OutoN, .J.
The respondent is the owner of that part of the N. E. \ of section 3, township 6, range 19 E., which is known as the “ Saratoga Mills Property,” at Waukesha, and of that portion of the Mill Reserve and water used in connection therewith on the Fox river not heretofore conveyed to others.
The appellants are the owners of a strip of land containing' about two acres on the westerly side of the mill-pond of the plaintiff, on which they have erected an ice-house for [535]*535ibe storage of ice cut from Eos river or said mill-pond for the use of Bethesda Brewery, and for other purposes. This strip is described in their deeds as follows: “ Beginning at a point on the center of Union street, "where the same presumably intersects the easterly line of lot 4, in the Northwest Addition to the plat of Prairie'ville [now village of Waukesha]; thence running easterly on the continuation of the center line of Union street to low-water mark on the west side of Fox river; thence running northerly along the low-water mark on the said westerly side of Fox river to the town line, where said town line presumably intersects and divides the towns of Pewaukee and Waukesha; thence running west along the said town line to the northeast corner of block X; thence southerly along the east line of said block X, and southerly along the corner of said block X (or the center of Union street), being the place of beginning; containing tivo acres, be the same more or less.”
The respondent brings this suit to restrain the appellants from cutting ice on said mill-pond, and for an accounting .of ice already taken away from said pond. His action is predicated upon his ownership of the bed of the river or pond, and to low-water mark on the west side thereof, the east line of the appellants’ land.
The appellants defend (1) as the owners of the fee in the soil covered by the river or pond to the center thread thereof, by virtue of the above description of their strip of land on the west side of said river or pond; (2) as riparian owners of the shore of said river or pond as a navigable stream; (3) on the ground that the purchase and ownership of the said strip of land were solely for the purpose of building ice-houses thereon, and to obtain ice from ’said pond.
The judgment is that the plaintiff is the owner in fee of all that portion of the bed of Fox river embraced within the limits of the mill reserve in the town of Waukesha, and [536]*536was at the commencement of the action, and that the east •boundary of the lands owned by the defendants upon the west side of Eox river is limited to low^water marie upon the westerly side of Eox river, and that by tbe conveyance they took no title in fee as riparian proprietors to any part or portion of the bed of said Eox river easterly from the line fixed in said deed as low-water mark on the west side of Eox river. ' It is further adjudged that the plaintiff recover of and from the defendant his damages, assessed at the sum of six cents, and his costs, etc., and that the injunction be dissolved.
The mills and mill-pond at Waukesha are so ancient that in all the later conveyances the pond is called the Fox river at that place, and the low-water mark of the river means the low-water mark of the pond. The above-stated defenses constitute the points made by the learned counsel of the appellants on this appeal from the above judgment, and they will be considered in their order.
1. The above description in the conveyances to the appellants makes their strip of land extend to the center of the pond. The- description of their east line is peculiar. It is “ the continuation of the center line of said Union street to the low-water ma/rle on the west side of Eox river; thence northerly along the low-water marie on the said west-1 erly side of Eox river to the town line,” etc. The doctrine asserted by the learned counsel, that as to lands which extend to and cover the banks of navigable streams, the presumption is that it was the intention to convey all the rights of the grantors to the bed of the stream, to the center thereof, is undoubtedly correct. But this is a mere presumption, and may be rebutted by the strong language of the deed, clearly indicating the intention to establish the line at the margin of the stream. There could be no language of description more clearly indicating the exact line than is found in the conveyances of this strip of land: “ To [537]*537low-water mark; tbence northerly along the low-water mark.” This language could have no other meaning than to indicate the intention of the grantors to limit the premises, and establish their boundary at that line “ along low-water marls.”
In principle this case is decided in Greene v. Hunnemacher, 36 Wis. 50. That was a case for abatement of the nuisance created by a distillery. One part of the damages was for corrupting the waters of the Xinnickinnic river, and rendering them unfit for use by the plaintiff as a riparian proprietor on said river. The deed by which the plaintiff held his premises described his land as “ running along the banlc ” of said river. The present chief justice said in his opinion: “ For, according to the description of the premises as given in the deed, there is reason for saying that they are limited, to the river banlc, and do not in fact include the bed of the stream or the waters of the same.” Chief Justice EvAN, then at the bar, was counsel for the appellant, and cited the following authorities to the point that the description of plaintiff’s land limits the same to the bank of the creek: Ang. Watercourses, §§ 8, 26; Cary v. Daniels, 5 Met. 236; Crittenton v. Alger, 11 Met. 281; Starr v. Child, 20 Wend. 149; S. C. 4 Hill, 369; Hatch v. Dwight, 17 Mass. 289; Starr v. Child, 5 Denio, 599. This shows that the point was well considered by the court. The language “ along the bank ” is not as certain and specific as the language “ along low-water mark.”
In the following cases the line is limited by the description, and no part of the bed of the stream is conveyed: “ Thence northeasterly up the west bank of Pine creek.” Murphy v. Copeland, 51 Iowa, 515, 58 Iowa, 409, and cases cited. “To and along the bank.” Halsey v. McCormick, 13 N. Y. 296; People ex rel. Comm’rs v. Supervisors, 125 Ill. 9. “As far as high-water mark” is the outer line of the overflow of a mill-pond so described in the convey-[538]*538anee. Jones v. Parker, 99 N. C. 18. “To tbe Genesee river; thence northwardly along the shore of said river.” Starr v. Child, 20 Wend. 149. In Murphy v. Copeland, 51 Iowa, 515, it was held that “along the bank” was equivalent to “ along low-water mark; ” and the same in Halsey v. McCormick, 13 N. Y. 296. In Cook v. McClure, 58 N. Y. 431, the language is: “ To a stake near the high-water mark of the pond, running thence along the high-water mark of said pond, to,” etc.,— and it was held that the line was limited at high-water mark, and would not extend even to low-water mark. This case is exactly in point. In Bradford v. Cressey, 45 Me. 9, the language is: “ Thence east until it strikes the creek on which the mill stands; thence southwesterly on the west bank of said creek,” — and it was held that “ the grantee was restricted to the bank of the creek.” The line so described is a monument and fixed boundary. Ang. Watercourses, § 25.
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OutoN, .J.
The respondent is the owner of that part of the N. E. \ of section 3, township 6, range 19 E., which is known as the “ Saratoga Mills Property,” at Waukesha, and of that portion of the Mill Reserve and water used in connection therewith on the Fox river not heretofore conveyed to others.
The appellants are the owners of a strip of land containing' about two acres on the westerly side of the mill-pond of the plaintiff, on which they have erected an ice-house for [535]*535ibe storage of ice cut from Eos river or said mill-pond for the use of Bethesda Brewery, and for other purposes. This strip is described in their deeds as follows: “ Beginning at a point on the center of Union street, "where the same presumably intersects the easterly line of lot 4, in the Northwest Addition to the plat of Prairie'ville [now village of Waukesha]; thence running easterly on the continuation of the center line of Union street to low-water mark on the west side of Fox river; thence running northerly along the low-water mark on the said westerly side of Fox river to the town line, where said town line presumably intersects and divides the towns of Pewaukee and Waukesha; thence running west along the said town line to the northeast corner of block X; thence southerly along the east line of said block X, and southerly along the corner of said block X (or the center of Union street), being the place of beginning; containing tivo acres, be the same more or less.”
The respondent brings this suit to restrain the appellants from cutting ice on said mill-pond, and for an accounting .of ice already taken away from said pond. His action is predicated upon his ownership of the bed of the river or pond, and to low-water mark on the west side thereof, the east line of the appellants’ land.
The appellants defend (1) as the owners of the fee in the soil covered by the river or pond to the center thread thereof, by virtue of the above description of their strip of land on the west side of said river or pond; (2) as riparian owners of the shore of said river or pond as a navigable stream; (3) on the ground that the purchase and ownership of the said strip of land were solely for the purpose of building ice-houses thereon, and to obtain ice from ’said pond.
The judgment is that the plaintiff is the owner in fee of all that portion of the bed of Fox river embraced within the limits of the mill reserve in the town of Waukesha, and [536]*536was at the commencement of the action, and that the east •boundary of the lands owned by the defendants upon the west side of Eox river is limited to low^water marie upon the westerly side of Eox river, and that by tbe conveyance they took no title in fee as riparian proprietors to any part or portion of the bed of said Eox river easterly from the line fixed in said deed as low-water mark on the west side of Eox river. ' It is further adjudged that the plaintiff recover of and from the defendant his damages, assessed at the sum of six cents, and his costs, etc., and that the injunction be dissolved.
The mills and mill-pond at Waukesha are so ancient that in all the later conveyances the pond is called the Fox river at that place, and the low-water mark of the river means the low-water mark of the pond. The above-stated defenses constitute the points made by the learned counsel of the appellants on this appeal from the above judgment, and they will be considered in their order.
1. The above description in the conveyances to the appellants makes their strip of land extend to the center of the pond. The- description of their east line is peculiar. It is “ the continuation of the center line of said Union street to the low-water ma/rle on the west side of Eox river; thence northerly along the low-water marie on the said west-1 erly side of Eox river to the town line,” etc. The doctrine asserted by the learned counsel, that as to lands which extend to and cover the banks of navigable streams, the presumption is that it was the intention to convey all the rights of the grantors to the bed of the stream, to the center thereof, is undoubtedly correct. But this is a mere presumption, and may be rebutted by the strong language of the deed, clearly indicating the intention to establish the line at the margin of the stream. There could be no language of description more clearly indicating the exact line than is found in the conveyances of this strip of land: “ To [537]*537low-water mark; tbence northerly along the low-water mark.” This language could have no other meaning than to indicate the intention of the grantors to limit the premises, and establish their boundary at that line “ along low-water marls.”
In principle this case is decided in Greene v. Hunnemacher, 36 Wis. 50. That was a case for abatement of the nuisance created by a distillery. One part of the damages was for corrupting the waters of the Xinnickinnic river, and rendering them unfit for use by the plaintiff as a riparian proprietor on said river. The deed by which the plaintiff held his premises described his land as “ running along the banlc ” of said river. The present chief justice said in his opinion: “ For, according to the description of the premises as given in the deed, there is reason for saying that they are limited, to the river banlc, and do not in fact include the bed of the stream or the waters of the same.” Chief Justice EvAN, then at the bar, was counsel for the appellant, and cited the following authorities to the point that the description of plaintiff’s land limits the same to the bank of the creek: Ang. Watercourses, §§ 8, 26; Cary v. Daniels, 5 Met. 236; Crittenton v. Alger, 11 Met. 281; Starr v. Child, 20 Wend. 149; S. C. 4 Hill, 369; Hatch v. Dwight, 17 Mass. 289; Starr v. Child, 5 Denio, 599. This shows that the point was well considered by the court. The language “ along the bank ” is not as certain and specific as the language “ along low-water mark.”
In the following cases the line is limited by the description, and no part of the bed of the stream is conveyed: “ Thence northeasterly up the west bank of Pine creek.” Murphy v. Copeland, 51 Iowa, 515, 58 Iowa, 409, and cases cited. “To and along the bank.” Halsey v. McCormick, 13 N. Y. 296; People ex rel. Comm’rs v. Supervisors, 125 Ill. 9. “As far as high-water mark” is the outer line of the overflow of a mill-pond so described in the convey-[538]*538anee. Jones v. Parker, 99 N. C. 18. “To tbe Genesee river; thence northwardly along the shore of said river.” Starr v. Child, 20 Wend. 149. In Murphy v. Copeland, 51 Iowa, 515, it was held that “along the bank” was equivalent to “ along low-water mark; ” and the same in Halsey v. McCormick, 13 N. Y. 296. In Cook v. McClure, 58 N. Y. 431, the language is: “ To a stake near the high-water mark of the pond, running thence along the high-water mark of said pond, to,” etc.,— and it was held that the line was limited at high-water mark, and would not extend even to low-water mark. This case is exactly in point. In Bradford v. Cressey, 45 Me. 9, the language is: “ Thence east until it strikes the creek on which the mill stands; thence southwesterly on the west bank of said creek,” — and it was held that “ the grantee was restricted to the bank of the creek.” The line so described is a monument and fixed boundary. Ang. Watercourses, § 25.
Erom the language of the description of the defendants’ strip of land itself, it is perfectly clear that low-water mark was made a fixed and permanent boundary. If the situation of the strip on the pond is consulted, that would evince the same intention. It was contiguous to a very old mill-dam, belonging to the grantors, now called the “ Eox Biver ” at that point. It was not likely that it was intended to give the grantees of this strip any interest in the waters of the pond, or any control over the water-power, or interference with it. Such a situation of the strip clearly indicates the intention to so limit the eastern line to low-water mark, and not have it extend ad filum aquae of the pond. Such a reason was held to prevail in Smith v. Ford, 48 Wis. 115. The owners of the water-power and mill-dam are the only riparian proprietors of the land covered by the pond to low-water mark on the west, and therefore owned the ice formed on the pond. Brantl. Pers. Prop. § 98; Lawson, Bights, Bern. & Pr. § 1345.
[539]*5392. The declaration made by the legislature of 1868,1 that Box river is a navigable stream, could not possibly affect the rights of the owners of the dam, acquired long before, or make the dam navigable, or any other part of Fox river, in any other sense than mere theory. The defendants’ rights are fixed by their deeds, and that act certainly could not change them in the least.
3. The object of the purchase of the strip — to build ice-houses on it — would not imply ownership of the ice, for he could procure from the owner the right to cut ice on the pond, or buy the ice cut by others, and fill his ice-house in that way. But at best such a purpose would not affect the deed, or the natural construction of its language. Deeds would be very inconclusive if they were to be governed by the use the purchaser intended to make of the land. Such, a use might require twice the quantity of the land conveyed, with a complete change of its boundaries.
4 It is contended that a reservation in the first deed of this strip of the right of flowage by the owner of the dam indicates an intention to convey to the center of the pond. By that reservation the grantor reserved the right to flow the whole strip, and not merely the land thus covered by the pond. But there is a margin between high and low water marks the grantor reserved the right to flow, which would be entirely consistent with the grantees’ line being limited to low-water mark. That reservation need not affect the construction of the deed in respect to its conveyance to the center of the pond, for it would have full and complete operation and effect over the land granted.
See note to this case in 14 L. R: A. S61.— Rep.
We can. find no error in the record. The judgment is evidently correct.
By the Gourt.— The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.