Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
April 13, 2021
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II AMANDA CALDERA, as personal No. 53976-4-II representative of the Estate of DAWN CALDERA,
Appellant,
v. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
SUSAN PARSONS and JOHN DOE PARSONS, and the marital community comprised thereof,
Respondent.
MAXA, J. – In this personal injury action, Amanda Caldera, as personal representative of
the estate of Dawn Caldera, appeals the trial court’s grant of a motion to exclude a medical
expert witness Caldera disclosed two months after the discovery cutoff from testifying at trial.
Although the trial subsequently was continued for nine months, the trial court refused to change
its ruling. After a trial in which Caldera had no medical expert, a jury rendered a verdict in favor
of Caldera and awarded damages. Caldera seeks a retrial on the issue of damages only because
her expert was improperly excluded.
The law is clear that before excluding the testimony of a late-disclosed trial witness, a
trial court must explicitly consider the Burnet factors: (1) whether the violation was willful or
deliberate, (2) whether the violation substantially prejudiced the opposing party’s ability to No. 53976-4-II
prepare for trial, and (3) whether lesser sanctions probably would suffice. Jones v. City of
Seattle, 179 Wn.2d 322, 338, 314 P.3d 380 (2013) (citing Burnet v. Spokane Ambulance, 131
Wn.2d 484, 494, 933 P.2d 1036 (1997)). The trial court failed to consider the Burnet factors in
excluding the medical expert and in refusing to change its ruling.
We conclude that the trial court erred when it failed to consider the Burnet factors before
it excluded Caldera’s late-disclosed medical expert from testifying and that the error was not
harmless. We decline to undertake our own Burnet analysis. Finally, we grant Caldera’s request
to reassign the case to a new judge. Accordingly, we remand to a new judge for the trial court to
consider the Burnet factors to determine whether exclusion of Caldera’s medical expert was
appropriate both before and after the trial continuance.
FACTS Background
In 2015, Dawn Caldera and Parsons were involved in a car accident. In June 2017,
Dawn1 sued Parsons in Clark County Superior Court, alleging that Parsons’ negligence caused
her special and general damages. She claimed that the accident caused injuries to her neck, back
and shoulder, headaches, and a closed head injury. Her total claimed medical expenses were
$44,066.55. Dawn subsequently passed away from cancer, and the complaint was amended to
substitute Caldera as the personal representative of her estate as the plaintiff.
In November 2017, Caldera responded to Parsons’ interrogatories. In response to an
expert witness interrogatory, Caldera stated that it was not presently known what experts would
testify at trial and that “at such time plaintiff retains expert witnesses this response will be
1 This opinion refers to Dawn Caldera by her first name to distinguish her from Amanda Caldera. No disrespect is intended.
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supplemented.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 118. Parsons provided a similar response to Caldera’s
expert interrogatory.
In January 2018, the trial court entered a case scheduling order setting the trial for
December 10, 2018. Caldera’s disclosure of primary witnesses was due on February 16,
Parsons’ disclosure of primary witnesses was due on March 9, and disclosure of rebuttal
witnesses was due on March 30. The discovery cutoff was September 17. The parties were
required to exchange trial witnesses, exhibit lists, and documentary evidence by October 29. The
case scheduling order was enforceable under Clark County Local Civil Rule (LCR) 40(c)(6).
Caldera’s Late Disclosure of Expert Witness
On September 17, the day of the discovery cutoff, Parsons emailed Caldera a copy of a
report dated August 25 prepared by his medical expert Dr. Paul Tesar regarding his review of
Dawn’s medical records. Parsons submitted the report and Dr. Tesar’s curriculum vitae as
supplemental discovery responses.
Dr. Tesar’s report summarized Dawn’s entire medical history between 2005 and 2017.
His opinion was that Dawn sustained a mild cervicodorsal strain and a mild head contusion in the
car accident. He did not believe that any treatment was required after three months from the
accident. Dr. Tesar opined that any symptoms that Dawn experienced beyond that time period
were not related to the accident. Dr. Lynne Bell concurred with Dr. Tesar’s opinions.
On October 10, Caldera provided supplemental responses to Parsons’ discovery requests
in which she identified Dr. Reed Wilson as an expert witness to testify regarding Dawn’s
injuries, medical treatment, and medical expenses. Caldera later stated that she had to find a new
expert because Dr. Wilson had a professional relationship with Parsons’ attorney.
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On November 12, Caldera emailed Parsons a “global supplement of all discovery and
witness disclosures” identifying Dr. Dennis Chong as a new medical expert. The supplement
identified Dr. Chong “as an expert to testify to the reasonableness and necessity of plaintiff’s
treatment following the motor vehicle accident in this case” and stated that “[h]e will provide
testimony explaining the sum and substance of plaintiff’s treatment.” CP at 26. In an
accompanying letter, Caldera stated that the expert witness disclosure “discloses no opinions that
have not been in this case since the lawsuit was filed. But, due to scheduling and other issues I
need to disclose this expert for witness availability reasons.” CP at 84. Caldera also stated that
she would arrange Dr. Chong’s deposition if Parsons wanted to depose him and offered to pay
any expedited fees associated with a deposition.
Parsons noted the late identification of an expert witness and stated that she would be
filing a motion to exclude all late disclosures. In response, Caldera stated that she had offered to
allow Parsons to depose Dr. Chong and to pay any extra cost, which is all that was required
under Burnet.
On November 16, Caldera gave Parsons notice that she would be preserving Dr. Chong’s
testimony for trial by video on December 4 in Seattle. Parsons apparently objected to the video
deposition.
On November 19, Parsons filed a motion to exclude Dr. Chong’s testimony because
Caldera (1) disclosed him as a witness almost two months after the discovery cutoff in violation
of the case scheduling order, and (2) failed to provide the substance of Dr. Chong’s opinions in
violation of CR 26(b)(5). Parsons also asserted that Caldera did not provide 20 day notice of Dr.
Chong’s video deposition in violation of CR 30(8)(a) and scheduled the deposition without
consulting Parsons’ counsel.
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In Caldera’s response to Parsons’ motion to exclude, she argued that the trial court was
required to consider the Burnet factors before excluding Dr. Chong’s testimony and provided an
extensive analysis of those factors. Caldera asserted that admitting Dr. Chong’s testimony would
not prejudice Parsons because “Dr. Chong does not have a single new or unique opinion in this
case. The only thing he is going to testify to is to the medical treatment contained in plaintiff’s
medical records.” CP at 59 (emphasis omitted).
The parties agreed that the trial court would rule on Parsons’ motion to exclude Dr.
Chong’s testimony without oral argument. On November 30, the trial court granted Parsons’
motion to exclude Dr. Chong on the basis of Caldera and Parsons’ briefs only. The court’s order
listed the documents on which it relied and in a handwritten notation, stated, “Motion to exclude
expert is granted the court reserves all costs at this time.” CP at 171. The court’s order did not
address the Burnet factors or include any additional findings.
On December 10, the first day of trial, Caldera filed a motion to allow her to submit Dr.
Chong’s deposition testimony to the jury. The motion was styled as a motion in limine, motion
for reconsideration, or a motion to vacate. Caldera again emphasized that the trial court could
not exclude Dr. Chong without conducting a Burnet analysis.
After the parties presented oral argument regarding Caldera’s motion, Caldera’s attorney
experienced a medical issue. The trial court and the parties agreed to put the trial on hold and
continue it to a later date. The trial eventually was rescheduled for August 2019.
On December 20, the trial court entered an order denying what the court referred to as
Caldera’s motion for reconsideration. The order stated, “For all the reasons previously found in
the court’s order of November 30, 2018, the Motion for Reconsideration is hereby denied.” CP
at 260.
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Renewed Motion to Allow Dr. Chong Testimony
In April 2019, Caldera filed a motion to allow Dr. Chong to testify, repeating the same
arguments in his earlier briefs regarding consideration of the Burnet factors and emphasizing that
exclusion was even more inappropriate because the trial had been rescheduled for August 2019.
The trial court denied Caldera’s motion. The court stated that Caldera was asking for “another
bite at the apple” and that the case schedule still applied even though the trial had been
continued. CP at 339.
Jury Trial and Verdict
At trial, Caldera called five witnesses. None of them were medical experts. Caldera’s
only physician witness did not testify because she became unavailable during trial. Dawn’s
medical records and medical bills from several providers were admitted as exhibits. Dr. Tesar
testified for Parsons, although his report was not admitted into evidence. Parsons also offered
and the trial court admitted additional medical records relating to Dawn.
The jury returned a verdict finding that both Parsons and Caldera were negligent, and that
Parsons was responsible for 90 percent of Dawn’s injuries. The jury found total damages in the
amount of $29,000. The trial court entered judgment for Caldera in the net amount of
$26,624.50 inclusive of statutory fees and costs. Caldera appeals the jury’s award of damages
only.
ANALYSIS
A. EXCLUSION OF LATE-DISCLOSED EXPERT WITNESS
Caldera argues that the trial court erred by excluding Dr. Chong from testifying without
considering the Burnet factors. We agree.
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1. Legal Principles
Under CR 37(b)(2), the trial court has discretion to impose sanctions against a party who
fails to comply with a discovery order. Available sanctions include the exclusion of evidence.
CR 37(b)(2)(B). CR 37(d) also allows the trial court to impose the sanctions allowed under CR
37(b)(2), including the exclusion of evidence, for the failure of a party to respond to
interrogatories. Magaña v. Hyundai Motor Am., 167 Wn.2d 570, 584, 220 P.3d 191 (2009).
However, before a trial court may impose one of the “harsher remedies” under CR 37(b),
it must first consider the Burnet factors: (1) whether the violation was willful or deliberate, (2)
whether the violation substantially prejudiced the opposing party’s ability to prepare for trial, and
(3) whether lesser sanctions probably would suffice. Jones, 179 Wn.2d at 338. The exclusion of
a witness from testifying at trial is one of the severe remedies to which the Burnet factors apply.
Teter v. Deck, 174 Wn.2d 207, 217, 274 P.3d 336 (2012). In fact, the court in Jones emphasized
that “it has been clear since at least 2006 that trial courts must consider the Burnet factors before
excluding witnesses.” 179 Wn.2d at 340; see also Blair v. Ta-Seattle East No. 176, 171 Wn.2d
342, 348-49, 254 P.3d 797 (2011).
Consideration of the Burnet factors is required when the exclusion is based on witnesses
who are not timely disclosed pursuant to a case scheduling order. Jones, 179 Wn.2d at 338, 343.
There is a presumption that “late-disclosed testimony will be admitted absent a willful violation,
substantial prejudice to the nonviolating party, and the insufficiency of sanctions less drastic than
exclusion.” Id. at 343. In addition, the Burnet factors apply to sanctions imposed for discovery
violations. Blair, 171 Wn.2d at 348.
The trial court must make express findings regarding the Burnet factors on the record at
the time the sanction is imposed. Teter, 174 Wn.2d at 217. The court in Teter stated, “We
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cannot emphasize too forcefully the importance of adequate findings to support more severe
discovery sanctions such as exclusion of a witness.” Id. at 210.
We generally review the trial court’s exclusion of witnesses for abuse of discretion.
Jones, 179 Wn.2d at 337. However, we review de novo whether the Burnet factors must be
considered in a particular case. Dewitt v. Mullen, 193 Wn. App. 548, 557, 375 P.3d 694 (2016).
In addition, a trial court abuses its discretion by excluding witnesses without considering the
Burnet factors. Blair, 171 Wn.2d at 348-49.
2. Failure to Consider Burnet Factors
In opposition to the motion to strike, Caldera informed the trial court that Dr. Chong
could not be excluded as a witness without application of the Burnet factors. But there is no
indication that the court considered the Burnet factors before excluding Dr. Chong from
testifying in its November 2018 order. The court made no oral findings regarding the Burnet
factors and the court’s written order contained no such findings. This failure to consider the
Burnet factors or the failure to make appropriate findings constituted obvious error.
Caldera gave the trial court an opportunity to correct its error by filing a motion for
reconsideration in which she again argued that the Burnet factors must be considered. Again,
there is no indication that the court considered the Burnet factors before denying the motion.
Caldera once again based her third motion to allow Dr. Chong’s testimony on the Burnet
factors. Again, there is no indication that the court considered the Burnet factors before denying
the motion. And again the court made no findings regarding those factors.
Parsons concedes that the trial court did not conduct a Burnet analysis before entering its
three orders regarding Dr. Chong. But she argues that the trial court was not required to consider
the Burnet factors because the exclusion of Dr. Chong was based on more than the late
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disclosure. Specifically, she asserts that (1) Caldera violated CR 26(b)(5) by not providing an
expert report or the substance of Dr. Chong’s testimony, (2) Caldera failed to supplement
answers to her expert interrogatories, and (3) the notice of Dr. Chong’s perpetuation deposition
was untimely and was not properly served.
Regarding Caldera’s failure to provide the substance of Dr. Chong’s testimony and
supplement interrogatory answers, Parsons fails to recognize that the Burnet factors apply to
sanctions imposed for discovery violations, not just violation of scheduling orders. Blair, 171
Wn.2d at 348. Parsons’s faulty argument in this regard may have misled the trial court. In
addition, Caldera’s disclosure of Dr. Chong was a “global supplement of all discovery and
witness disclosures.” CP at 26.
Parsons relies on CR 26(b)(5), which allows a party to obtain through discovery specific
information. But this rule is not self-executing. The record does not contain the interrogatories
Parsons proposed to Caldera, only Caldera’s answers. Parsons purports to quote from the
interrogatories in her brief, but the record cite (CP 217-18) is to Caldera’s interrogatories to
Parsons. Without the language of the expert interrogatories Parsons propounded to Caldera,
Parsons cannot establish that Caldera failed to properly supplement them. And again, Burnet
applies even for discovery violations.
Finally, whether Caldera properly scheduled Dr. Chong’s perpetuation deposition is
material only to whether that deposition could be presented to the jury. The fact that the
perpetuation deposition may have been inadmissible does not support excluding Dr. Chong as a
live witness.
Parsons relies on two cases to argue that the trial court did not need to conduct a Burnet
analysis before excluding Dr. Chong’s testimony: Stevens v. Gordon, 118 Wn. App. 43, 51-52,
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74 P.3d 653 (2003), and Lancaster v. Perry, 127 Wn. App. 826, 829, 833, 113 P.3d 1 (2005).
However, both cases were decided before Blair, Teter and Jones, which firmly establish that the
trial court must consider the Burnet factors any time the court excludes a witness. Jones, 179
Wn.2d at 340; Teter, 174 Wn.2d at 216-18; Blair, 171 Wn.2d at 348-49. Therefore, Parsons’
cases have no precedential value.
We conclude that the trial court erred in failing to consider the Burnet factors before
excluding Dr. Chong from testifying.
3. Appellate Court Providing Burnet Analysis
Caldera suggests that we apply the Burnet factors and determine that it was improper to
exclude Dr. Chong both before the scheduled trial and after the trial was continued. Conversely,
Parsons argues that consideration of the Burnet factors would support the trial court’s orders.
However, the court in Blair expressly rejected the premise that “an appellate court can
consider the facts in the first instance as a substitute for the trial court findings that our precedent
requires.” 171 Wn.2d at 351. Therefore, we decline to conduct our own Burnet analysis.
4. Harmless Error
Parsons argues that even if the trial court erred, the error was harmless because Caldera
received a favorable verdict and that Caldera fails to explain how the outcome would have
differed if Dr. Chong had testified. Caldera responds that the error was not harmless because she
was forced to try the case without a medical expert and the jury likely would have awarded more
in damages if they had heard Dr. Chong’s testimony. We agree with Caldera.
In Jones, the Supreme Court ruled that an error regarding consideration of the Burnet
factors was subject to a harmless error analysis. 179 Wn.2d at 338, 355-56. Under the harmless
error test in civil cases, an error is harmless when it does not materially affect the outcome of the
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trial. Needham v. Dreyer, 11 Wn. App. 2d 479, 497, 454 P.3d 136 (2019), review denied, 195
Wn.2d 1017 (2020). More specifically, the court in Jones determined that the trial court’s errors
in its Burnet analysis were harmless because much of the excluded testimony was “irrelevant or
unfairly prejudicial” and was “cumulative and largely undisputed.” 179 Wn.2d at 356, 358.
Initially, Parsons seems to argue that Caldera cannot prove that she was prejudiced by the
trial court’s exclusion of Dr. Chong’s testimony and that the record precludes this court from
reviewing the trial court’s order to exclude because Caldera never provided the trial court with a
summary of Dr. Chong’s testimony or an expert report. Therefore, she claims that the record is
insufficient for review. However, Parsons fails to recognize that Caldera has no burden to prove
that the error was not harmless. Parsons has the burden of proving that the error was harmless.
See ADA Motors, Inc. v. Butler, 7 Wn. App. 2d 53, 59-60, 432 P.3d 445 (2018) (holding that the
defendant failed to show that the Burnet violation was harmless error). In any event, the record
contains a copy of Dr. Chong’s video deposition transcript. And we can presume that Dr.
Chang’s trial testimony would have been similar.
Based on the transcript from his perpetuation deposition, Dr. Chong likely would have
provided expert medical testimony that (1) Dawn suffered ongoing posttraumatic headaches as a
result of the accident, (2) Dawn suffered from ongoing accident-related neck and back pain for
the year and a half between the accident and her death, (3) her injuries made it more difficult for
her to cope with her cancer treatment, (4) all of her treatment was medically necessary for
injuries caused by the accident, and (5) all of her medical expenses with the exception of
approximately $4,350 charged by one doctor were reasonable and necessary. No other trial
witness was able provide expert testimony on these issues.
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Using the Jones analysis, Dr. Chong’s testimony certainly was relevant and it was not
unfairly prejudicial. In addition, the testimony was not cumulative. There were lay witnesses
who testified about Dawn’s memory and physical abilities before and after the car accident. But
none of those witness could provide expert medical testimony regarding Dawn’s injuries and
their relation to the accident. And no other witness could testify about the reasonableness and
necessity of Dawn’s medical treatment and bills. Further, without Dr. Chong’s testimony, the
testimony Parsons presented from Dr. Tesar was unrebutted.
Because Dr. Chong’s testimony was excluded, Caldera could not establish the necessary
medical testimony to recover her incurred medical expenses. See Lakes v. von der Mehden, 117
Wn. App. 212, 219, 70 P.3d 154 (2003) (implying that expert testimony is required to establish
the reasonableness and necessity of past medical expenses unless the defendant admits that
certain medical expenses were reasonably necessary); Patterson v. Horton, 84 Wn. App. 531,
543, 929 P.2d 1125 (1997) (stating that a plaintiff cannot rely solely on medical records and bills
to prove that past medical costs were reasonable). All she could recover were the expenses
incurred in the first three months, totaling $18,259.14, and only because Parsons conceded that
amount. But the total medical expenses Caldera claimed were $44,066.55, probably with the
$4,350 deduction that Dr. Chong applied.
The trial court’s exclusion of Dr. Chong’s testimony forced Caldera to try a personal
injury case without a medical expert and without the ability to contradict the testimony of
Parsons’ medical expert. No other witness was able to provide the expert testimony that the trial
court excluded and as a result, Caldera was unable to prove the full extent of her reasonably
necessary medical expenses. Under these circumstances, we conclude that the trial court’s error
in excluding Dr. Chong’s testimony without considering the Burnet factors was not harmless.
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5. Remedy
No court has addressed the appropriate remedy for a trial court’s failure to consider the
Burnet factors before excluding a witness when the case went to trial. In Burnet, the court
remanded for a new trial on a particular issue after the court concluded that the trial court had
erred in granting a protective order prohibiting discovery on that issue. 131 Wn.2d at 491, 499.
However, here we are not concluding that excluding Dr. Chong’s testimony was error, only that
the trial court erred in failing to consider the Burnet factors.
Other cases also involve different facts. In Blair, the court reversed a summary judgment
dismissal after the trial court excluded several witnesses without making any Burnet findings.
171 Wn.2d at 344. In Teter, the trial court actually ordered a new trial after finding that a
different judge had improperly excluded an expert witness in violation of Burnet, and the
appellate court affirmed the grant of a new trial. 174 Wn.2d at 210. And in Jones, the court
determined that the Burnet violation was harmless error and affirmed the trial court’s judgment.
179 Wn.2d at 326.
Here, we have not determined whether excluding Dr. Chong’s testimony was proper
under a Burnet analysis. This determination can be made only after the trial court actually
considers the Burnet factors in addressing the exclusion of Dr. Chong’s testimony. Therefore,
we remand for the trial court to reconsider, applying the appropriate Burnet analysis, both
Parsons’ motion to exclude Dr. Chong and Caldera’s motion to allow Dr. Chong’s testimony
after the trial was continued.
If the trial court determines that exclusion was proper for both motions, the jury’s
damages verdict will stand. However, the court must make the explicit findings required by
Burnet with regard to both motions. But if the Burnet inquiry does not support the exclusion of
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Dr. Chong with regard to either motion, the trial court must order a new trial on the issue of
damages only.
B. REASSIGNMENT TO A DIFFERENT JUDGE ON REMAND
Caldera requests that this case be remanded to a different judge. She claims that
reassignment is necessary because the trial court repeatedly refused to apply the Burnet factors
and took other actions that favored Parsons. We agree.
We have authority to reassign the case to a new judge on remand. State v. Solis-Diaz,
187 Wn.2d 535, 540, 387 P.3d 703 (2017). Reassignment to a new judge is appropriate if the
trial court will exercise discretion on remand regarding the issue that triggered the appeal and
apparently has prejudged the issue. In addition, “where review of facts in the record shows the
judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned, the appellate court should remand the
matter to another judge.” Id.
Here, the trial court’s error was egregious. In three separate motions, the court ignored
well-established law requiring the court to consider the Burnet factors even though Caldera cited
the appropriate law. This blatant disregard of the law suggests that the trial court has prejudged
whether Dr. Chong should be excluded and calls into question whether the trial court can fairly
apply the Burnet analysis on remand. Therefore, we remand the case to a new judge.
CONCLUSION
We hold that the trial court erred in excluding Dr. Chong’s testimony without considering
the Burnet factors, and we remand to a new judge for the trial court to consider the Burnet
factors and to determine whether exclusion of Dr. Chong was appropriate both before and after
the trial continuance.
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A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
MAXA, J.
We concur:
SUTTON, A.C.J.
GLASGOW, J.