MAXEIELD, J.
The only question presented by this appeal is the correctness and propriety of the order and decree of the chancellor in appointing a receiver under the circumstances adverted to.
[1]
We cannot now pass upon the questions raised by demurrer to the bill, except in so far as the averments of the bill, in connection with the proof, tend to authorize or justify the appointment of the receiver. This for the reason that the chancellor did not rule or decree on the demurrers. Nor is his failure to so pass upon them so presented that we can review the question therein involved. This question can be here insisted upon ■ only in the way of argument touching the propriety of appointing the receiver, before passing upon the sufficiency of the bill as raised by the demurrer.
It is urged 6y appellants that it was error to appoint the receiver when and as the chancellor did appoint him. The argument of counsel for appellants to show error, and the assigned reasons which are contended to show error, may be briefly summarized as follows:
(1) That complainant, appellee here, is not shown to be a creditor of the consolidated corporation which is alleged to be insolvent and whose assets are sought to be marshaled and distributed.
(2) That the court has no power to marshal the assets of four corporations in one suit.
(3) That it is not alleged, even generally, that either of the merged corporations was insolvent, but only so alleged that the merger corporation was insolvent.
(4) That notwithstanding the consolida
tion of the three corporations into one, as authorized by our statutes, each of them continued, and continues to exist, for the purpose and to the extent that it may be proceeded against separately, by its creditors, under section 3509 of the Code, and that for this reason the various liens of the various creditors of the several corporations cannot all be dealt with in one suit, by the creditors of one of the merging corporations.
(51 That the deeds of trust securing the payment of the debts of some of the corporations, especially the debts of complainant evidenced by the bonds of one of the corporations, provide the only and exclusive method of enforcing payment — that is, by a sale of the property conveyed to the trustee — and that there is therefore no right to a personal action against the merging or the merger corporations, but that the property conveyed by the deed of trust must be sold by the trustee and the proceeds of the sale applied to the payment of the debts secured, and that, if they be insufficient to pay in full, the remainder of the debt is discharged, being not in any way enforceable. That this provision is written in the deeds of trust and that it is therefore shown by the complainant’s bill.
(6) That no necessity is shown by the bill or the proof for the appointment of a receiver.
(7) That if the averments of the bill and the proof would otherwise authorize the appointment of a receiver, the necessity and propriety of making an appointment was removed when the federal court appointed receivers of the same properties of the same corporation.
(8) That the state court’s prior right to aW point a receiver should not even be presented to the federal court until the merits and the equity of complainant’s ease has been tested and adjudicated, and that then its priority of right to appoint a receiver and to marshal the assets should be raised by appellee, or a party to the suit in the state court, and not by the receiver of the state court. That the practice is unheard of, of having the receiver of one court apply to another court to remove its receiver and deliver the property so received to the applying receiver, to be administered in the court appointing him.
We cannot agree with counsel for appellants in any of their contentions going to show that the chancellor erred in appointing a receiver in this case.
There can be no doubt that section 3509 of the Code, above set out, authorizes the filing of a creditors’ bill, like the one in question, against a corporation that has become insolvent within the sense in which that word is used in the statute. The bill in this case alleges that the merger corporation is insolvent within the meaning of the statute; that is, insolvent to the extent that its assets have become a trust fund for the benefit of its creditors, subject to be marshaled and administered by a court of equity. It may be that the facts or the details might be averred more minutely, and more particularly, to show that the corporation is insolvent to the extent necessary to bring it within the operation of the statute, which says that the assets then become a trust fund for the payment of the claims of the insolvent’s creditors; but we are not now dealing with the sufficiency of the averment in matters of detail, or with allegations which are too general. That question is not now before us, because not passed upon by the chancellor. We now pass only upon the equity of the bill to authorize the appointment of a receiver pendente lite. We must not be understood, however, as holding or intimating that the averments as to insolvency would not be sufficient, even if tested by demurrer assigning appropriate grounds. This court has held that insolvency can be averred in very general terms, as it relates to the pecuniary condition of a party; that while it may be, in a sense, a conclusion to be drawn from other facts, yet it is also in a sense a collective fact, which may be averred, and deposed to; that the mere statement that a party is insolvent may, in certain cases, present and involve other facts which go to make up the condition of insolvency. It is very true of this word “insolvent,” as it is of other words, that the'meaning or sense in which it is used is not the same in all statutes or in all cases. Its meaning is sometimes more restricted or limited than at others. Coal City Co. v. Hazard Co., 108 Ala. 223, 19 South. 392; Corey v. Wadsworth, 99 Ala. 78, 11 South. 350, 23 L. R. A. 618, 42 Am. St. Rep. 29; O’Bear Jewelry Co. v. Volfer, 106 Ala. 205, 17 South. 525, 28 L. R. A. 707, 54 Am. St. Rep. 31; City Bank v. Leonard, 168 Ala. 404, 53 South. 71; Cassells Mills v. Bank, 187 Ala. 327, 65 South. 820; Warren v. Kilgroe, 176 Ala. 476, 478, 58 South. 432; Thompson Corp. § 6127.
It is very true that if the defendant corporation was not insolvent within the meaning of that word as used in the statute in question, the assets of the corporation were not a trust fund, and this bill could not be maintained; and no receiver should be appointed, even pendente lite, with this averment, and proof thereof, and a hearing upon which the question is properly put in issue. Insolvency of the corporation, within the meaning of that term in the statute, is certainly the sine qua non of the equity of a bill like this.
As we have said, however, the bill did allege insolvency to the extent, or in the sense, that the assets become a trust fund subject to be marshaled and distributed, the allegation being practically in the language of the statute; and there was proof, on the hearing, tending to support the allegation.
[2]
We cannot agree with counsel that the bill fails to show that appellee, complainant
below, Is a creditor of the merger corporation, or that he is not such a creditor, under the undisputed facts, or the facts as contended for by appellant. It is conceded that he is a creditor of two of the merging corporations, with a prior lien as to some assets which went into the merger corporation.
It is not denied that the merger or consolidation of the corporation was effected under our statutes providing for «such combinations ; and no complaint is made against the validity or sufficiency of the proceeding to- merge or consolidate under the statutes. These statutes are now embraced within sections 3502 to 3508 of-the Code. Section 3502 authorizes in general terms the consolidation or merger of certain corporations. Section 3503 specifies the mode or process of consolidating or merging. Section 3504 fixes the duties, powers, and liabilities of the consolidated or merger corporation so formed, with the result' that it possesses all the powers and privileges, and is subjected to all the duties and liabilities, of each of the consolidating or merging corporations. Section 8505 provides that all the title, rights, privileges, and franchises, in and to all property of every kind, which the merging or consolidating corporations had and possessed, vest in the merger or consolidated corporation, and that such rights and titles thereto shall not be in any manner impaired by reason of such consolidation. Section 3506 preserves the rights and liens of all creditors, as to the property of the merging or consolidating corporations, and provides that such corporations shall be deemed to exist, in order to preserve such rights and liens of such creditors after the property passes to the merger corporation. It also expressly provides that all debts, liabilities, and duties, of each of the original corporations shall attach to the consolidated or merger corporation, and may thereafter be enforced against it, in the same manner and to the same extent as if such debts, duties, and liabilities had been incurred or contracted by the consolidated or merger corporation.
Thus the ’case made by this bill is clearly brought within both the letter and the spirit of the statute making the complainant a creditor of the merger or consolidated corporation, as if his debt had been contracted with it. The statute also clearly makes the assets and property of each and all the former corporations the property of the merger corporation, and makes the several funds or assets one fund with which the newly formed corporation can deal, just as any one or all of the consolidating corporations could theretofore deal therewith.
[3]
While there is a technical difference between a merger and a consolidation of corporations, our statutes authorize and provide for both. A merger is the absorption of a thing of lesser importance, by a greater, whereby the lesser ceases to exist, but the greater is not thereby increased. A consolidation takes place when two or more corporations are extinguished, and by the same process a new one is created, taking over the assets and assuming the liabilities of those passing out of existence. The consolidation of corporations, under statutes like ours, effects the dissolution of the original bodies, except for certain purposes specified, and the creation of a new one, which derives its rights and powers by virtue of the statutes of the state, and likewise its duties and liabilities ; all such liabilities and powers being the same as those possessed by, or imposed upon, the former corporations. The consolidation, of course, renders the original corporations unable to meet their obligations, and the merger corporation is by law required to assume and to discharge them. While the merging corporations continue to exist for certain purposes, those purposes are limited by the statute. This is necessarily shown by the language of section 3506 of the Code, which reads:
“Rights of creditors and all liens upon the property of any of the said former corporations shall be preserved unimpaired, and the former corporations may be deemed to continue in existence in order to preserve the same; and all debts, liabilities, and duties of each of the said former corporations shall thenceforth attach to the consolidated corporation, and may be enforced against it to the same extent as if said debts, duties, and liabilities had been incurred or contracted by it.”
[4]
There is no escaping the' conclusion that by virtue of our statutes the merger or consolidated corporation may be sued for the debts and liabilities of the former corporations ; and if it be said that the latter can and should be sued also, in order to preserve the rights and liens of ,their creditors, the answer is, they are so sued in this case, with the consolidated company, and we see no reason why the rights and liens of the creditors of the consolidating corporations cannot be preserved by the chancery court, if the assets of the merger corporation are marshaled and administered therein.
[5]
It was held by this court in the case of Southern Steel Co. v. Hopkins, 157 Ala. 175, 47 South. 274, 20 L. R. A. (N. S.) 848, 131 Am. St. Rep. 20, 16 Ann. Cas. 690, that the consolidated company and the merged companies could be sued together. While that case has been expressly overruled, it has not been overruled on this point, but only as to the equity of the bill to prevent a multiplicity of suits. See second appeal, same case, 174 Ala. 465, 57 South. 11, 40 L. R. A. (N. S.) 464, Ann. Cas. 1914B, 692.
As before stated, there is no attempt in this suit to have the original consolidating corporations declared insolvent, and their assets administered, except in so far as all .their assets have gone into the consolidated corporation. The assets are administered as those of the latter corporation, and not of the former, except in so far as it is necessary to preserve rights and liens of creditors which had attached and become vested be
fore the act of consolidation. We1 see no legal or equitable objection to administering the whole of the assets of the consolidated corporation, including those acquired from the other corporations by virtue of the act of consolidation, if the merger corporation is insolvent within thp meaning of that term as used in our statute. We see no reason why the prior rights and liens as to specific property cannot be preserved as the statute directs, in a case like this. It does seem that this could be done with greater facility and efficiency in one than in several different suits, by the several creditors, against each of the original corporations. The consolidated corporation, having acquired all the title to the assets which the original corporations had, would of necessity have to be made a party to such suits to enforce the several liens of the several creditors of the original corporations. Such a suit as this, in a case like this, is therefore not only expressly authorized by the statutes! but is, of necessity, more expeditious, eflicient, and inexpensive, than separate and independent suits by the several creditors against the several corporations would be.
[6]
We are not of the opinion that there is shown by this record so little probability of success of complainant’s suit that a receiver pendente lite ought not to be appointed. Of course we cannot now know what will be the final result of this suit. That is what the suit itself is brought to determine, and it is now only in its first stage, or embryonic form; but it does not yet appear that there is no such probability of success as would deny the right to a receiver, which would otherwise be proper. If the corporation is not insolvent within the meaning of the stat-( ute under which the bill is filed, the suit, of course, must wholly fail; but this depends upon proof to be had on the merits, or on applications to appoint or discharge the receiver ; and so far as the record now shows, we are not prepared to say that the chancellor erred in appointing the receiver. Thompson, Corp. § 0830 et seq., and cases cited. In fact, looking to the whole record, and the one in the federal court, it seems certain that a receiver .'was proper, if not necessary, when he was appointed. The bill in the federal court certainly made no stronger case for the appointment of a receiver than did the bill in the state court. That in the federal court asked for a receiver, and it was confessed by the respondent corporation and the appointment of the receiver consented to. So, if we entertained any doubt as to the propriety or necessity of the state court’s appointing a receiver, that doubt would be removed, upon looking to the proceeding in the federal court, which is set up as a reason for the state court’s refusal to appoint a receiver as prayed.
[7]
We likewise see no reason why the state court should have waited until the merits of the suit had been adjudicated before acting on the application for the appointment of the receiver. The purpose of appointing a receiver was that the assets should be taken in charge by the court, and be preserved until it was determined whether or not they should be administered. Unless the receiver was thus appointed before the merits were adjudicated, the appointment might have been too late, or abortive. The receiver does not represent the complainants nor the litigants, but is an arm or agency of the court appointing him, and his duties and rights are measured by the duties and rights of the court so appointing him. He acts solely by authority of the court appointing him. He is appointed because neither the court nor the chancellor in person can do what the receiver is authorized and required to do; and he is therefore properly authorized and required to do that which the court or’ the, chancellor in person cannot do, as taking possession and control of the subject-matter of the suit, and preserving and administering it as the law may direct. The receiver acts in behalf of no particular litigant or interest, but guards and protects the rights of all, or is intended so to do. His appointment does not change the title or ultimate rights of any one, to the property committed to his charge, nor does it per se alter or affect any contract or lien of the litigants to the property. The appointment does not determine the question of insolvency vel non, nor any other disputed fact upon which the final equities of the bill depend, further than it is necessary that the property should be taken into his custody and control pending the suit and the determination of those equities and disputed facts.
Instead of the appointment of receivers by the federal court being a reason against an appointment by the state court, it is a reason for the appointment. There can be no doubt that if the bill in the state court contained equity — and we hold that it did — the state court first acquired jurisdiction of the subject-matter of this suit, the whole of the assets of the consolidating corporations, and of the consolidated corporation, which in tlie main are one. While it had not assumed the physical custody and control of the property, which it could not do otherwise than by a receiver, it had acquired jurisdiction thereof for all purposes involved in the bills in the two courts. If it should -be conceded that the federal court did have jurisdiction of the parties and of the subject-matter, it was only a jurisdiction concurrent with that of the state court, which had already attached, in which court suit was pending when it was first sought to confer jurisdiction on the federal court. If all the facts in both cases were presented to the federal court, as they are presented to us by this record, we apprehend that- the federal court would not further assume jurisdiction, but would remit the
parties to the state court, which first acquired jurisdiction. This seems to be the proper course of procedure in such cases, and it is observed by both state and federal courts, with possibly a few exceptions. The mere fact that the federal court acquired jurisdiction, because of diverse citizenship, does not destroy the wholesome doctrine that where the jurisdiction is concurrent with another, that which first attaches should be retained, aud that which last attaches should yield.
Of course a state court nor a Legislature cannot destroy or render nugatory the jurisdiction of federal courts; and all attempts to do so have been uniformly held for naught by the Supreme Court of the United States— and there are many such cases reported in the books and reports of the federal decisions. Of such class are most of the cases relied upon by appellants in this case; but they are not apt here, because there is manifest in this case no such attempt by eithbr a state Legislature or a state court.
One of the leading cases applicable to the one in hand is that of Byers v. McAuley, 149 U. S. 608, 13 Sup. Ct. 906, 37 L. Ed. 867. There the circuit court of, the United States assumed control of an estate as to which a state court had theretofore assumed jurisdiction ; and on appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States, that court, per Brewer, J., said:
“In order to pave the way to a clear understanding' of this question, it may be well to state some general propositions which have become fully settled by the decisions of this court, and, first, it is a rule of general application that where property is in the actual possession of one court of competent jurisdiction, such possession cannot bo disturbed by process out of another court. The doctrine has been affirmed again and again by this court” (citing many authorities) 149 U. S. 614, 13 Sup. Ct. 908, 37 L. Ed. 867.
In Ellis v. Davis, 109 U. S. 485, 498, 3 Sup. Ct. 327, 335 (27 L. Ed. 1006) it was said:
“In Payne v. Hook, 7 Wall. 425 [19 L. Ed. 260], it was decided that the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court of the United States, in a case for equitable relief, was not excluded because, by the laws of the state, the matter was within the exclusive jurisdiction of its probate courts; but, as in all other cases of conflict between jurisdictions of independent and concurrent authority, that which has first acquired possession of the res, which is the subject of the litigation, is entitled to administer to it.”
If the receiver had been actually appointed before the filing of the bill in the federal court, and the receiver of the state court had assumed actual custody and control of the property, we apprehend there could be no contention that the federal court could or would arrest the jurisdiction of the state court because of diverse citizenship. ■ The state and the federal authorities seem to have had cases showing the exact facts of this case; that is, where the jurisdiction of the state court has attached, but no receiver was actually appointed, and no actual custody or control of the property assumed by the state court, when the bill was filed in the federal court, or when that court, through its receiver, assumed actual custody and control of the property the subject-matter of the suit. This principle has been so often reaffirmed that it is useless to cite the cases, and we find no conflict therewith. It is possibly as well expressed by Justice Shiras, in the Farmers’ Loan, etc., Co. Case, 177 U. S., at page 61, 20 Sup. Ct., at page 568, 44 L. Ed. 667, as elsewhere. It is there said:
“The possession of the res vests the court which has first acquired jurisdiction with the power to hear and determine all controversies relating thereto, and fqr the time being disables other courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction from exercising a like power. This rule is essential to the orderly administration of justice, and to prevent unseemly conflicts between courts whose jurisdiction embraces the same subjects and persons. Nor is this rule restricted in its application to cases where property has been actually seized under judicial process before a second suit is instituted in another court, but it often applies as well where suits are brought to enforce liens against specific property, to marshal assets, administer trusts, or liquidate insolvent estates, and in suits of a similar nature where, in the progress of the litigation, the court may be compelled to assume the possession and control of the property to bo affected. The rule has been declared to be of especial importance in its application to federal and state courts. Peck v. Jenness, 7 How. 612 [12 L. Ed. 841]; Freeman v. Howe, 24 How. 450 [16 L. Ed. 749]; Moran v. Sturges, 154 U. S. 256 [14 Sup. Ct. 1019, 38 L. Ed. 981]; Central Bank v. Stevens, 169 U. S. 432 [18 Sup. Ct. 403, 42 L. Ed. 807]; Harkrader v. Wadley, 174 U. S. 148 [19 Sup. Ct. 119, 43 L. Ed. 399].”
The cases further hold that it is not necessary that a receiver be appointed if the jurisdiction of the court has firfet attached to the subject-matter; that the date of the appointment of the receiver may depend upon consideration of convenience, as in the case now in hand, and the appointment be made at any time during the progress of the litigation, as the necessities may require.
The courts, both state and federal, hold that this doctrine or principle is not only one of comity, to prevent unseemly conflicts, but that it is more; that it is one of fundamental right, of law, and of necessity. Louisville Trust Co. v. Knott, 130 Fed. 820, 65 C. C. A. 158; Coveil v. Heyman, 111 U. S. 176, 4 Sup. Ct. 355, 28 L. Ed. 390; B. & O. Ry. Co. v. Wabash Co., 119 Fed. 678, 57 C. C. A. 322; Id., 187 U. S. 650, 23 Sup. Ct. 848, 47 L. Ed. 349; Corbett v. Riddle, 209 Fed. 811, 126 C. C. A. 535.
The only cases we have found — and we have examined many, in addition to those cited and relied upon in brief of counsel— which appear to hold differently, are clearly distinguishable from cases like one in hand. Sometimes they are distinguishable on the ground that the state court did not have jurisdiction for the purpose for which the federal court assumed jurisdiction, and that the right asserted by the federal court is paramount to that asserted by the state court. In these, and like cases, the reason for the rule ceases, and the rule itself, of
course, no longer applies. Here, no relief is sought in the federal court which could not be awarded in the state court.
[8]
We find no error or impropriety in the chancellor’s directing the receiver appointed by him, to intervene in the suit in the federal court, for the purpose of having that court discharge its receivers and direct the custody and control of the property to be delivered to the receiver of the state court. The fact that the complainant in the state court might intervene for the purpose does not deny the right of a receiver so to do, if so ordered and directed by the court appointing him.
[9]
It is insisted by the appellants that the bill is without equity, and that complainant is entitled to no relief because of certain provisions in the trust deeds securing complainant’s debts which are evidenced by certain bonds of the Tombigbee Valley Railroad Company and the terminal company, two of the three consolidating corporations. Those provisions of the deeds of trust are to the effect that a sale of the mortgaged property shall operate as a full satisfaction of the bonded indebtedness secured by the deed of trust, as to^both principal and interest, even though the property, when sold in foreclosure proceedings or otherwise, brings less than the amount due. That is, that the holders of the bonds and coupons, unless paid voluntarily by the makers, or the consolidated corporation which has acquired the property (subject, of course, to the mortgages or deeds of trust), are remitted to the property mortgaged, and must proceed against it alone, by foreclosure proceedings of some sort, and that there is no ultimate liability of the makers of the bonds, or of the consolidated corporation which acquired the property and guaranteed the payment of such bonds; that the guaranty was subject to, or limited or qualified by, the written provision or provisions in the trust deed, to the effect that there was no personal or corporate liability other or further than that to have a sale or application of the property to the satisfaction of the debts secured by the deed of trust. "
It is replied by appellee that these provisions are not binding on the appellee; certainly, as to a part of his bonds, and that if they were, as to all the bonds, this was changed by the subsequent indorsement or guaranty of the bonds by the consolidated company when it acquired the interest and title therein of the original corporations. It is both improper and unnecessary for us to now pass on any of these disputed questions, for the reason that appellee, so far as the decree of the lower court, or this appeal, is concerned, is not now seeking any relief personal against the original corporations or against the consolidated company, but is only seeking to have the court take possession of the mortgaged property, and to conserve and preserve it, so that it may be applied to the debts of appellee and of other creditors, to secure the payment of which it was mortgaged or conveyed by the deed of trust. 1-Ie is not seeking any relief inconsistent with those provisions or conditions, if such there be, in the deed of trust. It will be time enough to consider and decide questions as to whether there can be any judgment or decree over for the balance, if any, after the property is sold and the proceeds are applied as provided in the deed of trust, when that is sought to be done, or when a subsequent action or proceeding is brought to enforce liability, which is contrary to the provisions in the deed of trust. There is nothing in this proceeding, up to date, which attempts to fix liability different from that imposed in those provisions, though such questions may arise later.
[10]
It is likewise not proper for usf to discuss or decide as'to the merits or defects of the bill filed in the federal court, further than to say it was certainly within the lis pendens of this suit in the state court, and sought relief identical with that sought in the state court, in so far as the receivership to preserve the property is concerned. It is very true that the scope of the bill in the federal court to foreclose only one of the .deeds of trust, and to enforce a part only of the liens on a part only of the property, was more limited than that of this bill in the state court; but to the extent to which it went, it was similar, or rather, sought similar results.
While we do not pass upon the equity of that bill, yet we do not see how the relief prayed in the bill in the federal court can be awarded, on the prayer that complainant, who is a junior lienor, seeking at his suit to have superior lienors enforce their liens, so that he can then enforce his liens as to the same property. It may be that there are circumstances or conditions that take the case made by that bill without the rule announced in Jones on Mortgages, vol. 2, § 439, Mims v. Cobbs, 110 Ala. 582, 18 South. 309, and Bingham v. Vandegrift, 93 Ala. 283, 9 South. 280, but, as before stated, this is not a question which now concerns us. It is enough to say that it is within the lis pendens of this suit in the state court, and, if continued, would defeat the jurisdiction of the state court, which attached first, which court, so far as this suit is concerned, is a court of concurrent jurisdiction with the federal court, and that no reason appears why the jurisdiction of the state court should not continue, nor why the property should not be delivered over to the receiver appointed by the state court.
Affirmed.
ANDERSON, O. J., and SOMERvxLLE and THOMAS, JJ., concur.