F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 23 2000 TENTH CIRCUIT __________________________ PATRICK FISHER Clerk
LEMUEL LANELL AKINS,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 99-7111 (E.D. Okla.) BOBBY BOONE, Warden; (D.Ct. No. 98-CV-273-S) ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA,
Respondents-Appellees. ____________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, KELLY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. Appellant Lemuel Lanell Akins, a state inmate appearing pro se, appeals
the district court decision dismissing his federal habeas petition filed pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 2254 and denying his request for a certificate of appealability. We
deny Mr. Akins’ request for a certificate of appealability and dismiss his appeal.
A jury convicted Mr. Akins of grand larceny following his former three
felony convictions. Mr. Akins filed a direct state appeal of his conviction
appealing several issues, including his claims:
(1) a jury instruction on “flight” amounted to a constitutional error;
(2) the jury improperly received an instruction on only petty larceny, and not grand larceny;
(3) insufficient evidence supported his conviction; and
(4) the trial court improperly denied him the opportunity to fully cross- examine a state witness.
The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals rejected his arguments on appeal and
affirmed his conviction. Specifically, the court found the challenged jury
instructions, while improper, constituted harmless error. The court also
determined sufficient evidence existed to support Mr. Akins’ conviction and the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in limiting cross-examination. The state
district court dismissed his application for post-conviction relief under the
doctrines of res judicata and waiver. Because Mr. Akins did not timely file his
-2- state post conviction appeal, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals declined
jurisdiction.
Mr. Akins then filed his federal habeas petition raising the issues raised in
his direct state appeal. The district court assigned the matter to a magistrate
judge who issued a thorough and well-reasoned recommendation for dismissing
the petition. After reviewing Mr. Akins’ objections thereto and the entire record,
the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendation,
and denied the petition.
On appeal, Mr. Akins raises the same issues raised and addressed by the
district court. We begin our review by articulating the standards we must follow.
We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal basis
for dismissal of Mr. Akins’ § 2254 petition de novo. Rogers v. Gibson, 173 F.3d
1278, 1282 (10th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 944 (2000). In applying
these standards, we construe Mr. Akins’ pro se pleadings liberally, holding them
to a less stringent standard than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers. Hall v.
Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991).
With these standards in mind, we have reviewed the entire record and agree
-3- with the magistrate judge’s reasoning on the issues presented. Therefore, in the
interests of judicial economy, we will not repeat the magistrate judge’s analysis
on each issue. However, we do feel compelled to expound further on the
challenged flight instruction given at trial and articulate our reasons for rejecting
Mr. Akins’ claim.
Mr. Akins relies on Mitchell v. State, 876 P.2d 682 (Okla. Crim. App.
1993), to support his contention that jury instructions on flight are improper if no
evidence is offered by the defense to explain the reason for a defendant’s flight.
Because he did not present evidence to explain his flight, Mr. Akins claims the
instruction violated his fundamental right to the presumption of innocence.
The magistrate judge rejected Mr. Akins’ claim, determining he did not:
(1) show the state court’s decision was contrary to federal law or based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts; or (2) meet his burden of proving the
jury instruction “resulted in a trial so fundamentally unfair that his conviction
violated due process.” (Doc. 9 at 3-4.) We believe this issue warrants further
discussion.
The challenged flight instruction allows the jury to consider Mr. Akins’
-4- flight from the crime as a circumstance tending to prove guilt. As Mr. Atkins
contends, in Mitchell the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals determined the use
of this instruction is a fundamental error unless the defendant presents evidence
controverting the reason for his flight. 876 P.2d at 684-85. Based on the facts in
Mitchell, and its concern about a possible violation of the presumption of
innocence, the court determined the harmless-error analysis could not be applied
in that case. 1 Id. at 685. However, in instances where the facts merit its
application, we and the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals have nevertheless
continued to apply the harmless-error analysis, on a case-by-case factual basis, in
examining the use of the same challenged jury instruction. See, e.g., Watson v.
Boone, 131 F.3d 153, 1997 WL 741165 at *2 (10th Cir. Nov. 28 1997)
(unpublished opinion) (determining that even if a constitutional error existed in
giving the instruction, we may apply the harmless-error analysis); Hammon v.
State, 898 P.2d 1287, 1309 (Okla. Crim. App. 1995) (holding the element of
carrying away merchandise was established even in absence of the challenged jury
instruction, thereby, making the instruction superfluous).
1 Later, the same court held that because the rule in Mitchell was an interpretation of state law and did not create any new constitutional right, it could only be applied prospectively. Richie v. State, 908 P.2d 268, 277 (Okla. Crim. App. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 837 (1996). In this case, the Mitchell rule applies prospectively.
-5- In order to apply the harmless-error analysis on collateral review, we must
determine whether “the error ‘had substantial and injurious effect or influence in
determining the jury’s verdict.’” Watson, 1997 WL 741165, at *2 (quoting Brecht
v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993)). In order to make this determination,
we must look at the sufficiency of the evidence for the limited purpose of making
a harmless-error analysis.
In this case, a Wal-Mart store employee testified he heard the sound of bags
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F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 23 2000 TENTH CIRCUIT __________________________ PATRICK FISHER Clerk
LEMUEL LANELL AKINS,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v. No. 99-7111 (E.D. Okla.) BOBBY BOONE, Warden; (D.Ct. No. 98-CV-273-S) ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA,
Respondents-Appellees. ____________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
Before BRORBY, KELLY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. Appellant Lemuel Lanell Akins, a state inmate appearing pro se, appeals
the district court decision dismissing his federal habeas petition filed pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 2254 and denying his request for a certificate of appealability. We
deny Mr. Akins’ request for a certificate of appealability and dismiss his appeal.
A jury convicted Mr. Akins of grand larceny following his former three
felony convictions. Mr. Akins filed a direct state appeal of his conviction
appealing several issues, including his claims:
(1) a jury instruction on “flight” amounted to a constitutional error;
(2) the jury improperly received an instruction on only petty larceny, and not grand larceny;
(3) insufficient evidence supported his conviction; and
(4) the trial court improperly denied him the opportunity to fully cross- examine a state witness.
The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals rejected his arguments on appeal and
affirmed his conviction. Specifically, the court found the challenged jury
instructions, while improper, constituted harmless error. The court also
determined sufficient evidence existed to support Mr. Akins’ conviction and the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in limiting cross-examination. The state
district court dismissed his application for post-conviction relief under the
doctrines of res judicata and waiver. Because Mr. Akins did not timely file his
-2- state post conviction appeal, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals declined
jurisdiction.
Mr. Akins then filed his federal habeas petition raising the issues raised in
his direct state appeal. The district court assigned the matter to a magistrate
judge who issued a thorough and well-reasoned recommendation for dismissing
the petition. After reviewing Mr. Akins’ objections thereto and the entire record,
the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendation,
and denied the petition.
On appeal, Mr. Akins raises the same issues raised and addressed by the
district court. We begin our review by articulating the standards we must follow.
We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal basis
for dismissal of Mr. Akins’ § 2254 petition de novo. Rogers v. Gibson, 173 F.3d
1278, 1282 (10th Cir. 1999), cert. denied, 120 S. Ct. 944 (2000). In applying
these standards, we construe Mr. Akins’ pro se pleadings liberally, holding them
to a less stringent standard than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers. Hall v.
Bellmon, 935 F.2d 1106, 1110 (10th Cir. 1991).
With these standards in mind, we have reviewed the entire record and agree
-3- with the magistrate judge’s reasoning on the issues presented. Therefore, in the
interests of judicial economy, we will not repeat the magistrate judge’s analysis
on each issue. However, we do feel compelled to expound further on the
challenged flight instruction given at trial and articulate our reasons for rejecting
Mr. Akins’ claim.
Mr. Akins relies on Mitchell v. State, 876 P.2d 682 (Okla. Crim. App.
1993), to support his contention that jury instructions on flight are improper if no
evidence is offered by the defense to explain the reason for a defendant’s flight.
Because he did not present evidence to explain his flight, Mr. Akins claims the
instruction violated his fundamental right to the presumption of innocence.
The magistrate judge rejected Mr. Akins’ claim, determining he did not:
(1) show the state court’s decision was contrary to federal law or based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts; or (2) meet his burden of proving the
jury instruction “resulted in a trial so fundamentally unfair that his conviction
violated due process.” (Doc. 9 at 3-4.) We believe this issue warrants further
discussion.
The challenged flight instruction allows the jury to consider Mr. Akins’
-4- flight from the crime as a circumstance tending to prove guilt. As Mr. Atkins
contends, in Mitchell the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals determined the use
of this instruction is a fundamental error unless the defendant presents evidence
controverting the reason for his flight. 876 P.2d at 684-85. Based on the facts in
Mitchell, and its concern about a possible violation of the presumption of
innocence, the court determined the harmless-error analysis could not be applied
in that case. 1 Id. at 685. However, in instances where the facts merit its
application, we and the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals have nevertheless
continued to apply the harmless-error analysis, on a case-by-case factual basis, in
examining the use of the same challenged jury instruction. See, e.g., Watson v.
Boone, 131 F.3d 153, 1997 WL 741165 at *2 (10th Cir. Nov. 28 1997)
(unpublished opinion) (determining that even if a constitutional error existed in
giving the instruction, we may apply the harmless-error analysis); Hammon v.
State, 898 P.2d 1287, 1309 (Okla. Crim. App. 1995) (holding the element of
carrying away merchandise was established even in absence of the challenged jury
instruction, thereby, making the instruction superfluous).
1 Later, the same court held that because the rule in Mitchell was an interpretation of state law and did not create any new constitutional right, it could only be applied prospectively. Richie v. State, 908 P.2d 268, 277 (Okla. Crim. App. 1995), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 837 (1996). In this case, the Mitchell rule applies prospectively.
-5- In order to apply the harmless-error analysis on collateral review, we must
determine whether “the error ‘had substantial and injurious effect or influence in
determining the jury’s verdict.’” Watson, 1997 WL 741165, at *2 (quoting Brecht
v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993)). In order to make this determination,
we must look at the sufficiency of the evidence for the limited purpose of making
a harmless-error analysis.
In this case, a Wal-Mart store employee testified he heard the sound of bags
rattling as he walked through the sporting goods department, and on investigation,
saw Mr. Akins putting items into Wal-Mart bags. The employee stated he
watched Mr. Akins put the bags in a shopping cart and push it toward the front of
the store until he reached the “vestibule” between the inner and outer doors of the
store. When the employee approached and asked for a receipt for the
merchandise, Mr. Akins started to go through the bags as if to look for it, but then
ran out of the store where another Wal-Mart employee tackled him. Apparently,
in convicting Mr. Akins, the jury found the store employee’s testimony credible.
On review, we may not weigh the jury’s credibility determination. See Messer v.
Roberts, 74 F.3d 1009, 1013 (10th Cir. 1996).
Under the circumstances presented, we find sufficient evidence existed,
-6- based on the store employee’s eyewitness testimony, to determine the challenged
instruction did not substantially influence or taint the jury’s verdict. Thus, we
hold the challenged jury instruction, as applied in this case, constituted harmless
error.
In order to obtain a certificate of appealability, Mr. Akins must make a
substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right as required by 28 U.S.C.
§ 2253(c)(2). He fails to do so.
For these and substantially the same reasons articulated in the magistrate
judge’s May 19, 1999 Findings and Recommendation, and the district court’s
August 18, 1999 Order, attached hereto, we deny Mr. Akins’ request for a
certificate of appealability and DISMISS his appeal.
Entered by the Court:
WADE BRORBY United States Circuit Judge
-7- Attachments not available electronically.