Alexander v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am.

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
• Decided: March 17, 2026
• Docket: 25-974
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

25-974 Alexander v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 17th day of March, two thousand twenty-six.

PRESENT:

RICHARD J. SULLIVAN, EUNICE C. LEE, SARAH A. L. MERRIAM, Circuit Judges. _____________________________________

KATHERINE ALEXANDER,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. No. 25-974

UNUM LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA,

Defendant-Appellee. _____________________________________

For Plaintiff-Appellant: MARK D. DEBOFSKY, DeBofsky Law, Ltd., Chicago, IL.

For Defendant-Appellee: CALEB C. WOLANEK, (Byrne J. Decker, Jenny H. Wang, on the brief) Maynard Nexsen PC, Birmingham, AL.

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern

District of New York (Ramon E. Reyes, Jr., Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the March 24, 2025 judgment of the district

court is AFFIRMED.

Katherine Alexander appeals the district court’s judgment in favor of Unum

Life Insurance Company of America (“Unum”) following a bench trial on her

claim for long-term disability benefits under the Employee Retirement Income

Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”). Alexander sought long-term benefits based on

lingering symptoms associated with COVID-19, also known as “Long COVID.”

On appeal, Alexander argues that the district court erred in concluding that she

failed to prove she was “totally disabled” within the meaning of her employee-

benefit plan during the relevant time period. We assume the parties’ familiarity

2 with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal, to which we

refer only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

I. Background

Alexander, a woman in her mid-forties, worked as a nurse practitioner from

March 13, 2017 until December 27, 2021. As part of her employment, Alexander

received short-term and long-term disability coverage under an ERISA-regulated

“employee welfare benefit plan” managed by Unum. 29 U.S.C. § 1002(1).

To be eligible for long-term disability benefits under the plan, an individual

must be “totally disabled” throughout a defined “elimination period.” S. J. App’x

at 266, 310 (capitalization altered). 1 And an individual is “totally disabled” if “as

a result of sickness or injury, [she] [is] unable to perform with reasonable

continuity the substantial and material acts necessary to pursue [her] usual

occupation in the usual and customary way.” Id. at 294, 314. The plan further

defines “elimination period” as the “period of total disability and/or partial

disability which must be satisfied before [the beneficiary] [is] eligible to receive

benefits from Unum.” Id. at 310. And under the plan, the beneficiary “must be

continuously disabled through [her] elimination period.” Id. at 295 (emphasis

1 We cite to materials in the sealed appendix only as necessary to explain our decision.

3 added). It is undisputed that Alexander’s elimination period ran from

December 28, 2021 through April 4, 2022.

Alexander alleged that she contracted COVID-19 in or around March 2020

while on the job, appeared to recover, but then developed Long COVID symptoms

that grew worse over time. According to Alexander, those symptoms included

chronic fatigue and brain fog, among other functional limitations. In

September 2021, Alexander also reported to her care provider, Dr. Lee Hinnant,

that she had trouble standing, walking, and using a computer for more than short

periods at a time, had reduced energy and focus, and was suffering from malaise.

On Dr. Hinnant’s recommendation, Alexander stopped working altogether on

December 27, 2021.

After Alexander stopped working, she received short-term disability

benefits under the plan from Unum for the next thirteen weeks – the maximum

duration permitted by the plan. Near the end of that period, a Unum

representative interviewed Alexander by phone in connection with her

application for long-term disability benefits. During that phone call, Alexander

reported suffering from “brain fog, fatigue, exercise intolerance, anxi[ety],

depress[ion], difficulty concentrating, constant headaches, [and] insomnia.” Id.

4 at 395. Among other materials, Unum reviewed additional statements provided

by Dr. Hinnant, which further reflected Alexander’s self-reported symptoms and

advised that Alexander needed more time to recover before returning to work.

Unum ultimately rejected Alexander’s application for long-term benefits and

upheld that determination following an internal appeal.

Alexander then filed this civil action under ERISA, challenging Unum’s

decision to withhold long-term disability benefits. The parties eventually filed

cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 52(a)(1). Following a bench trial on the papers in which the

district court reviewed Unum’s denial decision de novo, the district court

concluded that Alexander had failed to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence,

that she was totally disabled throughout the elimination period and entered

judgment in favor of Unum. Alexander timely appealed.

II. Discussion

On appeal from an ERISA bench trial, “we review the district court’s

findings of fact for clear error and conclusions of law and mixed questions

de novo.” Connors v. Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co., 272 F.3d 127, 135 (2d Cir. 2001).

Although the district court based its findings of fact on a paper record, those

5 findings “are accorded the same deference as factual findings that are otherwise

determined.” Connors, 272 F.3d at 135; see Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(6) (providing that

a district court’s “[f]indings of fact, whether based on oral or other evidence, must

not be set aside unless clearly erroneous”). “The clear error standard requires

that we accept a district court’s factual findings unless we are left with the definite

and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Siemens Energy, Inc. v.

Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A., 82 F.4th 144, 153 (2d Cir. 2023) (internal quotation

marks omitted). And “[w]here there are two permissible views of the evidence,

the factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.” Badar v.

Swissport USA, Inc., 53 F.4th 739, 749 (2d Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

We conclude that the district court did not clearly err in holding that

Alexander failed to prove that she was totally disabled throughout her elimination

period. 2 Unum’s vocational rehabilitation consultant found that Alexander’s

work was light in physical exertion with significant mental demands; Alexander

does not dispute that characterization. As the district court explained, however,

2 Alexander does not point to any legal error by the district court, see Unum Br. at 34, and, in her

reply brief, she does not contest Unum’s assertion that the standard of review here is clear error.

6 Alexander’s own “psychiatric care provider agreed that [Alexander] was not

prevented from working from a cognitive standpoint.” J. App’x at 50. And

Alexander presented only sparse evidence to support her claim of being unable to

meet the light physical exertion requirements of her position throughout the

elimination period: apart from her self-reported symptoms, she produced notes

from her physical therapy sessions indicating physical difficulties – during which

time she “continue[d] to progress,” e.g., S. J. App’x at 789, 793 – but no

examinations, test results, or any other objective evidence indicating an inability

to perform the physical requirements of her job. Because the record, at most,

reveals two permissible views of the evidence, we cannot say that the district

court’s finding that Alexander’s evidence was insufficient to establish that she was

totally disabled throughout the elimination period was clearly erroneous.

Alexander’s arguments to the contrary are unpersuasive. For starters, she

argues that Unum’s decision to grant her short-term disability benefits “alone

made it error for [the district court] to conclude that [she] failed to meet her burden

of proof to show she was incapable of performing the duties of her occupation

during the entirety of the elimination period.” Alexander Br. at 26–27. But

nothing in the language of the plan suggests that Unum’s decision to grant

7 Alexander short-term benefits is binding for purposes of whether she is eligible to

receive long-term benefits as well. Like other courts confronted with arguments

of this sort, we see neither a basis in the plan’s language nor any reasoned basis on

which to “effectively require a merger of short-and long-term benefits

determinations.” Artz v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 100 F.4th 921, 931

(7th Cir. 2024). Instead, the controlling question for determining long-term

coverage remains whether Alexander has satisfied her burden to prove that she

was totally disabled throughout the thirteen-week elimination period.

On that front, Alexander principally argues that the district court did not

place sufficient weight on her self-reported symptoms and erred by faulting her

for failing to present objective evidence supporting her claimed inability to work.

On clear-error review, however, “we accord great deference to the district court’s

. . . decision as to what weight to assign particular evidence.” Freedom Holdings,

Inc. v. Cuomo, 624 F.3d 38, 54 (2d Cir. 2010). Although Alexander may be correct

that symptoms associated with Long COVID – like “fatigue” and “brain fog” – are

not susceptible to ready measurement, the “functional limitations due to

[Alexander’s] fatigue could be objectively measured.” Williams v. Aetna Life Ins.

Co., 509 F.3d 317, 323 (7th Cir. 2007) (emphasis added). Alexander’s “general

8 diagnoses,” moreover, “do not answer the more granular question about her

ability to work during the period in question.” Tranbarger v. Lincoln Life &

Annuity Co. of N.Y., 68 F.4th 311, 315 (6th Cir. 2023). We therefore perceive no

error – clear or otherwise – in the district court’s decision to assign minimal weight

to Alexander’s self-reported symptoms and to focus, instead, on the paucity of

objective record evidence supporting her claimed inability to work.

Finally, Alexander argues that “the district court entirely overlooked the key

issue of” whether she was mentally capable of performing her job. Alexander Br.

at 52. We disagree. The district court found that Alexander was not cognitively

precluded from performing her job responsibilities because “[h]er treating

physicians consistently noted that she was alert” and her “regular psychiatric care

provider agreed that [she] was not prevented from working from a cognitive

standpoint.” J. App’x at 50. While Alexander marshals some evidence to the

contrary, the district court’s conclusion that Alexander failed to adequately prove

a lack of cognitive fitness is “plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety”

and must therefore be upheld. Siemens Energy, Inc., 82 F.4th at 153 (internal

quotation marks omitted).

9 * * *

We have considered Alexander’s remaining arguments and find them to be

without merit. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

FOR THE COURT: Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court