OPINION
GOLDBERG, Senior Judge:
On May 31, 2005, Tosgelik Profil ve Sac Endustrisi A.S. and its affiliated trading company Tosyali Dis Ticaret A.S. (collectively, “Tosgelik”) requested that the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) conduct a new shipper review based on a single U.S. sale during the period of review from May 1, 2004 through April 30, 2005 (“POR”). Commerce found that the single U.S. sale was bona fide, and subsequently determined that a zero percent antidumping duty margin existed. Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube from Turkey, 71 Fed. Reg. 43444, 43445 (Dep’t Commerce Aug. 1, 2006) (final results of new shipper review). Allied Tube and Conduit Corporation, IPSCO Tubulars, Inc., and Wheatland Tube Company (collectively, “Allied Tube”) have brought this action to challenge Commerce’s determination that Tosgelik’s single U.S. sale during the POR was bona fide. For the reasons that follow, the Court remands the issue of whether Tosgelik’s single U.S. shipment was a bona fide transaction.
[1091] I. Standard of Review
A court shall hold unlawful Commerce’s final determination in an antidumping administrative review if it is “unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with the law....” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i) (2000). Substantial evidence is “ ‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’ ” Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 337 F.3d 1373, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). “Even if it is possible to draw two inconsistent conclusions from evidence in the record, such a possibility does not prevent Commerce’s determination from being supported by substantial evidence.” Am. Silicon Techs. v. United States, 261 F.3d 1371, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2001). To determine if substantial evidence exists, the Court reviews the record as a whole, including evidence that supports as well as evidence that “fairly detracts from the substantiality of the evidence.” Atl. Sugar, Ltd. v. United States, 744 F.2d 1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1984).
II. Discussion
A. New Shipper Review and the Bona Fide Sale Test
On May 15, 1986, Commerce published an antidumping duty order on imports of welded carbon steel pipe and tube from Turkey. See Welded Carbon Steel Standard Pipe and Tube Products from Turkey, 51 Fed. Reg. 17784 (Dep’t Commerce May 15, 1986) (final determination). The order imposes an “all others” antidumping duty rate of 14.74%, which applies to Turkish producers and exporters that have not had their antidumping duty rate determined in an investigation or review. Id. If a producer or exporter did not export merchandise that was the subject of an antidumping duty order during a previous investigation period, it may request a new shipper review. See 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(2)(B) (2000).1 During the course of a new shipper review, Commerce endeavors to establish an individual dumping [1092] margin and antidumping duty rate for the new shipper. This process allows the new shipper to demonstrate that the “all others” rate should not apply to its entries. On May 31, 2005, Tosgelik timely requested a new shipper review based on a single sale to the United States.
When a new shipper review involves only a single U.S. sale, it is Commerce’s practice to determine if that sale is a bona fide transaction. See Freshwater Crawfish Tail Meat from the People’s Republic of China, 68 Fed. Reg. 1439, 1440 (Dep’t Commerce Jan. 10, 2Ó03) (rescission of new shipper review); Fresh Garlic from the People’s Republic of China, 67 Fed. Reg. 11283, 11284 (Dep’t Commerce Mar. 13, 2002) (rescission of new shipper review). A sale is not bona fide when it is “commercially unreasonable” or “atypical of normal business practices.” Tianjin Tiancheng Pharmaceutical Co. v. United States, 29 CIT _, _, 366 F. Supp. 2d 1246, 1249-50 (2005); see also Windmill Int’l Pte., Ltd. v. United States, 26 CIT 221, 230, 193 F. Supp. 2d 1303, 1313 (2002). Commerce makes this determination so that a producer does not “unfairly benefit from an atypical sale to obtain a lower dumping margin than the producer’s usual commercial practice would dictate.” Tianjin, 29 CIT at _, 366 F. Supp. 2d at 1250. A single sale is not inherently commercially unreasonable, but “it will be carefully scrutinized to ensure that new shippers do not unfairly benefit from unrepresentative sales.” Id. at _, 366 F. Supp. 2d at 1263.
Commerce looks at the totality of the circumstances to determine whether a particular sale is bona fide. See Hebei New Donghua Amino Acid Co. v. United States, 29 CIT _, _, 374 F. Supp. 2d 1333, 1338 (2005). In the present case, Commerce initially issued a Commercial Reasonableness Memorandum (“CRM”) which set forth its basis for finding that Tosgelik’s U.S. sale was commercially reasonable under the totality of the circumstances. See CRM, A-489-501, NSR 5/1/04-4/30/05 (Apr. 24, 2006); Pl.’s App. 5A-B. In the CRM, Commerce considered three factors: (1) the price and quantity of the U.S. sale; (2) the sales process; and (3) freight expenses. Commerce subsequently issued the preliminary results of the new shipper review on May 3, 2006, and found that Tosgelik’s sale had no dumping margin. Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube from Turkey, 71 Fed. Reg. 26043, 26047 (Dep’t Commerce May 3, 2006) (preliminary results). Commerce subsequently adopted the same position in its final determination. Certain Welded Carbon Steel Pipe and Tube from Turkey, 71 Fed. Reg. at 43445. In that determination, Commerce referred to its Issues and Decision Memorandum (“IDM”), which found Tosgelik’s single U.S. sale to be commercially reasonable, and therefore bona fide. IDM, A-489-501, POR 5/1/04-4/30/05 (Aug. 1, 2006), available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/turkey/ E6-12372-l.pdf.
Allied Tube challenges Commerce’s determination that Tosgelik’s transaction is bona fide. Specifically, it claims that the price, quan[1093] tity and freight expense of the sale indicate that the transaction is not commercially reasonable.
B. Commerce’s Determination That the Price of Tosgelik’s U.S. Sale Is Commercially Reasonable Is Not Supported by Substantial Evidence
i. Overview of Commerce’s Methodology Comparing the Unit Value of Tosgelik’s Sale to the Average Unit Value of Other Turkish Exporters
Commerce calculated the average unit value (“AUV”) per metric ton (“MT”) for all U.S. imports of welded steel pipe and tube from Turkey during the POR, and found that the unit value of Tosgelik’s sale is about [ ] the AUV of all imports from Turkey.2 Commerce did not primarily rely on a comparison between the AUV of all imports from Turkey and the unit value of Tosgelik’s sale. Instead, Commerce obtained data from U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“Customs”) that listed the AUV of each Turkish exporter during the POR. The unit value of Tosgelik’s single sale fell within the range of the other Turkish exporters’ AUVs ([ ] per MT). Commerce concluded that because Tosgelik’s sale is “comfortably within the range of other commercial transactions . . . [there is] no reason to suspect that [it] is not a bona fide commercial transaction.” CRM 4.
The “range” Commerce refers to is derived from a chart attached to the CRM. The chart is reproduced here:3
[ REDACTED ]
CRM Attach. 1 (Confidential). Each row represents data from a specific Turkish exporter. The far left column lists the total quantity of welded steel pipe and tube shipped from each exporter.4 The next column lists the total value of the shipments, followed by the AUV for each exporter. Tosgelik’s shipment is represented by the company name “Tosyali Dis Ticaret A.S.,” which is Tosgelik’s affiliated trading [1094] company. The unit value of Tosgelik’s sale, [ ] per MT, does indeed fall within the range of AUVs listed by exporter.
Allied Tube believes that the range of AUVs used by Commerce in the above chart includes highly aberrational data. Specifically, the range of data used by Commerce includes a small quantity of sales [ ] imported at relatively high prices.5 Allied Tube argues that a single sale with a unit value in the [ ] percentile is atypical of normal business practices and commercially unreasonable. If the top [ ] of sales by quantity is excluded, the remaining [ ] of all imports by quantity fall within an AUV range between [ ] per MT. Tosgelik’s sale, at [ ] per MT, does not fall within this range. Thus, Allied Tube claims the price of Tosgelik’s sale is commercially unreasonable.
ii. Commerce’s “Range” Methodology Including Allegedly Distor-tive Entries Does Not Reasonably Support Its Determination That Tosgelik’s Sale Is Commercially Reasonable
The Court must now determine whether Commerce’s “range” methodology, which includes the allegedly distortive entries, is reasonable and supported by substantial evidence. Commerce has the discretion to choose whatever methodology it deems appropriate, as long as it is reasonable and its conclusions are supported by substantial evidence. See Federal-Mogul Corp. v. United States, 18 CIT 785, 807-08, 862 F. Supp. 384, 405 (1994); see also Windmill, 26 CIT at 230, 193 F. Supp. 2d at 1312 (“Given Commerce’s discretion in employing a methodology to exclude sales from the United States price that are unrepresentative or distortive . . . the Court must determine whether Commerce’s actions in this case were reasonable.”).
Allied Tube believes that Commerce acted contrary to its own established practice “of using AUVs derived only after excluding aberrant data for its analysis” to determine the commercial reasonableness of U.S. sales in new shipper reviews. Pl.’s Mot. J. Agency R. 13. Commerce does frequently choose to exclude aberrational data in its antidumping duty determinations. See, e.g., Hebei, 29 CIT at _, 374 F. Supp. 2d at 1340 (approving Commerce’s exclusion of “clearly aberrational” data in a new shipper review); Luoyang Bearing Corp. (Group) v. United States, 29 CIT _, _, 358 F Supp. 2d 1296, 1299 (2005) (in determining a surrogate value for China, Commerce excluded price data from countries with steel imports of less than seven MTs); Shanghai Foreign Trade Enters. Co. v. United States, 28 CIT _, _, 318 F. Supp. 2d 1339, 1350 (2004) (explaining that when calculating surrogate values for non-market economies, it is [1095] Commerce’s practice to exclude aberrational data); FAG U.K. Ltd. v. United States, 20 CIT 1277, 1282, 945 F. Supp. 260, 265 (1996) (permitting Commerce to exclude “certain sales which are clearly atypical” in an antidumping administrative review). Commerce excludes aberrant data because a “[flair (apples to apples) comparison is the goal of the price comparisons required by the antidumping laws. .. .” Am. Permac, Inc. v. United States, 16 CIT 41, 42, 783 F. Supp. 1421, 1423 (1992).
While Commerce often excludes potentially aberrational data in its antidumping determinations, it is not always required to do so. In Corus Staal BV v. United States, the plaintiff, a domestic party, challenged Commerce’s decision to include sales of defective merchandise in its calculation of the U.S. price. 27 CIT 388, 404-05, 259 F. Supp. 2d 1253, 1267-68 (2003). The plaintiff argued that because transactions involving defective merchandise are not in the “ordinary course of trade,” they must be excluded from the analysis. The Court disagreed, and stated that unlike the definition of normal value,6 the definition of U.S. price contains no requirement that Commerce exclude sales that are arguably outside of the ordinary course of trade. Id. at 406, 259 F. Supp. 2d at 1269.
Corus Staal is easily distinguishable from the present case because the commercial reasonableness test for new shipper reviews necessarily implies that the analysis should only include prices “in the ordinary course of trade.” Commerce cannot reasonably conclude that the price of a new shipper’s single sale is commercially reasonable if it is only similar to prices that are atypical of the industry. In the present case, the “range” methodology can only be deemed reasonable if Commerce can explain why the allegedly distortive entries, some over [ ] the AUV for the industry, should be included in the range of reasonableness. When Commerce’s commercial reasonableness determination hinges on comparing the new shipper sale price to a range of values, it is crucial to make sure the values at both ends of that range are commercially reasonable.
Commerce has not only failed to-explain why its “range” methodology is reasonable, but it even suggests that its own dataset might be overinclusive and therefore inaccurate. Commerce states:
Given that the [HTSUS] numbers covered by the scope include more than subject merchandise, [and] that actual products included within any given shipment maybe different from each other [,] [a] direct comparison between shipments should not be viewed as accurate price to price comparison. Rather, such data are generally reflective of commercial transactions.
[1096] CRM 5 n.3. In other words, the high-priced, small-quantity sales included in Commerce’s analysis might be different types of merchandise than the standard pipe imported by Tosgelik even though they are encompassed in the same HTSUS classification. The potential inaccuracy of the dataset further undermines the reasonableness of Commerce’s “range” methodology.
In previous investigations, Commerce stressed the importance of comparing the total AUV of all imports to the new shipper sale. In Hebei, where Commerce determined that a new shipper sale was not bona fide, Commerce viewed the large price differential between the new shipper sale and the AUV of all the entries of the subject merchandise as significant. See 29 CIT at _, 374 F. Supp. 2d at 1336. Specifically, Commerce compared the Chinese manufacturer’s U.S. sale price to:
(1) the weighted AUV of all Chinese entries of the subject merchandise during the POR that were covered by the anti-dumping duty order and not clearly aberrational based on proprietary data in the Customs database;
(2) the weighted AUV of all Chinese imports of the subject merchandise during the POR based on public import statistics; and
(3) the weighted AUV of U.S. imports of the subject merchandise from all countries during the POR based on publicly available U.S. import data.
See id. at _, 374 F. Supp. 2d at 1336; see also Tianjin, 29 CIT at _, 366 F. Supp. 2d at 1255 (stating that the prices listed in four invoices from a single company “do not go as far as the AUV data in showing the typical price for Plaintiff’s product”). By contrast, in this case, Commerce relied primarily on a comparison of Tosgelik’s sale to small import quantities with comparatively high per-unit values. Commerce has not persuaded the Court that this methodology is reasonable. See Shanghai, 28 CIT at _, 318 F. Supp. 2d at 1351 (“A Commerce decision to rely on potentially aberrational data without explanation and contrary to its own practice is not based on substantial evidence and cannot be sustained.”).
In summary, Commerce’s “range” methodology is a shaky foundation on which to rest its conclusion that the price of Tosgelik’s sale is commercially reasonable. The methodology merely shows that the unit value of Tosgelik’s sale is [ ] the AUVs of certain other Turkish exporters’ aggregated entries under the same HTSUS classification. Given that the unit value of Tosgelik’s sale is [ ] the AUVs of the Turkish exporters that comprise [ ] of the total U.S. imports of welded carbon steel pipe and tube by quantity, Commerce has failed to demonstrate, by substantial evidence, that Tosgelik’s price is commercially reasonable. As such, this issue is remanded so that Com[1097] merce may attempt to explain why its methodology is reasonable, or to point to other grounds that support its ultimate conclusion that Tosgelik’s sale is commercially reasonable. Cf. Luoyang Bearing Corp. (Group) v. United States, 28 CIT _, _, 347 F. Supp. 2d 1326, 1353 (2004) (remanding because Commerce failed to explain why it did not address the aberrational import data that the plaintiffs believed should be excluded).
iii. Commerce’s Analysis Excluding Allegedly Distortive Entries Does Not Demonstrate That Tosgelik’s Sale Is Commercially Reasonable
In response to Allied Tube’s concerns, Commerce explains in its final determination that even if the allegedly distortive data are excluded, Tosgelik’s sale would still be considered commercially reasonable. IDM 5-6. To support this conclusion, Commerce states that a disaggregation of import data from major Turkish exporters indicates there are “a meaningful number of shipments with comparable unit values and quantities.” Id. 6. Commerce does not point to any useful shipment-level data to demonstrate what it means by a “meaningful” number of shipments or “comparable” unit values and quantities. Instead, Commerce asserts that “while the average value of each shipment of welded pipe and tube during the POR was [ ], the value of individual shipments ranged from [ ] to [ ].” CRM 4. Commerce claims that because the value of Tosgelik’s single shipment fits within this range, it is commercially reasonable. However, this analysis is problematic because Commerce only compares the value, but ignores the quantity, of each individual shipment. This range of values is meaningless if the quantity of each shipment is unknown. Instead, Commerce could have disaggregated the import data, calculated the shipment unit values, and then compared them to the unit value of Tosgelik’s shipment. At present, Commerce has not demonstrated by substantial evidence that when the allegedly distortive entries are excluded from the analysis, Tosgelik’s sale is commercially reasonable.7
[1098] iv. Tosgelik’s U.S. Sale, in Comparison to Its Home Market Prices, Does Not Demonstrate That the Sale Is Commercially Reasonable
At the suggestion of Allied Tube, Commerce compared Tosgelik’s U.S. sale price to its home market prices. Allied Tube alleges that the price of Tosgelik’s single U.S. sale was [ ] than Tosgelik’s average home market sales.8 If this were true, it would support the claim that Tosgelik was artificially inflating its U.S. price in order to obtain a favorable antidumping duty margin. In response, Commerce states that it “used the prices included in [Tosgelik’s home market database] and calculated an average [home market price] that is very comparable to the AUV of U.S. imports. .. .”9 IDM 5. Notably, Commerce did not directly compare the price of Tosgelik’s U.S. sale to its home market sales. Instead Commerce found that Tosgelik’s home market sales were comparable to the AUV for all U.S. imports. As a result, the usefulness of this analysis is entirely dependent on how Tosgelik’s U.S. sale compares to the AUV for all U.S. imports. Because, as discussed above, Commerce’s analysis of the AUV of all U.S. imports does not demonstrate that Tosgelik’s sale was commercially reasonable, Commerce’s analysis of the home market sales provides no independent support for its position.
C. Commerce’s Determination That the Quantity of Tosgelik’s U.S. Sale Is Commercially Reasonable Is Supported by Substantial Evidence
Allied Tube claims that there is not substantial evidence to support Commerce’s conclusion that the quantity of Tosgelik’s U.S. sale is commercially reasonable. In its final determination, Commerce found that:
[The quantity of Tosgelik’s U.S. sale] is not atypical of Tosgelik’s normal business practices. Specifically, the majority of Tosgelik’s home market sales are made with invoices that have a total quantity that is less than the sale in question. Therefore, we find the quantity of Tosgelik’s one sale to the U.S. is comparable to the size of Tosgelik’s sales in its home market, [1099] and consistent with Tosgelik’s business practices in the home market.
IDM 5. The fact that Tosgelik’s single U.S. sale is of a larger quantity than a majority of its home market sales is adequate to support the conclusion that the quantity is commercially reasonable. Cf. Windmill, 26 CIT at 231, 193 F. Supp. 2d at 1313 (“[S]ingle sales, even those involving small quantities, are not inherently commercially unreasonable and do not necessarily involve selling practices atypical of the parties’ normal selling practices.”).10
D. Commerce’s Determination That the Freight Charges Includedin Tosgelik’s U.S. Sale Price Are Commercially Reasonablels Not Supported by Substantial Evidence
Tosgelik shipped its U.S. sale by container with an international freight charge of [ ] per MT.11 Allied Tube points out that this freight charge is [ ] the average international freight charge for U.S. imports from Turkey that fall under the same HTSUS classification category as Tosgelik’s entry. Pl.’s Reply Br. 11. Commerce has considered extraordinarily high freight costs to be evidence that a sale is not bona fide. See Windmill, 26 CIT at 231, 193 F. Supp. 2d at 1313.
To support its finding that Tosgelik’s freight cost is not unreasonably high, Commerce states that it “verified Tosgelik’s reported freight expenses and found the container shipment to be consistent with Tosgelik’s typical business practices.” IDM 6. Commerce cites to a Sales Verification Exhibit that shows how much Tosgelik paid for the freight cost. See id. n.14. Commerce has not adequately explained how this information supports the conclusion that Tosgelik’s freight charge in this case was consistent with its typical business practices.
Commerce also suggests that Tosgelik’s freight expenses are so high because “Tosgelik’s U.S. sale was shipped by container rather than full vessel load and included inland freight expenses from the [1100] port of Mersin, Turkey.” Id. 6. The fact that the shipment was made by container is irrelevant because Commerce did not demonstrate that it is commercially reasonable to use this method of shipment. Additionally, the [ ] figure does not include domestic inland freight in Turkey. Pl.’s Reply Br. 11. Even without the additional cost of domestic inland freight, the international freight cost of Tosgelik’s sale is [ ] the industry average.
Commerce claims that although Tosgelik’s freight charges may be higher than average, this fact alone does not render the sale commercially unreasonable. In American Silicon Technologies v. United States, the Court held that a high shipping price or unusual mode of shipment does not alone render a sale commercially unreasonable. 24 CIT 612, 617-18, 110 F. Supp. 2d 992, 997 (2000). In that investigation, Commerce had found that although the shipping costs were high, the timing and mode of shipment did not indicate the sale was commercially unreasonable because the merchandise entered the United States “fully six months” prior to the POR and the exporter did not request a new shipper review. Silicon Metal from Brazil, 64 Fed. Reg. 6305, 6317 (Dep’t Commerce Feb. 9, 1999) (final results of new shipper review). The Court sanctioned that approach. Am. Silicon Techs., 24 CIT at 618, 110 F. Supp. 2d at 997. By contrast, Tosgelik’s single shipment entered the United States on April 28, 2005, only two days before the end of the POR. Additionally, Tosgelik requested the new shipper review. This record evidence seems to undercut Commerce’s claim that “there was no evidence that the freight charge was incurred for any reason related to the new shipper review.” Def.’s Resp. 17. Both the timing of the sale and Tosgelik’s request for the new shipper review indicate otherwise.
In summary, there is ample record evidence that Tosgelik’s freight charges are too high to be commercially reasonable. Commerce has failed to present any contradictory evidence that amounts to more than unsupported assertions. As a result, Commerce’s finding that Tosgelik’s freight charge does not indicate that the sale is commercially unreasonable is not supported by substantial evidence.
E. Commerce’s Ultimate Determination That Tosgelik’s Single U.S. Sale Is Bona Fide Is Not Supported by Substantial Evidence
The Court must aggregate Commerce’s findings to ultimately determine whether there is substantial evidence to support its decision that under the totality of the circumstances, Tosgelik’s single U.S. sale is bona fide. See Tianjin, 29 CIT at _, 366 F. Supp. 2d at 1249-50. As discussed above, Commerce has failed to show that substantial evidence supports its findings that the price and freight cost of Tosgelik’s sale are commercially reasonable. On the other hand, there is substantial evidence to support Commerce’s finding that the quantity of Tosgelik’s sale is commercially reasonable. The only remaining factor Commerce considered is Tosgelik’s “sales process.” CRM 5. Commerce reviewed Tosgelik’s home market and export sell[1101] ing practices, and found that the U.S. sale “followed the same sales process as their other export sales.” CRM 5. Allied Tube does not dispute this finding. The fact that Tosgelik appears to have followed its normal business practices in executing its single U.S. sale is evidence that the sale is bona fide. Cf. Windmill, 26 CIT at 231, 193 F. Supp. 2d at 1313 (holding that purchaser’s failure to follow normal business practices is evidence that sale is not bona fide). However, “the price factor has significant weight, and cannot necessarily be offset by a recitation of other factors by which the sale could be considered typical. . . .” Tianjin, 29 CIT at _, 366 F. Supp. 2d at 1263. Accordingly, under the totality of the circumstances, the Court does not find substantial evidence to support Commerce’s finding that Tosgelik’s U.S. sale is bona fide.
III. Conclusions
For the foregoing reasons, the Court remands Commerce’s final new shipper review determination. Specifically, Commerce must explain, if it is able, why its “range” methodology (ranking the AUVs of the aggregate imports, within the same HTSUS classification, of each Turkish exporter) is a reasonable approach to determining whether the price of Tosgelik’s U.S. sale is commercially reasonable. In the course of this explanation, Commerce must address why the seemingly distortive entries identified by Allied Tube should not be excluded from the analysis concerning the price of Tosgelik’s U.S. sale. If Commerce is unable to provide such an explanation, it must either (1) point to other record evidence that shows whether Tosgelik’s sale is a bona fide transaction under the totality of the circumstances, or (2) conduct further investigations to determine the same. A separate order will be issued accordingly.