNabb, 315 N.W.2d at 11. appointed attorney. Id. We also noted that “the opinions of the United
States Supreme Court [have not] laid out a clear path to the answer.” Id.
Five years ago, the Supreme Court attempted to answer this
question. See Turner v. Rogers, 564 U.S. 431, 441, 131 S. Ct. 2507,
2515–16, 180 L. Ed. 2d 452, 461 (2011). “The interest in securing . . .
the freedom ‘from bodily restraint,’ lies ‘at the core of the liberty
protected by the Due Process Clause.’ ” Id. at 445, 131 S. Ct. at 2518,
180 L. Ed. 2d at 464 (quoting Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71, 80, 112
S. Ct. 1780, 1785, 118 L. Ed. 2d 437, 448 (1992)). “And we have made
clear that its threatened loss through legal proceedings demands ‘due
process protection.’ ” Id. (quoting Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 425,
99 S. Ct. 1804, 1809, 60 L. Ed. 2d 323, 331 (1979)). 7
Turner involved a contempt proceeding brought by the mother of a
child, Rogers, against the father of a child, Turner, for failure to pay child
support. Id. at 436–37, 131 S. Ct. at 2513, 180 L. Ed. 2d at 458–59.
Neither side was represented by counsel. Id. at 437, 131 S. Ct. at 2513,
180 L. Ed. 2d at 459. At the abbreviated contempt hearing, Turner, who
had a history of substance abuse and was on disability, was only asked
by the judge if there was anything he wanted to say. Id. He gave a brief statement saying he was sorry and asking for a chance. Id. Rogers was
then given an opportunity to speak. Id. The court sentenced Turner to a
year in jail without any finding on his ability to pay. Id.
On appeal, the issue before the Supreme Court was “whether the
Due Process Clause grants an indigent defendant . . . a right to state-
appointed counsel at a civil contempt proceeding, which may lead to
7Turner also made clear that there is no right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment in a civil contempt proceeding. 564 U.S. at 441–42, 131 S. Ct. at 2516, 180 L. Ed. 2d at 461–62. incarceration.” Id. at 441, 131 S. Ct. at 2515–16, 180 L. Ed. 2d at 461.
The Court held that the Due Process Clause does not require the
provision of counsel in a civil contempt proceeding filed by an indigent
private party so long as adequate procedural safeguards are present. Id.
at 446–48, 131 S. Ct. at 2518–20, 180 L. Ed. 2d at 463–66.
In the context of a hearing for the nonpayment of child support,
Turner held that the relevant procedural safeguards were “adequate
notice of the importance of ability to pay, fair opportunity to present, and
to dispute, relevant information, and court findings.” Id. at 448, 131
S. Ct. at 2520, 180 L. Ed. 2d at 466. The Court found that Turner’s
incarceration violated the Due Process Clause because Turner was not
notified that the issue at his hearing would be his ability to pay, he was
not given a fair opportunity to present financial information, and there
was no court finding that he was even able to pay child support. Id. at
449, 131 S. Ct. at 2520, 180 L. Ed. 2d at 466–67.
Thus, Turner requires us to consider whether adequate procedural
safeguards were present in assessing Erika’s right to counsel under the
Due Process Clause. First, as to notice, the foregoing background
discussion makes it very clear that Erika was on notice of the central
issue in the case—whether she had provided visitation to Bradley.
Second, as to opportunity to present and dispute relevant information,
Erika offered both her own testimony and letters from each of the minor
children. She was able to present an uninterrupted explanation of why
visitation did not occur between Bradley and the children. Third, as
detailed above, there were specific court findings made by the district
court in its order. We hold that all of the procedural safeguards required
under Turner were met here. Again, the hearing in this case was vastly different from the
hearing described in Turner where the respondent had no notice of the
issue that was being decided (i.e., his ability to pay), he had no
opportunity to present or dispute evidence on the issue, and there were
no court findings specific to the issue. Id. Erika received all of those
procedural safeguards here. Accordingly, under the circumstances
presented, Erika’s due process right to counsel under the United States
Constitution was not violated at the hearing to determine whether she
had purged her contempt. 8
B. Other Issues Argued on Appeal. In addition to the right to
counsel argument, Erika raises other issues on appeal. We address each
issue in turn.
1. Due process violation due to time limitations. Erika argues that
her right under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to
introduce evidence and to offer testimony in her defense was violated
because of the time limitations imposed by the district court during the
hearing. Specifically, Erika objected to the significant time limitations
put on her by the district court and her inability to call the children in
her defense.
“Due process mandates that persons who are required to settle
disputes through the judicial process ‘must be given a meaningful
opportunity to be heard.’ ” In re Marriage of Seyler, 559 N.W.2d 7, 9
(Iowa 1997) (quoting Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 377, 91 S. Ct.
780, 785, 28 L. Ed. 2d 113, 118 (1971)). “This opportunity to be heard
must be ‘granted at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.’ ”
8Since we conclude Erika was not entitled to the right to counsel at the purge hearing, we need not address the issue of waiver of the right to counsel. Id. (quoting Boddie, 401 U.S. at 378, 91 S. Ct. at 786, 28 L. Ed. 2d at
119). However, the hearing that is guaranteed by the Due Process
Clause varies depending on what is “appropriate to the nature of the
case.” Id. (quoting United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667, 677, 100
S. Ct. 2406, 2413, 65 L. Ed. 2d 424, 434 (1980)). When a district court
determines what type of hearing is required by due process, it must
consider
(a) the private interests implicated; (b) the risk of an erroneous determination by reason of the process accorded and the probable value of added procedural safeguards; and (c) the public interest and administrative burdens, including costs that the additional procedures would involve.
Id. (quoting Raddatz, 447 U.S. at 677, 100 S. Ct. at 2413, 65 L. Ed. 2d at
434).
We recognize that the “trial court has considerable discretion in
directing the course of the trial.” Glenn v. Carlstrom, 556 N.W.2d 800,
804 (Iowa 1996). While a district court has the inherent authority to
manage its docket and calendar, the court’s power to manage the cases
in its docket “while economizing on time and effort must be consistent
with the Constitution and statutes. A court’s discretion in setting its calendar and managing cases is limited by due process . . . .” 88 C.J.S.
Trial § 80, at 70–71 (2012). Perhaps most importantly, “[c]rowded
dockets and administrative efficiency cannot deprive litigants of their day
in court.” Id. § 80, at 71. While time limits serve a purpose, when they
are applied arbitrarily and inflexibly to a case with no consideration for
the particular facts and circumstances of the litigants, those time limits
can pose a threat to due process. In re Marriage of Ilhe, 577 N.W.2d 64,
67 (Iowa Ct. App. 1998). “Thus, judges must not sacrifice their primary
goal of justice by rigidly adhering to time limits in the name of efficiency.” Id. at 68. While district courts have discretion to set time limits on
hearings, this discretion is not limitless and cannot deprive citizens of
their rights.
Under the circumstances of the case, we do not find that the time
limitations denied Erika due process under the Fourteenth Amendment.
The parties were informed of the overall one-hour time limit well in
advance and did not seek relief from it. The district judge who heard the
matter had a prior familiarity with these parties and their disputes,
having presided over contempt hearings on three separate occasions in
2013 and having issued two detailed rulings. 9 Both parties here were
proceeding pro se. Given the contentious relationship between the
parties, that made the district court’s job difficult. The district court
allowed twenty minutes more than had been originally set aside for the
hearing. Both parties testified for approximately the same amount of
time. The district court did its best to steer the parties toward the
relevant issues.
Having said all this, we nonetheless take this opportunity to voice
a reminder that arbitrary time limitations should not be placed on
hearings and trials. It is incumbent upon all participants in our court proceedings to ensure that the due process rights of all litigants are
respected by allowing sufficient time for the presentment of evidence,
testimony of witnesses, and argument.
2. Due process violation due to limits on the presentation of
evidence. Relatedly, Erika argues that the district court violated the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment in not allowing her to
9In fact, when the initial contempt hearing on May 14, 2013, could not be completed in the time originally allocated, this same district judge allowed it to be resumed on August 12. present testimony from the minor children, who were fifteen and fourteen
at the time of the purge hearing. We disagree. This was not an initial
determination of custody, and the district court did receive a letter from
each girl as well as the DHS report that included detailed discussions of
DHS’s interviews with the girls.
3. Sufficiency of the evidence. Last, Erika maintains there is
insufficient evidence that she failed to purge her contempt. We believe
Erika’s briefing (prepared by her appellate counsel) misunderstands the
nature of her burden. At the purge stage, the contemnor must show
“either that the prescribed conditions had been fulfilled or that he [or
she] had made a bona fide effort . . . but through no fault of his [or her]
own was unable to comply with the conditional orders.” Greene v. Dist.
Ct., 342 N.W.2d 818, 821 (Iowa 1983). There is no dispute that no
visitation occurred after August 10. The record contains considerable
evidence that Erika did not believe visitation was good for her daughters,
some evidence that she tried to thwart visitation, and no evidence that
she did anything specific to facilitate visitation after August 10. We
affirm the district court on this point.
IV. Conclusion.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the court of
appeals and annul the writ.
WRIT ANNULLED.