Appellate Case: 21-9510 Document: 010110778094 Date Filed: 12/06/2022 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 6, 2022 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court AMARILDO MOLINA-ROJAS; MARIELA REMIGIO-CARHUAMACA,
Petitioners,
v. No. 21-9510 (Petition for Review) MERRICK B. GARLAND, United States Attorney General,
Respondent. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT * _________________________________
Before TYMKOVICH, PHILLIPS, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Petitioners Amarildo Molina-Rojas and Mariela Remigio-Carhuamaca are
natives and citizens of Peru. An immigration judge (IJ) denied their applications for
cancellation of removal and ordered them removed from the United States. The
Board of Immigration Appeals dismissed their appeal from that ruling as untimely
filed. They filed two sequential motions to reopen, both of which the Board denied.
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. Appellate Case: 21-9510 Document: 010110778094 Date Filed: 12/06/2022 Page: 2
Petitioners have now filed a petition for review. We dismiss the petition in part for
lack of jurisdiction and, exercising jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), deny the
remainder of the petition.
I. Background
Petitioners entered the United States without inspection or admission in 2003
and 2004. In 2013 and 2014, they were served with Notices to Appear charging them
with removability. They conceded removability but submitted applications for
cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. The IJ pretermitted
Ms. Remigio-Carhuamaca’s application because a forgery conviction rendered her
statutorily ineligible for cancellation. The IJ denied Mr. Molina-Rojas’s application
because he failed to demonstrate his removal would cause Petitioners’ daughter the
exceptional and extremely unusual hardship necessary for cancellation.
Petitioners’ appeal had to be filed with the Board on or before August 22,
2019, but they did not file it until August 26, 2019, four days late. On October 24,
2019, the Board summarily dismissed the appeal as untimely.
On November 25, 2019, Petitioners filed a “Motion To Reopen Summarily
Dismissing The Appeal Due To Failure To Timely File.” R. at 102. They stated that
the attorney who represented them during removal proceedings told them he was
going to file an appeal but left the law firm before doing so, left no forwarding
address, and did not alert Petitioners or anyone at the firm. Petitioners obtained a
new attorney at the same firm, but she was only able to file the appeal late.
2 Appellate Case: 21-9510 Document: 010110778094 Date Filed: 12/06/2022 Page: 3
On January 30, 2020, the Board denied the motion. The Board construed it as
a motion for reconsideration of its summary dismissal of the appeal and denied it
because Petitioners had not identified any error by the Board but instead had alleged
the late appeal was due to “a set of errors and unforeseen circumstances within the
law office” and had “not made a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel as
required by Matter of Lozada, 19 I&N Dec. 637 (BIA 1988).” R. at 91.
On April 14, 2020, Petitioners filed with the Board a “Motion To Reconsider
And Re-Open Based On Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel.” R. at 62. They argued
their appeal was late due to ineffective assistance of their first attorney and asserted
they had now complied with the Lozada requirements. They also asked the Board to
equitably toll the filing deadline for their appeal.
The Board denied the motion as untimely and number-barred because (1) it
was not filed within 30 days of the January 30 decision, as 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(b)(2)
requires for motions to reconsider; and (2) a party “‘may not seek reconsideration of
a decision denying a previous motion to reconsider,’” R. at 3 (quoting
§ 1003.2(b)(2)). Alternatively, the Board determined that even if it were to reach the
merits of the motion, Petitioners did not assert any error of law or fact in the Board’s
previous decision but instead argued the Board should take the appeal on certification
because they were the victims of an ineffective attorney. 1 The Board found
1 See In re Liadov, 23 I. & N. Dec. 990, 993 (B.I.A. 2006) (“Where a case presents exceptional circumstances, the Board may certify a case to itself under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(c)[.]”), abrogated on other grounds as stated in Boch-Saban v. Garland, 30 F.4th 411, 413 (5th Cir. 2022). 3 Appellate Case: 21-9510 Document: 010110778094 Date Filed: 12/06/2022 Page: 4
insufficient reason to do so given that (1) both of Petitioners’ attorneys worked at the
same firm, and the IJ’s decision was sent there; (2) current counsel was aware of the
final hearing and admitted she lacked the necessary credentials to represent
Petitioners; and (3) the record showed there was no fee agreement in place for former
counsel or the firm to file an appeal with the Board.
Thereafter, Petitioners filed a petition for review with this court.
II. Discussion
We first address Petitioners’ persistent reference to the motions they filed with
the Board as motions to reopen. The Board construed them as motions for
reconsideration, and rightly so. In its order dismissing the appeal as untimely, the
Board instructed Petitioners that they could challenge its ruling only by filing a
motion to reconsider with the Board; for challenges to other findings or to reopen
their case, they had to file a motion to reopen with the Immigration Court. In
support, the Board cited In re Mladineo, which explains that the dismissal of an
appeal as untimely renders “the attempted appeal . . . nugatory and the decision of the
[IJ] remains undisturbed.” 14 I. & N. Dec. 591, 592 (B.I.A. 1974). “If thereafter a
motion is made to reopen or reconsider that decision, there appears to be no reason
why the [IJ] should not adjudicate it, as he does in other cases where there was no
appeal from his prior order.” Id. Thus, the two motions Petitioners filed with the
Board necessarily were motions for reconsideration of the Board’s orders because
there had been no appeal that could be reopened. Further, a motion for
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Appellate Case: 21-9510 Document: 010110778094 Date Filed: 12/06/2022 Page: 1 FILED United States Court of Appeals UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 6, 2022 _________________________________ Christopher M. Wolpert Clerk of Court AMARILDO MOLINA-ROJAS; MARIELA REMIGIO-CARHUAMACA,
Petitioners,
v. No. 21-9510 (Petition for Review) MERRICK B. GARLAND, United States Attorney General,
Respondent. _________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT * _________________________________
Before TYMKOVICH, PHILLIPS, and EID, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
Petitioners Amarildo Molina-Rojas and Mariela Remigio-Carhuamaca are
natives and citizens of Peru. An immigration judge (IJ) denied their applications for
cancellation of removal and ordered them removed from the United States. The
Board of Immigration Appeals dismissed their appeal from that ruling as untimely
filed. They filed two sequential motions to reopen, both of which the Board denied.
* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. Appellate Case: 21-9510 Document: 010110778094 Date Filed: 12/06/2022 Page: 2
Petitioners have now filed a petition for review. We dismiss the petition in part for
lack of jurisdiction and, exercising jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), deny the
remainder of the petition.
I. Background
Petitioners entered the United States without inspection or admission in 2003
and 2004. In 2013 and 2014, they were served with Notices to Appear charging them
with removability. They conceded removability but submitted applications for
cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. The IJ pretermitted
Ms. Remigio-Carhuamaca’s application because a forgery conviction rendered her
statutorily ineligible for cancellation. The IJ denied Mr. Molina-Rojas’s application
because he failed to demonstrate his removal would cause Petitioners’ daughter the
exceptional and extremely unusual hardship necessary for cancellation.
Petitioners’ appeal had to be filed with the Board on or before August 22,
2019, but they did not file it until August 26, 2019, four days late. On October 24,
2019, the Board summarily dismissed the appeal as untimely.
On November 25, 2019, Petitioners filed a “Motion To Reopen Summarily
Dismissing The Appeal Due To Failure To Timely File.” R. at 102. They stated that
the attorney who represented them during removal proceedings told them he was
going to file an appeal but left the law firm before doing so, left no forwarding
address, and did not alert Petitioners or anyone at the firm. Petitioners obtained a
new attorney at the same firm, but she was only able to file the appeal late.
2 Appellate Case: 21-9510 Document: 010110778094 Date Filed: 12/06/2022 Page: 3
On January 30, 2020, the Board denied the motion. The Board construed it as
a motion for reconsideration of its summary dismissal of the appeal and denied it
because Petitioners had not identified any error by the Board but instead had alleged
the late appeal was due to “a set of errors and unforeseen circumstances within the
law office” and had “not made a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel as
required by Matter of Lozada, 19 I&N Dec. 637 (BIA 1988).” R. at 91.
On April 14, 2020, Petitioners filed with the Board a “Motion To Reconsider
And Re-Open Based On Ineffective Assistance Of Counsel.” R. at 62. They argued
their appeal was late due to ineffective assistance of their first attorney and asserted
they had now complied with the Lozada requirements. They also asked the Board to
equitably toll the filing deadline for their appeal.
The Board denied the motion as untimely and number-barred because (1) it
was not filed within 30 days of the January 30 decision, as 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(b)(2)
requires for motions to reconsider; and (2) a party “‘may not seek reconsideration of
a decision denying a previous motion to reconsider,’” R. at 3 (quoting
§ 1003.2(b)(2)). Alternatively, the Board determined that even if it were to reach the
merits of the motion, Petitioners did not assert any error of law or fact in the Board’s
previous decision but instead argued the Board should take the appeal on certification
because they were the victims of an ineffective attorney. 1 The Board found
1 See In re Liadov, 23 I. & N. Dec. 990, 993 (B.I.A. 2006) (“Where a case presents exceptional circumstances, the Board may certify a case to itself under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(c)[.]”), abrogated on other grounds as stated in Boch-Saban v. Garland, 30 F.4th 411, 413 (5th Cir. 2022). 3 Appellate Case: 21-9510 Document: 010110778094 Date Filed: 12/06/2022 Page: 4
insufficient reason to do so given that (1) both of Petitioners’ attorneys worked at the
same firm, and the IJ’s decision was sent there; (2) current counsel was aware of the
final hearing and admitted she lacked the necessary credentials to represent
Petitioners; and (3) the record showed there was no fee agreement in place for former
counsel or the firm to file an appeal with the Board.
Thereafter, Petitioners filed a petition for review with this court.
II. Discussion
We first address Petitioners’ persistent reference to the motions they filed with
the Board as motions to reopen. The Board construed them as motions for
reconsideration, and rightly so. In its order dismissing the appeal as untimely, the
Board instructed Petitioners that they could challenge its ruling only by filing a
motion to reconsider with the Board; for challenges to other findings or to reopen
their case, they had to file a motion to reopen with the Immigration Court. In
support, the Board cited In re Mladineo, which explains that the dismissal of an
appeal as untimely renders “the attempted appeal . . . nugatory and the decision of the
[IJ] remains undisturbed.” 14 I. & N. Dec. 591, 592 (B.I.A. 1974). “If thereafter a
motion is made to reopen or reconsider that decision, there appears to be no reason
why the [IJ] should not adjudicate it, as he does in other cases where there was no
appeal from his prior order.” Id. Thus, the two motions Petitioners filed with the
Board necessarily were motions for reconsideration of the Board’s orders because
there had been no appeal that could be reopened. Further, a motion for
reconsideration concerns “errors of fact or law in the prior Board decision,”
4 Appellate Case: 21-9510 Document: 010110778094 Date Filed: 12/06/2022 Page: 5
§ 1003.2(b)(1), which is what Petitioners’ motions alleged—Board error in
dismissing the appeal as untimely.
With this in mind, we turn to Petitioners’ arguments. We review the Board’s
denial of a motion for reconsideration “for an abuse of discretion.” Rodas-Orellana
v. Holder, 780 F.3d 982, 990 (10th Cir. 2015). The Board “abuses its discretion
when its decision provides no rational explanation, inexplicably departs from
established policies, is devoid of any reasoning, or contains only summary or
conclusory statements.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Petitioners do not directly challenge the Board’s denial of the second motion
for reconsideration as untimely and number-barred. Instead, they posit that their two
motions for reconsideration were effectively one motion because, in denying the first
motion, the Board “demanded that [they] comply with . . . Lozada,” and they did so
in their second motion. Pet’rs’ Br. at 14. This, they claim, shows they diligently
pursued a Lozada claim, so the Board should have considered it. They add that the
Board should have equitably tolled the time to file the appeal based on ineffective
assistance of counsel given that they eventually complied with the Lozada
requirements. These arguments fail for several reasons.
First, Petitioners cite no authority for their novel theory that sequential
motions for reconsideration should be viewed as one motion, and we reject it.
Second, their diligence argument is based on a regulatory provision concerning
motions to reopen, § 1003.2(c)(3)(v)(B), which makes the time and number
limitations on motions to reopen inapplicable if the Board finds “[t]he movant
5 Appellate Case: 21-9510 Document: 010110778094 Date Filed: 12/06/2022 Page: 6
exercised diligence in pursuing the motion to reopen.” But as we have already
explained, the Board correctly treated Petitioners’ motions as motions to reconsider,
not as motions to reopen, and there is no corresponding diligence provision for
motions to reconsider, see generally § 1003.2(c)(2).
Third, in its order denying the first motion to reconsider, the Board never
“demanded” that Petitioners comply with the Lozada requirements; the Board merely
noted that Petitioners had not made a Lozada claim. Hence, we cannot read the
Board’s order as implying it would consider a successive motion for reconsideration
that met the Lozada requirements.
Fourth, the Board was not required to consider equitable tolling of the appeal
deadline when it denied the second motion for reconsideration because it determined
that the motion itself was both untimely and number-barred. See INS v. Bagamasbad,
429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“As a general rule courts and agencies are not required to
make findings on issues the decision of which is unnecessary to the results they
reach.”). We see no abuse of discretion in that determination.
Petitioners’ final argument is that the agency’s failure to transcribe the merits
hearing before the IJ violated their due process rights and kept them from perfecting
their appeal. We lack jurisdiction to consider this argument because they never
presented it to the agency. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) (“A court may review a final
order of removal only if . . . the alien has exhausted all administrative remedies
available to the alien as of right . . . .”); Garcia-Carbajal v. Holder, 625 F.3d 1233,
1237 (10th Cir. 2010) (“To satisfy § 1252(d)(1), an alien must present the same
6 Appellate Case: 21-9510 Document: 010110778094 Date Filed: 12/06/2022 Page: 7
specific legal theory to the [Board] before he or she may advance it in court.”
(emphasis omitted)).
III. Conclusion
The petition for review is dismissed in part for lack of jurisdiction and
otherwise denied.
Entered for the Court
Allison H. Eid Circuit Judge