Albert Moreno v. Edward Borla, et al.

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: October 30, 2025
• Docket: 3:25-cv-03448
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 ALBERT MORENO, Case No. 25-cv-03448-TLT

8 Plaintiff, ORDER OF SERVICE, REQUIRING 9 v. RESPONSE TO PLAINTIFF’S THIRD MOTION FOR PRELIMINARY 10 EDWARD BORLA, et al., INJUNCTION 11 Defendants.

12 13 Plaintiff, a prisoner at Correctional Training Facility (CTF), filed a pro se civil rights 14 complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The complaint was dismissed with leave to amend. Plaintiff’s 15 First Amended Complaint (FAC) is before the Court for screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. 16 Dkt. No. 27. For the reasons stated below, the FAC is ordered served on defendants Borla and 17 Macomber, who are also directed to respond to plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction.1 18 DISCUSSION 19 A. Standard of Review 20 A federal court must conduct a preliminary screening in any case in which a prisoner seeks 21 redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. 22 § 1915A(a). In its review, the court must identify any cognizable claims and dismiss any claims 23 that are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted or seek 24 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), 25 (2). Pro se pleadings must, however, be liberally construed. See United States v. Qazi, 975 F.3d 26

27 1 At least seven other cases raising similar or identical claims have been related to plaintiff’s case. 1 989, 993 (9th Cir. 2020). 2 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only “a short and plain statement of the 3 claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). “Specific facts are not 4 necessary; the statement need only “‘give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the 5 grounds upon which it rests.’” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (citations omitted). 6 “[A] plaintiff’s obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment] to relief’ requires more 7 than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not 8 do. . .. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” 9 Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (citations omitted). A complaint must 10 proffer “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 570. All or part 11 of a complaint filed by a prisoner may be dismissed sua sponte if the prisoner’s claims lack an 12 arguable basis in either law or in fact. 13 To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential elements: (1) 14 that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated, and (2) that the 15 alleged violation was committed by a person acting under the color of state law. See West v. 16 Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). 17 If a court dismisses a complaint for failure to state a claim, it should “freely give 18 leave” to amend “when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). A court has discretion to 19 deny leave to amend due to “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, 20 repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendment previously allowed undue prejudice to the 21 opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, [and] futility of amendment.” 22 Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Pub., 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th Cir. 2008). 23 B. Plaintiff’s Claims 24 The FAC names the CTF Warden Edward Borla, the Secretary of the California 25 Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) Jefferey Macomber, and the California 26 Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) as defendants and alleges that defendants 27 have violated his Eighth Amendment rights by housing him in an unconstitutionally small cell 1 space, or only 9.5 square feet per prisoner, which violates CDCR’s guidelines and the 2 Constitution. He alleges prisoners at CTF have been double-celled in certain North Yard buildings 3 since 2011 although the rooms in these buildings were not built to be double cells. 4 Plaintiff seeks damages. 5 C. Screening Plaintiff’s Complaint 6 Defendant CDCR is dismissed as a defendant because it is an agency of the state and 7 therefore has Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit for damages. 8 While the Constitution does not mandate comfortable prisons, it does require that prisoners 9 have the “minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities.” Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 10 (1981). “[T]he Eighth Amendment must draw its meaning from the evolving standards of decency 11 that mark the progress of a maturing society.” Id. at 346 (internal quotation marks omitted). 12 Liberally construed, plaintiff has stated an Eighth Amendment claim against defendants Borla and 13 Macomber for inadequate living space. 14 D. Motion for Preliminary Injunction 15 Plaintiff has re-filed his motion for a preliminary injunction a third time. Dkt. No. 28. The 16 Prisoner Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PLRA”) restricts the power of the court to grant 17 prospective relief in any action involving prison conditions. See 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a); Oluwa v. 18 Gomez, 133 F.3d 1237, 1239 (9th Cir. 1998). Section 3626(a)(2) applies specifically to 19 preliminary injunctive relief. See 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(2). In civil actions with respect to prison 20 conditions it permits the court to enter a temporary restraining order or preliminary injunction “to 21 the extent otherwise authorized by law” but also requires that such an order “must be narrowly 22 drawn, extend no further than necessary to correct the harm the court finds requires preliminary 23 relief, and be the least intrusive means necessary to correct that harm.” Id. The court must give 24 “substantial weight to any adverse impact on public safety or the operation of a criminal justice 25 system caused by the preliminary relief.” Id. “A plaintiff seeking a preliminary injunction must 26 establish that he is likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the 27 absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is 1 Defendants shall respond to plaintiff’s motion on the same date their answer is due. 2 Plaintiff may file a reply within 28 days of their response. 3 CONCLUSION 4 1. Defendant CDCR is dismissed. 5 2. Plaintiff has stated a cognizable Eighth Amendment claim against defendants Borla 6 and Macomber. 7 3. The Court ORDERS that service on the following defendants shall proceed under 8 the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation’s (“CDCR”) e-service program for 9 civil rights cases from prisoners in the CDCR’s custody: 10 a. Edward Borla, Warden of CTF 11 b. Jefferey Macomber, Secretary of CDCR 12 In accordance with the program, the Clerk is directed to serve on the CDCR via email the 13 following documents: the operative complaint (Dkt. No. 27), this Order of Service, a CDCR 14 Report of E-Service Waiver form, and a summons. The Clerk also shall serve a copy of this order 15 on the plaintiff. 16 No later than 40 days after service of this order via email on the CDCR, the CDCR shall 17 provide the court a completed CDCR Report of E-Service Waiver advising the court which 18 defendant(s) listed in this order will be waiving service of process without the need for service by 19 the United States Marshal Service (“USMS”) and which defendant(s) decline to waive service or 20 could not be reached. The CDCR also shall provide a copy of the CDCR Report of E-Service 21 Waiver to the California Attorney General’s Office which, within 21 days, shall file with the Court 22 a waiver of service of process for the defendant(s) who are waiving service. 23 Upon receipt of the CDCR Report of E-Service Waiver, the Clerk shall prepare for each 24 defendant who has not waived service according to the CDCR Report of E-Service Waiver a 25 USM-285 Form. The Clerk shall provide to the USMS the completed USM-285 forms and copies 26 of this order, the summons, and the operative complaint for service upon each defendant who has 27 not waived service. The Clerk also shall provide to the USMS a copy of the CDCR Report of E- 1 4. Defendants are cautioned that Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 2 requires defendants to cooperate in saving unnecessary costs of service of the summons and 3 complaint. If service is waived, this action will proceed as if defendants had been served on the 4 date that the waiver is filed, except that pursuant to Rule 12(a)(1)(A)(ii), defendants will not be 5 required to serve and file an answer before sixty (60) days from the date on which the CDCR 6 provides a copy of the CDCR Report of E-Service Waiver to the California Attorney General’s 7 Office. (This allows a longer time to respond than would be required if formal service of 8 summons is necessary.) If defendants have not waived service and have instead been served by 9 the USMS, then defendants shall serve and file an answer within twenty-one (21) days after being 10 served with the summons and complaint. 11 5. Defendants shall respond to plaintiff’s motion for a preliminary injunction (Dkt. 12 No. 28) on the same date their answer is due. The response to the motion for preliminary 13 injunction shall be supported by adequate factual documentation and shall conform in all respects 14 to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and all papers filed with the Court shall be promptly 15 served on plaintiff. 16 6. Plaintiff may file a reply within 28 days of the date defendants’ response is filed. 17 Plaintiff’s reply should be supported by factual documentation and should demonstrate why 18 plaintiff satisfies the standard for assessing a motion for preliminary injunction. 19 7. Defendants shall answer the complaint in accordance with the Federal Rules of 20 Civil Procedure. The following briefing schedule shall govern dispositive motions in this action: 21 a. No later than sixty (60) days from the date their answer is due, defendants 22 shall file a motion for summary judgment or other dispositive motion. The motion must be 23 supported by adequate factual documentation, must conform in all respects to Federal Rule of 24 Civil Procedure 56, and must include as exhibits all records and incident reports stemming from 25 the events at issue. A motion for summary judgment also must be accompanied by a Rand2 notice 26 so that plaintiff will have fair, timely, and adequate notice of what is required of him to oppose the 27 1 motion. Woods v. Carey, 684 F.3d 934, 935 (9th Cir. 2012) (notice requirement set out in Rand 2 must be served concurrently with motion for summary judgment). A motion to dismiss for failure 3 to exhaust available administrative remedies must be accompanied by a similar notice. However, 4 the Court notes that under the law of the circuit, in the rare event that a failure to exhaust is clear 5 on the face of the complaint, defendants may move for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), as opposed 6 to the previous practice of moving under an unenumerated Rule 12(b) motion. Albino v. Baca, 7 747 F.3d 1162, 1166 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc) (overruling Wyatt v. Terhune, 315 F.3d 1108, 1119 8 (9th Cir. 2003), which held that failure to exhaust available administrative remedies under the 9 Prison Litigation Reform Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) (“PLRA”), should be raised by a defendant as 10 an unenumerated Rule 12(b) motion). Otherwise, if a failure to exhaust is not clear on the face of 11 the complaint, defendants must produce evidence proving failure to exhaust in a motion for 12 summary judgment under Rule 56. Id. If undisputed evidence viewed in the light most favorable 13 to plaintiff shows a failure to exhaust, defendants are entitled to summary judgment under Rule 14 56. Id. But if material facts are disputed, summary judgment should be denied and the district 15 judge, rather than a jury, should determine the facts in a preliminary proceeding. Id. at 1168. 16 If defendants are of the opinion that this case cannot be resolved by summary judgment, 17 they shall so inform the Court prior to the date the summary judgment motion is due. All papers 18 filed with the Court shall be promptly served on plaintiff. 19 b. Plaintiff’s opposition to the dispositive motion shall be filed with the Court 20 and served on defendants no later than twenty-eight (28) days after the date on which defendants’ 21 motion is filed. 22 c. Plaintiff is advised that a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56 of 23 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure will, if granted, end your case. Rule 56 tells you what you 24 must do to oppose a motion for summary judgment. Generally, summary judgment must be 25 granted when there is no genuine issue of material fact—that is, if there is no real dispute about 26 any fact that would affect the result of your case, the party who asked for summary judgment is 27 entitled to judgment as a matter of law, which will end your case. When a party you are suing 1 testimony), you cannot simply rely on what your complaint says. Instead, you must set out 2 specific facts in declarations, depositions, answers to interrogatories, or authenticated documents, 3 as provided in Rule 56(e), that contradict the facts shown in the defendant’s declarations and 4 documents and show that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. If you do not submit 5 your own evidence in opposition, summary judgment, if appropriate, may be entered against you. 6 If summary judgment is granted, your case will be dismissed and there will be no trial. Rand, 154 7 F.3d at 962-63. 8 Plaintiff also is advised that—in the rare event that defendants argue that the failure to 9 exhaust is clear on the face of the complaint—a motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust available 10 administrative remedies under 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) will, if granted, end your case, albeit without 11 prejudice. To avoid dismissal, you have the right to present any evidence to show that you did 12 exhaust your available administrative remedies before coming to federal court. Such evidence 13 may include: (1) declarations, which are statements signed under penalty of perjury by you or 14 others who have personal knowledge of relevant matters; (2) authenticated documents— 15 documents accompanied by a declaration showing where they came from and why they are 16 authentic, or other sworn papers such as answers to interrogatories or depositions; (3) statements 17 in your complaint insofar as they were made under penalty of perjury and they show that you have 18 personal knowledge of the matters state therein. As mentioned above, in considering a motion to 19 dismiss for failure to exhaust under Rule 12(b)(6) or failure to exhaust in a summary judgment 20 motion under Rule 56, the district judge may hold a preliminary proceeding and decide disputed 21 issues of fact with regard to this portion of the case. Albino, 747 F.3d at 1168. 22 (The notices above do not excuse defendants’ obligation to serve similar notices again 23 concurrently with motions to dismiss for failure to exhaust available administrative remedies and 24 motions for summary judgment. Woods, 684 F.3d at 935.) 25 d. Defendants shall file a reply brief no later than fourteen (14) days after the 26 date plaintiff’s opposition is filed. 27 e. The motion shall be deemed submitted as of the date the reply brief is due. 1 8. Discovery may be taken in this action in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil 2 || Procedure. Leave of the Court pursuant to Rule 30(a)(2) is hereby granted to defendants to depose 3 || plaintiff and any other necessary witnesses confined in prison. 4 9. All communications by plaintiff with the Court must be served on defendants or 5 their counsel, once counsel has been designated, by mailing a true copy of the document to them. 6 10. ‘It is plaintiff's responsibility to prosecute this case. Plaintiff must keep the Court 7 informed of any change of address and must comply with the Court’s orders in a timely fashion. 8 Pursuant to Northern District Local Rule 3-11, a party proceeding pro se whose address changes 9 while an action is pending must promptly file a notice of change of address specifying the new 10 address. See L.R. 3-11(a). The Court may dismiss without prejudice a complaint when: (1) mail 11 directed to the pro se party by the Court has been returned to the Court as not deliverable, and (2) 12 || the Court fails to receive within sixty days of this return a written communication from the pro se 13 party indicating a current address. See L.R. 3-11(b). 14 11. Upon a showing of good cause, requests for a reasonable extension of time will be 3 15 granted provided they are filed on or before the deadline they seek to extend. a 16 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 17 |] Dated: October 30, 2025 18 eke TRI . 20 United States District Judge 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28