NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 19 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ALBERT HEBER; et al., No. 18-55935
Plaintiffs-Appellants, D.C. No. 8:16-cv-01525-AG-JCG v.
TOYOTA MOTOR SALES, U.S.A., INC.; MEMORANDUM* TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Andrew J. Guilford, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 4, 2020 Pasadena, California
Before: KLEINFELD and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and PAULEY,** District Judge.
Albert Heber, et al., individually and on behalf of all others similarly
situated (collectively, “Appellants”) appeal the district court’s dismissal of their
putative class action against Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. (“Toyota”). In
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable William H. Pauley III, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. Appellants’ Fourth Amended Complaint (“FAC”), they allege that because Toyota
switched its wiring harness from vinyl chloride to a soy-based material, rodents
were more attracted to their vehicles and caused damages. The district court
dismissed the FAC for failure to plead with particularity under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 9(b) and found that the soy-based wiring did not constitute a latent
defect. This appeal concerns the dismissal of Appellants’ claims arising under 13
states’ consumer protection statutes, the implied warranty of merchantability, and
the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (“MMWA”), 15 U.S.C. § 2301 et seq. We
have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm in part and reverse in
part.
1. While the district court did not address whether Appellants adequately
stated a claim for relief under Rule 8, Toyota argues that we should affirm on this
ground. We may affirm or reverse a judgment on any ground supported by the
record, regardless of whether the district court relied upon that ground. Kling v.
Hallmark Cards Inc., 225 F.3d 1030, 1039 (9th Cir. 2000).
We review the district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim de novo.
Cervantes v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 656 F.3d 1034, 1040 (9th Cir. 2011).
The complaint’s factual allegations and reasonable inferences therefrom are taken
as true and construed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Odom v.
Microsoft Corp., 486 F.3d 541, 545 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc). Rule 8 requires a
2 complaint to include “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the
pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). However, this requires “more
than labels and conclusions . . . . Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right
to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
555 (2007). A plaintiff must plead facts to cross “the line between possibility and
plausibility.” Id. at 557. “Where a complaint pleads facts that are merely
consistent with a defendant’s liability, it stops short of the line between possibility
and plausibility of entitlement to relief.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009) (quotation marks omitted). A claim is not plausible if an “obvious
alternative explanation” for the defendant’s behavior would not give rise to
liability. Id. at 682.
Appellants pled that Toyota shifted from vinyl chloride-coated harnesses to
soy-based wiring harnesses, which in turn attracted more rodents to Appellants’
vehicles. Appellants bolstered their FAC with numerous documents. Appellants
state a claim under Rule 8.
Importantly, “[w]hen faced with two possible explanations, only one of
which can be true and only one of which results in liability, plaintiffs cannot offer
allegations that are merely consistent with their favored explanation but are also
consistent with the alternative explanation.” In re Century Aluminum Co. Secs.
Litig., 729 F.3d 1104, 1108 (9th Cir. 2013) (quotation marks omitted). Invoking
3 Herodotus, Toyota contends that rats have always been pests that chew on things.
But that is not in dispute. Rather, Appellants assert that the soy-based wiring
harness has led to an increase in rodent damage to their vehicles. The factual
allegations in the FAC directly support Appellants’ theory, which necessarily
excludes Toyota’s explanation. Accordingly, Appellants state a plausible claim for
relief under Rule 8.
2. The district court dismissed Appellants’ claims arising under state law
fraud and consumer protection statutes because Appellants failed to plead with
sufficient particularity under Rule 9(b). Appellants concede that those claims are
governed by this heightened pleading standard.
In order to meet Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading requirement, plaintiffs
must plead “the who, what, when, where, and how that would suggest fraud, rather
than a business mistake viewed with the benefit of hindsight.” Cooper v. Pickett,
137 F.3d 616, 627 (9th Cir. 1997) (quotation marks omitted). “Rule 9(b) demands
that the circumstances constituting the alleged fraud be specific enough to give
defendants notice of the particular misconduct . . . so that they can defend against
the charge and not just deny that they have done anything wrong.” Kearns v. Ford
Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1124 (9th Cir. 2009) (alteration in original) (quotation
marks omitted).
Appellants fail to identify the fraud with particularity. Appellants merely
4 state in conclusory fashion that Toyota fraudulently failed to disclose the alleged
defect. Indeed, Appellants fail to allege the extent to which Toyota was aware of
this issue. The consumer complaints Appellants point to are unpersuasive. See
Wilson v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 668 F.3d 1136, 1147 (9th Cir. 2012). This point is
made more salient by the infrequency of reported damage to Toyota vehicles. We
are left to wonder who at Toyota was aware of the alleged defect and why Toyota
did not disclose it. Thus, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Appellants’
state-law fraud and consumer protection claims.
3. The district court dismissed Appellants’ state-law implied warranty of
merchantability and corresponding MMWA claims, concluding that the defect did
not exist at the time of sale.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 19 2020 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ALBERT HEBER; et al., No. 18-55935
Plaintiffs-Appellants, D.C. No. 8:16-cv-01525-AG-JCG v.
TOYOTA MOTOR SALES, U.S.A., INC.; MEMORANDUM* TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Andrew J. Guilford, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted March 4, 2020 Pasadena, California
Before: KLEINFELD and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and PAULEY,** District Judge.
Albert Heber, et al., individually and on behalf of all others similarly
situated (collectively, “Appellants”) appeal the district court’s dismissal of their
putative class action against Toyota Motor Sales, USA, Inc. (“Toyota”). In
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable William H. Pauley III, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. Appellants’ Fourth Amended Complaint (“FAC”), they allege that because Toyota
switched its wiring harness from vinyl chloride to a soy-based material, rodents
were more attracted to their vehicles and caused damages. The district court
dismissed the FAC for failure to plead with particularity under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 9(b) and found that the soy-based wiring did not constitute a latent
defect. This appeal concerns the dismissal of Appellants’ claims arising under 13
states’ consumer protection statutes, the implied warranty of merchantability, and
the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act (“MMWA”), 15 U.S.C. § 2301 et seq. We
have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm in part and reverse in
part.
1. While the district court did not address whether Appellants adequately
stated a claim for relief under Rule 8, Toyota argues that we should affirm on this
ground. We may affirm or reverse a judgment on any ground supported by the
record, regardless of whether the district court relied upon that ground. Kling v.
Hallmark Cards Inc., 225 F.3d 1030, 1039 (9th Cir. 2000).
We review the district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim de novo.
Cervantes v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 656 F.3d 1034, 1040 (9th Cir. 2011).
The complaint’s factual allegations and reasonable inferences therefrom are taken
as true and construed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Odom v.
Microsoft Corp., 486 F.3d 541, 545 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc). Rule 8 requires a
2 complaint to include “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the
pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). However, this requires “more
than labels and conclusions . . . . Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right
to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
555 (2007). A plaintiff must plead facts to cross “the line between possibility and
plausibility.” Id. at 557. “Where a complaint pleads facts that are merely
consistent with a defendant’s liability, it stops short of the line between possibility
and plausibility of entitlement to relief.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009) (quotation marks omitted). A claim is not plausible if an “obvious
alternative explanation” for the defendant’s behavior would not give rise to
liability. Id. at 682.
Appellants pled that Toyota shifted from vinyl chloride-coated harnesses to
soy-based wiring harnesses, which in turn attracted more rodents to Appellants’
vehicles. Appellants bolstered their FAC with numerous documents. Appellants
state a claim under Rule 8.
Importantly, “[w]hen faced with two possible explanations, only one of
which can be true and only one of which results in liability, plaintiffs cannot offer
allegations that are merely consistent with their favored explanation but are also
consistent with the alternative explanation.” In re Century Aluminum Co. Secs.
Litig., 729 F.3d 1104, 1108 (9th Cir. 2013) (quotation marks omitted). Invoking
3 Herodotus, Toyota contends that rats have always been pests that chew on things.
But that is not in dispute. Rather, Appellants assert that the soy-based wiring
harness has led to an increase in rodent damage to their vehicles. The factual
allegations in the FAC directly support Appellants’ theory, which necessarily
excludes Toyota’s explanation. Accordingly, Appellants state a plausible claim for
relief under Rule 8.
2. The district court dismissed Appellants’ claims arising under state law
fraud and consumer protection statutes because Appellants failed to plead with
sufficient particularity under Rule 9(b). Appellants concede that those claims are
governed by this heightened pleading standard.
In order to meet Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading requirement, plaintiffs
must plead “the who, what, when, where, and how that would suggest fraud, rather
than a business mistake viewed with the benefit of hindsight.” Cooper v. Pickett,
137 F.3d 616, 627 (9th Cir. 1997) (quotation marks omitted). “Rule 9(b) demands
that the circumstances constituting the alleged fraud be specific enough to give
defendants notice of the particular misconduct . . . so that they can defend against
the charge and not just deny that they have done anything wrong.” Kearns v. Ford
Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1124 (9th Cir. 2009) (alteration in original) (quotation
marks omitted).
Appellants fail to identify the fraud with particularity. Appellants merely
4 state in conclusory fashion that Toyota fraudulently failed to disclose the alleged
defect. Indeed, Appellants fail to allege the extent to which Toyota was aware of
this issue. The consumer complaints Appellants point to are unpersuasive. See
Wilson v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 668 F.3d 1136, 1147 (9th Cir. 2012). This point is
made more salient by the infrequency of reported damage to Toyota vehicles. We
are left to wonder who at Toyota was aware of the alleged defect and why Toyota
did not disclose it. Thus, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Appellants’
state-law fraud and consumer protection claims.
3. The district court dismissed Appellants’ state-law implied warranty of
merchantability and corresponding MMWA claims, concluding that the defect did
not exist at the time of sale. The district court reasoned that the rodents did not
destroy the vehicles until after the sale. On appeal, Appellants concede they
cannot state claims arising under Idaho, Illinois, and Oregon law, but challenge the
dismissal of their remaining implied warranty and MMWA claims.
The implied warranty of merchantability is a state-law cause of action. The
implied warranty generally requires that goods possess “fitness for the ordinary
purpose for which such goods are used,” which means “the product is in safe
condition and substantially free of defects.” Brand v. Hyundai Motor Am., 173
Cal. Rptr. 3d 454, 459 (Ct. App. 2014) (quotation marks omitted). To have an
actionable claim, the defect must exist at the time of sale. See Mexia v. Rinker
5 Boat Co., 95 Cal. Rptr. 3d 285, 290–91 (Ct. App. 2009).
The district court incorrectly identified the rodents as the alleged defect; the
alleged defect was the soy-based wiring harnesses that attracted the rodents in the
first place. This defect existed at the time of sale even if the damage only occurred
later. To hold otherwise would require that the damage—not just the defect—exist
at the time of sale. Such a limitation runs counter to the implied warranty’s
protection for ordinary use. Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s dismissal
of Appellants’ implied warranty of merchantability claims—with the exception of
the abandoned claims arising under Idaho, Illinois, and Oregon law—and MMWA
claims.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED. The
parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.