CLARK, Senior Circuit Judge:
This is a personal injury action brought by an injured workman, plaintiff-appellant Allen Lee Blossom (“Blossom”), against his former employer, defendant-appellee CSX Transportation, Inc. (“CSX”), under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (“FELA”). Blossom appeals from a jury verdict in favor of CSX. We find that the district court erred in instructing the jury and that the erroneous instructions are not harmless. Accordingly, we vacate the judgment in favor of CSX and remand the case for a new trial.
I. BACKGROUND
CSX is a common carrier by railroad operating a railway system that includes railroad tracks and facilities in Mobile, Alabama. Blossom began working for CSX as a switch-man in May 1976. He was injured on the night of February 24, 1987, as he attempted to operate, or “throw,” a switch. The switch-man’s training manual describes a switch as “a mechanical device consisting of movable track rails (switch point) with their fastenings and operating rods, providing a connection over which ‘rolling stock’ moves from one track to another. Switches may be operated (“thrown”) either manually or by remote control depending on their type.”1 The [1479]*1479switch at issue in this case is operated manually by a lever mounted to cross-ties. On the night of his accident, Blossom walked to this switch, stood on the cross-ties, and commenced to throw the switch. As he was doing so, his left foot slipped off of the cross-tie, causing him to lose his balance and injure his back. At the time of this accident, CSX used oil to lubricate the switches. Blossom alleges that he slipped because there was oil on the cross-ties. Blossom has had surgery on his back and has been unable to return to his duties as a switchman.
Blossom filed this lawsuit alleging that his injury was caused by CSX’s negligence in failing to provide him with a safe place to work, failing to provide proper supervision and inspection of the work place, and failing to warn him of the possibility of oil or other foreign substance on the cross-ties. The jury returned a verdict for CSX, and Blossom appealed.
II. DISCUSSION
Blossom argues that the district court erroneously instructed the jury as to the burden of proof, causation, the duty of care, and mitigation of damages. Blossom further argues that the district court erred in granting CSX’s motion in limine to exclude evidence of subsequent remedial measures. We agree with Blossom that the district court’s erroneous jury instruction on the burden of proof constitutes reversible error. Thus, we do not address Blossom’s other arguments.
Blossom argues that the jury received erroneous instructions regarding his burden of proof at trial. During closing arguments, Blossom’s counsel described his client’s burden as follows:
The other important element is burden of proof. This is a legal term that we use to say that the plaintiff has the burden of proving his case.
All that means is that by a mere preponderance of the evidence we have to prove our case more likely than not.
It’s like the scales of justice, the way you’re holding the scales. Put all of our evidence on one side and all the other points on the other, and as long as we tip the scales just one little bit in our favor, we’ve succeeded in proving our case.2
At this point in the argument, the district court judge interrupted counsel, stating:
No, no, that’s not a proper argument. It’s the preponderance of the evidence. It’s not a matter of putting to see what weighs slightly more. It’s the preponderance of the evidence. There’s no mathematical formula. Go ahead.3
Counsel then finished his closing argument.
During his charges to the jury, the district court judge referred back to his interruption of counsel’s argument, stating:
Some reference was made during argument, I stopped the argument, that if you put it on scales and it just slightly tilts one way — now that’s not a correct measure of the burden of proof. It must be that it has more convincing force and produces in your minds a belief that what is sought to be true is more likely true than not true.4
The district court’s remaining charges on the burden of proof substantially followed this circuit’s pattern jury instructions.5
Blossom argues that his counsel’s “tipping the scales” analogy was a correct statement of the law. Thus, he argues, the district court erred in interrupting the closing argument and in instructing the jury that the “tipping the scales” analogy was incorrect. Blossom contends that the district court’s statements undermined his counsel’s credibility before the jury and incorrectly led the jury to believe that preponderance of the evidence requires something more than tipping the scales.
We agree with Blossom that his counsel’s “tipping the scales” language was a proper illustration of Blossom’s burden of proof. Courts have specifically endorsed this language for use in civil jury instructions. For example, in a recent employment dis[1480]*1480crimination action, the Second Circuit stated that the district court on remand should “instruct the jury that it is to. conclude that a fact has been proven by a preponderance of the evidence if it ‘find[s] that the scales tip, however slightly, in favor of the party with th[e] burden of proof as to that fact.”6 The Ninth Circuit even includes the “tipping the scales” language in its pattern jury instruction, which reads:
The plaintiff has the burden of proving the case by what is called the preponderance of the evidence. That means that plaintiff has to produce evidence which, considered in the light of all the facts, leads you to believe that what plaintiff claims is more likely true than not. To put it differently, if you were to put plaintiffs and defendant’s evidence on opposite sides of the scales, plaintiff would have to make the scales tip slightly on that side.7
We do not mean to suggest that this “tipping the scales” language must be a part of civil jury instructions. We hold only that this language generally is a proper illustration of a plaintiffs burden of proof.
Thus, the district court judge erred when he interrupted counsel’s argument and informed the jury that the reference to tipping the scales was “not a proper argument” and that the preponderance of the evidence was “not a matter of putting to see what weighs slightly more.” The district court judge then compounded this error when he charged the jury, reminding the jury that he had interrupted counsel’s argument and again informing the jury that tipping the scales was “not a correct measure of the burden of proof.” These statements at least implied that Blossom had to produce more evidence than would merely “tip the scales, thereby imposing upon him an inappropriately stringent burden of proof. While we recognize that the district court’s remaining instructions on the burden of proof were proper, we do not think that these were sufficient to cure the erroneous statements.
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CLARK, Senior Circuit Judge:
This is a personal injury action brought by an injured workman, plaintiff-appellant Allen Lee Blossom (“Blossom”), against his former employer, defendant-appellee CSX Transportation, Inc. (“CSX”), under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (“FELA”). Blossom appeals from a jury verdict in favor of CSX. We find that the district court erred in instructing the jury and that the erroneous instructions are not harmless. Accordingly, we vacate the judgment in favor of CSX and remand the case for a new trial.
I. BACKGROUND
CSX is a common carrier by railroad operating a railway system that includes railroad tracks and facilities in Mobile, Alabama. Blossom began working for CSX as a switch-man in May 1976. He was injured on the night of February 24, 1987, as he attempted to operate, or “throw,” a switch. The switch-man’s training manual describes a switch as “a mechanical device consisting of movable track rails (switch point) with their fastenings and operating rods, providing a connection over which ‘rolling stock’ moves from one track to another. Switches may be operated (“thrown”) either manually or by remote control depending on their type.”1 The [1479]*1479switch at issue in this case is operated manually by a lever mounted to cross-ties. On the night of his accident, Blossom walked to this switch, stood on the cross-ties, and commenced to throw the switch. As he was doing so, his left foot slipped off of the cross-tie, causing him to lose his balance and injure his back. At the time of this accident, CSX used oil to lubricate the switches. Blossom alleges that he slipped because there was oil on the cross-ties. Blossom has had surgery on his back and has been unable to return to his duties as a switchman.
Blossom filed this lawsuit alleging that his injury was caused by CSX’s negligence in failing to provide him with a safe place to work, failing to provide proper supervision and inspection of the work place, and failing to warn him of the possibility of oil or other foreign substance on the cross-ties. The jury returned a verdict for CSX, and Blossom appealed.
II. DISCUSSION
Blossom argues that the district court erroneously instructed the jury as to the burden of proof, causation, the duty of care, and mitigation of damages. Blossom further argues that the district court erred in granting CSX’s motion in limine to exclude evidence of subsequent remedial measures. We agree with Blossom that the district court’s erroneous jury instruction on the burden of proof constitutes reversible error. Thus, we do not address Blossom’s other arguments.
Blossom argues that the jury received erroneous instructions regarding his burden of proof at trial. During closing arguments, Blossom’s counsel described his client’s burden as follows:
The other important element is burden of proof. This is a legal term that we use to say that the plaintiff has the burden of proving his case.
All that means is that by a mere preponderance of the evidence we have to prove our case more likely than not.
It’s like the scales of justice, the way you’re holding the scales. Put all of our evidence on one side and all the other points on the other, and as long as we tip the scales just one little bit in our favor, we’ve succeeded in proving our case.2
At this point in the argument, the district court judge interrupted counsel, stating:
No, no, that’s not a proper argument. It’s the preponderance of the evidence. It’s not a matter of putting to see what weighs slightly more. It’s the preponderance of the evidence. There’s no mathematical formula. Go ahead.3
Counsel then finished his closing argument.
During his charges to the jury, the district court judge referred back to his interruption of counsel’s argument, stating:
Some reference was made during argument, I stopped the argument, that if you put it on scales and it just slightly tilts one way — now that’s not a correct measure of the burden of proof. It must be that it has more convincing force and produces in your minds a belief that what is sought to be true is more likely true than not true.4
The district court’s remaining charges on the burden of proof substantially followed this circuit’s pattern jury instructions.5
Blossom argues that his counsel’s “tipping the scales” analogy was a correct statement of the law. Thus, he argues, the district court erred in interrupting the closing argument and in instructing the jury that the “tipping the scales” analogy was incorrect. Blossom contends that the district court’s statements undermined his counsel’s credibility before the jury and incorrectly led the jury to believe that preponderance of the evidence requires something more than tipping the scales.
We agree with Blossom that his counsel’s “tipping the scales” language was a proper illustration of Blossom’s burden of proof. Courts have specifically endorsed this language for use in civil jury instructions. For example, in a recent employment dis[1480]*1480crimination action, the Second Circuit stated that the district court on remand should “instruct the jury that it is to. conclude that a fact has been proven by a preponderance of the evidence if it ‘find[s] that the scales tip, however slightly, in favor of the party with th[e] burden of proof as to that fact.”6 The Ninth Circuit even includes the “tipping the scales” language in its pattern jury instruction, which reads:
The plaintiff has the burden of proving the case by what is called the preponderance of the evidence. That means that plaintiff has to produce evidence which, considered in the light of all the facts, leads you to believe that what plaintiff claims is more likely true than not. To put it differently, if you were to put plaintiffs and defendant’s evidence on opposite sides of the scales, plaintiff would have to make the scales tip slightly on that side.7
We do not mean to suggest that this “tipping the scales” language must be a part of civil jury instructions. We hold only that this language generally is a proper illustration of a plaintiffs burden of proof.
Thus, the district court judge erred when he interrupted counsel’s argument and informed the jury that the reference to tipping the scales was “not a proper argument” and that the preponderance of the evidence was “not a matter of putting to see what weighs slightly more.” The district court judge then compounded this error when he charged the jury, reminding the jury that he had interrupted counsel’s argument and again informing the jury that tipping the scales was “not a correct measure of the burden of proof.” These statements at least implied that Blossom had to produce more evidence than would merely “tip the scales, thereby imposing upon him an inappropriately stringent burden of proof. While we recognize that the district court’s remaining instructions on the burden of proof were proper, we do not think that these were sufficient to cure the erroneous statements. A proper jury instruction cannot cure an improper one if there is a possibility that the jury employed the improper rule in reaching its verdict.8 Read as a whole, the district court’s instructions in this case suggest two contradictory standards for the burden of proof, the correct standard and a higher standard that impliedly requires more that merely “tipping the scales.” We cannot say that the jury employed the correct standard in reaching its verdict.
CSX argues that the district court’s statements regarding the “tipping the scales” language were merely intended to insure that the jury was not misled into believing that it should weigh the quantity, rather than the quality, of the evidence. CSX contends that Blossom’s counsel increased the risk of confusion in this area by pointing out in his closing argument that the defense put on only three witnesses. Thus, CSX argues, the district court correctly criticized the “tipping the scales” language in an effort to insure that the jury considered the credibility and overall convincing force of the evidence, rather than merely the quantity of the evidence.
We find CSX’s argument to be wholly without merit on the record before us. While Blossom’s counsel did make reference to the defense’s three witnesses during his closing argument, he did so in the context of attacking their credibility, not the quantity of their testimony.9 Indeed, counsel never sug[1481]*1481gested that the jury should weigh the number of the plaintiffs witnesses (which was ten) against the number of defense witnesses. Moreover, the reference to the defense’s three witnesses was not made in connection with the “tipping the scales” language; it preceded that language by a page and a half in the transcript, with, among other things, an explanation of the FELA between the two. The district court judge could not have thought that counsel’s use of the “tipping the scales” language was an improper attempt to convince the jury that it should weigh the quantity, rather than the quality, of the evidence. Furthermore, even if this was the district court judge’s concern, he made no attempt to relate this concern to his criticism of the “tipping the scales” language. He did not mention any such concern when he interrupted counsel’s argument, and, although he charged the jury that “the weight of the evidence is not necessarily determined by the number of witnesses testifying,”10 this charge preceded his charge regarding the “tipping the scales” language by three pages in the transcript, with no apparent connection between the two.
Viewing the record as a whole, we are left “with a substantial and ineradicable doubt as to whether the jury was properly guided in its deliberations.”11 Because we are uncertain as to whether the jury was misled by the district court’s erroneous instructions, these instructions cannot be harmless.12 Accordingly, we must remand the case for a new trial.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment in favor of CSX is VACATED and the case is REMANDED for a new trial.