Hall, Justice.
Had the plaintiff in the suit the right to maintain it, and if he had that right, was the proper measure of damages awarded him by the verdict of the jury? These are the questions made by the record, and their determination will dispose of the case.
[54]*541. The suit was brought upon an alleged breach of the conditions of a policy of insurance, to recover from the company the amount of the premiums paid by the assured, with interest thereon, because the company had wrongfully refused to receive one of the premiums, when tendered after 12 o’clock M. of the day on which it fell due, and thus discontinued the insurance, when it should have continued it. The plaintiff below contended that, although the notices sent out by the company had required the premiums to be paid at 12 o’clock m. on the day they fell due, yet there was no such stipulation in the policy itself, and, according to the course of all previous dealings with them, a literal compliance with this requirement had never been exacted. This position was established by proof, and under the repeated rulings of our courts, as well as the Supreme Court of the United States and those of a number of our sister states, it was well taken See Cotton States Life Insurance Co. vs. Lester, guardian, 62 Ga., 247, which is directly upon the point, and cites a large number of the authorities.
The defendant being estopped by its course of dealings as to this particular matter from refusing the plaintiff’s tender of the premium, when it was offered, it is unnecessary to consider other questions made and argued as to its abstract right to insist upon a strict and literal compliance with this requirement; for all the purposes of the case, it is sufficient to hold that, if it had this right, it waived it by its former course of dealing, and, on the occasion in question, failed to notify the plaintiff, before the day, of any change of policy in this respect, or that it intended thereafter to adopt a different rule and insist on a strict and literal compliance. A breach of the contract by the defendant, not concurred in or assented to by the plaintiff, gave him the right to institute his suit, and to recover any damages he may have sustained in consequence thereof, unless he was not the owner of the contract at the time of the breach.
[55]*55It is true that sometime prior to the date we are now considering, the plaintiff had assigned this policy in writing to W. W. Chisholm, and that the insurance company had been duly notified of the assignment. It. had been pledged to Chisholm as collateral security for a debt which the plaintiff owed him, and upon the payment of this debt, it was returned to the plaintiff, though it does not appear to have been re-assigned in writing, to him. This was done before the breach of the policy complained of. It is, nevertheless, fairly inferable from the evidence that the company was apprised, before and at that time, that Chisholm had ceased to have any beneficial interest in or control over the policy, and that nothing but the apparent naked legal title to it remained in him, while the real title was in the plaintiff, for the trust on which it was held being at an end, and the policy being turned over to the real owner, the title vested in him by operation of law as completely as it would have done by a re-assignment in writing. Code, §2314, and citations. See also Banks vs. Sloat, Russell & Co., 69 Ga., 330, 335. Thus it appears that the plaintiff held the legal title to this policy, as well as the beneficial interest therein, and by reason thereof was fully entitled to maintain the suit.
2. We have now to consider whether the court laid down the correct rule as to the measure of damages in his charge to the jury. There was no error in charging them that “ if the plaintiff was entitled to recover, his measure of damages was the amount of premiums paid, with interest on each from the time such payment was made.” But these premiums, by the express terms of the policy, being payable in gold, although several of the payments wermade by arrangement between the parties in a depreciated currency, but at its current value in gold, we think there was manifest error in charging that “ if the payments were made in currency, with the premium on gold added, when the gold was above par, he can-recover the amount actually paid in currency, including said pre[56]*56miums.” The plaintiff recovered a judgment, under this charge, which it is optional with him to collect either in « gold or silver coin,” the constitutional currency, or in a currency which is now at par with coin, and, so far as concerns the excess beyond the gold coin which he was bound to pay in premiums in order to make it equal to the medium in which he agreed to pay, is included in that judgment, it is clear that he has recovered more than the amount he was bound to pay and did actually pay. Each of the annual premiums called for $146 Tu»j in gold. On that.falling due 27th of August, 1873, he paid 15£ per cent in currency, on that of 1874, he paid 9£ per cent; on that due in 1875,14 per cent; on the premium due in 1876,11 per cent; on that of 1877, 3 per cent; and on that of 1878, one-half of one per cent. All the subsequent premiums were paid in currency of equal value with gold. This error in the charge and finding, however, if there are no others, will not necessitate another trial of the case; we have all the data necessary to compute the excess found, and which may be deducted, in order to make the finding conform strictly to the legal rights of the party.
It is insisted by the defendant’s counsel — plaintiff’s in error here — that the amount of the premiums actually paid, with the interest from the date of the respective payments, was not the correct measure of damages, if the plaintiff was, 'under the circumstances, entitled to recover damages at all in the case.
First: He contends that, whether the contract of insurance be regarded as entire for the term of the life of the insured, or as annual only, and renewable according to its provisions, it was certainly executed at the end of each year and dependent for longer existence upon the will of the insured ; that in this case it subsisted for eight years, during which time the plaintiff received value for- the premiums paid; that he makes no offer to recompense the insurer for the risk it took of his death throughout this period, or for the benefit h.e received from pledging it on two occasions [57]*57at its actual money value as a security for credit extended to him; that he thus received from it intermediate benefits, for which he does not propose to account; that be seeks only a recission of his part of the contract; that if there be a recission at all, it must be total and not partial, and that the parties to it must thereby be put in statu quo. This position would, perhaps, be sound, and sustained by the authorities cited, if the plaintiff was, by his action, endeavoring to rescind the contract (Hunt vs. Silk, 5 East R., 449 ; Chitty’s Contracts, 691, 815 ; Tyrie vs.
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Hall, Justice.
Had the plaintiff in the suit the right to maintain it, and if he had that right, was the proper measure of damages awarded him by the verdict of the jury? These are the questions made by the record, and their determination will dispose of the case.
[54]*541. The suit was brought upon an alleged breach of the conditions of a policy of insurance, to recover from the company the amount of the premiums paid by the assured, with interest thereon, because the company had wrongfully refused to receive one of the premiums, when tendered after 12 o’clock M. of the day on which it fell due, and thus discontinued the insurance, when it should have continued it. The plaintiff below contended that, although the notices sent out by the company had required the premiums to be paid at 12 o’clock m. on the day they fell due, yet there was no such stipulation in the policy itself, and, according to the course of all previous dealings with them, a literal compliance with this requirement had never been exacted. This position was established by proof, and under the repeated rulings of our courts, as well as the Supreme Court of the United States and those of a number of our sister states, it was well taken See Cotton States Life Insurance Co. vs. Lester, guardian, 62 Ga., 247, which is directly upon the point, and cites a large number of the authorities.
The defendant being estopped by its course of dealings as to this particular matter from refusing the plaintiff’s tender of the premium, when it was offered, it is unnecessary to consider other questions made and argued as to its abstract right to insist upon a strict and literal compliance with this requirement; for all the purposes of the case, it is sufficient to hold that, if it had this right, it waived it by its former course of dealing, and, on the occasion in question, failed to notify the plaintiff, before the day, of any change of policy in this respect, or that it intended thereafter to adopt a different rule and insist on a strict and literal compliance. A breach of the contract by the defendant, not concurred in or assented to by the plaintiff, gave him the right to institute his suit, and to recover any damages he may have sustained in consequence thereof, unless he was not the owner of the contract at the time of the breach.
[55]*55It is true that sometime prior to the date we are now considering, the plaintiff had assigned this policy in writing to W. W. Chisholm, and that the insurance company had been duly notified of the assignment. It. had been pledged to Chisholm as collateral security for a debt which the plaintiff owed him, and upon the payment of this debt, it was returned to the plaintiff, though it does not appear to have been re-assigned in writing, to him. This was done before the breach of the policy complained of. It is, nevertheless, fairly inferable from the evidence that the company was apprised, before and at that time, that Chisholm had ceased to have any beneficial interest in or control over the policy, and that nothing but the apparent naked legal title to it remained in him, while the real title was in the plaintiff, for the trust on which it was held being at an end, and the policy being turned over to the real owner, the title vested in him by operation of law as completely as it would have done by a re-assignment in writing. Code, §2314, and citations. See also Banks vs. Sloat, Russell & Co., 69 Ga., 330, 335. Thus it appears that the plaintiff held the legal title to this policy, as well as the beneficial interest therein, and by reason thereof was fully entitled to maintain the suit.
2. We have now to consider whether the court laid down the correct rule as to the measure of damages in his charge to the jury. There was no error in charging them that “ if the plaintiff was entitled to recover, his measure of damages was the amount of premiums paid, with interest on each from the time such payment was made.” But these premiums, by the express terms of the policy, being payable in gold, although several of the payments wermade by arrangement between the parties in a depreciated currency, but at its current value in gold, we think there was manifest error in charging that “ if the payments were made in currency, with the premium on gold added, when the gold was above par, he can-recover the amount actually paid in currency, including said pre[56]*56miums.” The plaintiff recovered a judgment, under this charge, which it is optional with him to collect either in « gold or silver coin,” the constitutional currency, or in a currency which is now at par with coin, and, so far as concerns the excess beyond the gold coin which he was bound to pay in premiums in order to make it equal to the medium in which he agreed to pay, is included in that judgment, it is clear that he has recovered more than the amount he was bound to pay and did actually pay. Each of the annual premiums called for $146 Tu»j in gold. On that.falling due 27th of August, 1873, he paid 15£ per cent in currency, on that of 1874, he paid 9£ per cent; on that due in 1875,14 per cent; on the premium due in 1876,11 per cent; on that of 1877, 3 per cent; and on that of 1878, one-half of one per cent. All the subsequent premiums were paid in currency of equal value with gold. This error in the charge and finding, however, if there are no others, will not necessitate another trial of the case; we have all the data necessary to compute the excess found, and which may be deducted, in order to make the finding conform strictly to the legal rights of the party.
It is insisted by the defendant’s counsel — plaintiff’s in error here — that the amount of the premiums actually paid, with the interest from the date of the respective payments, was not the correct measure of damages, if the plaintiff was, 'under the circumstances, entitled to recover damages at all in the case.
First: He contends that, whether the contract of insurance be regarded as entire for the term of the life of the insured, or as annual only, and renewable according to its provisions, it was certainly executed at the end of each year and dependent for longer existence upon the will of the insured ; that in this case it subsisted for eight years, during which time the plaintiff received value for- the premiums paid; that he makes no offer to recompense the insurer for the risk it took of his death throughout this period, or for the benefit h.e received from pledging it on two occasions [57]*57at its actual money value as a security for credit extended to him; that he thus received from it intermediate benefits, for which he does not propose to account; that be seeks only a recission of his part of the contract; that if there be a recission at all, it must be total and not partial, and that the parties to it must thereby be put in statu quo. This position would, perhaps, be sound, and sustained by the authorities cited, if the plaintiff was, by his action, endeavoring to rescind the contract (Hunt vs. Silk, 5 East R., 449 ; Chitty’s Contracts, 691, 815 ; Tyrie vs. Fletcher, Cowper’s R., 666, and others cited in the brief of counsel); but the plaintiff was ajixious to continue it, and endeavored to comply, as we have seen, with the conditions of the policy entitling him to its continuance, but was not permitted by the defendant to do so; the defendant rescinded the contract over his protest and against his will The plaintiff could not help himself, and was remitted to his action for redress of wrongs resulting from this breach of the duty which the other party owed him by reason of this very contract. Apart from- this, however, and even admitting that the defendant was entitled to an abatement of damages on account of the “intermediate benefits,” which the plaintiff derived from the policy during its existence, there was no evidence in the case showing the value of such benefits, and there was consequently nothing upon which the jury could have based an estimate. The proof to sustain this part of the defence was wholly wanting, and for that, if for no other reason, it was properly disallowed.
The defendant contends, secondly, that the premiums paid, with interest, were not the proper measure of damages, but that it was the equitable value of the policy at the time of the breach, which equitable value was to be ascertained by finding the difference between the cost of a new policy and the present value of the premiums yet to be paid on the repudiated policy when the repudiation occurred, and he cites in support of his position the case of [58]*58Statham vs. The Insurance Company, 93 U. S., 24, and other cases which follow that line. We do not at all question the propriety of the rule as applied to the facts of that case. There both parties were prevented, the one from receiving and the other from paying, in consequence of the existence of war; neither had any con trol over the causes that occasioned the forfeiture, and neither was in fault for a failure to comply with the terms of the contract. The slightest consideration will distinguish this case from that, and take it out of the rule there laid down. Had the plaintiff voluntarily made default in the payment of his premiums at the appointed time, he would have forfeited the amount thus paid in, with all the interest that had accrued thereon from the time the payments were respectively made; it was optional with him to do this; the insurer had no right to exercise any such option; and yet it is gravely insisted that it is not subject to at least as high a penalty, for an arbitrary and unlawful violation of a contract resulting in damages to the assured, as would be the assured himself, for exercising his undoubted right to let his policy lapse by failing or refusing to pay any premium as it falls due; but such is not our view of the law. We think the company, when it violates the conditions and stipulations of its contract, is liable to return to the assured at least as much as he would lose by his voluntary failure to keep on foot his policy by paying according to its terms. This is the rule as laid down by the courts of some of our sister states, and which, for its manifest equity as well as reciprocity and equality of operation upon the rights of opposing parties commends itself to our regard ánd sense of justice. McKee vs. Insurance Company, 28 Mo., 383 ; Helme vs. Philadelphia Ins. Co., 61 Penn. St. R. (11 P. F. Smith, 107); Meade vs. St. Louis Mut. Life Ins. Co., 51 Howard’s Pr. R., 1. It rests upon the well established principle that a party to an entire contract, who has partly performed it, and thereupon subsequently abandons its further performance according to its stipulations, volun[59]*59tarily and without fault upon the part of the other party, or his consent thereto, can recover nothing for such part performance. Ketchum and another vs. Evertson, 13 Johns. R., 359; Murphey vs. Barron, 1 Harris & Gill’s R., 258; Husted vs. Craig, 36 N. Y. R , 221; Gillett vs. Maynard, 5 Johns. R., 82; Meade vs. St. Louis Mut. Life Ins. Co., ut supra.
We direct and order that the several.amounts of excess paid for premiums by the plain tiff in depreciated currency, and which he was allowed to recover, together with interest on each from the date when paid, be ascertained from the data set forth in this opinion, and be deducted from tbe judgment rendered in Ms behalf; and that he pay the cost of this writ of error; and that said judgment, when so reduced, be in all other respects affirmed and stand as the judgment which should have been rendered in the case.
Judgment affirmed.