MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be Jun 19 2020, 8:46 am regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Ellen M. O’Connor Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Marion County Public Defender Agency Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana Marjorie Lawyer-Smith Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Ajia Denise Sanders, June 19, 2020 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 19A-CR-2768 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Angela Dow Appellee-Plaintiff Davis, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 49G16-1908-CM-32750
Crone, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2768 | June 19, 2020 Page 1 of 7 Case Summary [1] Ajia Denise Sanders appeals her convictions, following a bench trial, for class A
misdemeanor domestic battery and class A misdemeanor battery. She asserts
that the State presented insufficient evidence to rebut her self-defense claim.
We disagree and therefore affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [2] The record indicates that Sanders dated M.M., on and off, for approximately
two years, before the couple finally broke up in 2018. On August 11, 2019,
M.M. went to dinner and then to a club with her long-time friend Kayla
Meadows to celebrate Meadows’s birthday. M.M. and Meadows arrived at the
club around 11:00 or 11:30 p.m. At one point, M.M. noticed that Sanders was
also at the club with a friend. M.M. avoided Sanders because they had not
spoken since their breakup.
[3] At around 2:30 a.m., M.M. and Meadows left the club. After M.M. had driven
approximately one block down the street, Meadows saw Sanders’s friend and
wanted to talk to her so that it would not be awkward the next time the women
saw each other. Meadows jumped out of M.M.’s car and approached Sanders’s
friend. As Meadows approached Sanders’s friend, she realized that Sanders
was also standing nearby. Meadows would not have exited the car to talk to
the friend if she had seen Sanders.
[4] M.M. parked the car and waited for Meadows. M.M. did not get out of the car
because she was “uncomfortable” and did not want to “be part of any
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2768 | June 19, 2020 Page 2 of 7 conversation.” Tr. Vol. 2 at 11. As Meadows talked to Sanders’s friend,
Sanders approached M.M.’s car and opened the door. Sanders yelled at M.M.
and challenged her to a fight. M.M. ignored Sanders.
[5] Sanders walked away from M.M.’s car and back toward the other two women.
Moments later, M.M. heard shouting and looked up. She saw that Meadows
was on the ground and that Sanders was on top of her and punching her.
While straddling Meadows, Sanders punched her with a closed fist more than
seven times in the head. M.M. ran over and shouted at Sanders to get off
Meadows. Sanders grabbed M.M. by the hair and threw her to the ground.
Sanders then mounted M.M. and punched her approximately eight to ten
times. After M.M. was finally able to get up, Sanders punched her three to five
more times. When Meadows also got up, Sanders grabbed the back of her shirt
and tried to pull it over her head. Sanders stopped the attack only after her
friend told her to stop. Meadows immediately called the police, and Sanders
ran off. M.M. suffered a sore jaw and teeth as a result of the attack. Meadows
suffered scrapes, bruising, and swelling on her forehead, elbow, and left knee.
[6] The State charged Sanders with domestic battery (regarding M.M.) and battery
causing bodily injury (regarding Meadows), both as class A misdemeanors.
During the bench trial, Sanders claimed she acted in self-defense. The trial
court found her guilty as charged. The trial court sentenced her to concurrent
sentences of 363 days on each count, all suspended to probation. The trial
court further ordered that Sanders complete thirteen weeks of anger
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2768 | June 19, 2020 Page 3 of 7 management classes and twenty hours of community service. This appeal
ensued.
Discussion and Decision [7] Sanders claims that the State presented insufficient evidence to rebut her self-
defense claim. When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the State’s
evidence to rebut a claim of self-defense, our standard of review remains the
same as for any sufficiency of the evidence claim. Miller v. State, 720 N.E.2d
696, 699 (Ind. 1999). We do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility
of the witnesses. McHenry v. State, 820 N.E.2d 124, 126 (Ind. 2005). We must
affirm “if the probative evidence and reasonable inferences drawn from the
evidence could have allowed a reasonable trier of fact to find the defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (citation omitted).
[8] A person is justified in using reasonable force against any other person to
protect the person or a third person from what the person reasonably believes to
be the imminent use of unlawful force. Ind. Code § 35-41-3-2(c). Force is not
justified if the person asserting self-defense has “entered into combat with
another person or is the initial aggressor unless the person withdraws from the
encounter and communicates to the other person the intent to do so and the
other person nevertheless continues or threatens to continue unlawful action.”
Ind. Code § 35-41-3-2(g)(3). Before claiming self-defense, “a mutual
combatant, whether or not the initial aggressor, must declare an armistice.”
Wilson v. State, 770 N.E.2d 799, 801 (Ind. 2002). Moreover, “[w]here a person
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2768 | June 19, 2020 Page 4 of 7 has used more force than is reasonably necessary to repel an attack the right of
self-defense is extinguished, and the ultimate result is that the intended victim
then becomes the perpetrator.” Geralds v. State, 647 N.E.2d 369, 373 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1995), trans denied.
[9] “When a claim of self-defense is raised and finds support in the evidence, the
State has the burden of negating at least one of the necessary elements.” King v.
State, 61 N.E.3d 1275, 1283 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied (2017). “The
State may meet this burden by rebutting the defense directly, by affirmatively
showing the defendant did not act in self-defense, or by simply relying upon the
sufficiency of its evidence in chief.” Id. 1 If a defendant is convicted despite her
claim of self-defense, we will reverse only if no reasonable person could say that
self-defense was negated beyond a reasonable doubt. Wilson, 770 N.E.2d at
801.
[10] Here, the State presented ample evidence to rebut Sanders’s self-defense claim.
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED this Memorandum Decision shall not be Jun 19 2020, 8:46 am regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Ellen M. O’Connor Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Marion County Public Defender Agency Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana Marjorie Lawyer-Smith Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Ajia Denise Sanders, June 19, 2020 Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 19A-CR-2768 v. Appeal from the Marion Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Angela Dow Appellee-Plaintiff Davis, Judge Trial Court Cause No. 49G16-1908-CM-32750
Crone, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2768 | June 19, 2020 Page 1 of 7 Case Summary [1] Ajia Denise Sanders appeals her convictions, following a bench trial, for class A
misdemeanor domestic battery and class A misdemeanor battery. She asserts
that the State presented insufficient evidence to rebut her self-defense claim.
We disagree and therefore affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [2] The record indicates that Sanders dated M.M., on and off, for approximately
two years, before the couple finally broke up in 2018. On August 11, 2019,
M.M. went to dinner and then to a club with her long-time friend Kayla
Meadows to celebrate Meadows’s birthday. M.M. and Meadows arrived at the
club around 11:00 or 11:30 p.m. At one point, M.M. noticed that Sanders was
also at the club with a friend. M.M. avoided Sanders because they had not
spoken since their breakup.
[3] At around 2:30 a.m., M.M. and Meadows left the club. After M.M. had driven
approximately one block down the street, Meadows saw Sanders’s friend and
wanted to talk to her so that it would not be awkward the next time the women
saw each other. Meadows jumped out of M.M.’s car and approached Sanders’s
friend. As Meadows approached Sanders’s friend, she realized that Sanders
was also standing nearby. Meadows would not have exited the car to talk to
the friend if she had seen Sanders.
[4] M.M. parked the car and waited for Meadows. M.M. did not get out of the car
because she was “uncomfortable” and did not want to “be part of any
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2768 | June 19, 2020 Page 2 of 7 conversation.” Tr. Vol. 2 at 11. As Meadows talked to Sanders’s friend,
Sanders approached M.M.’s car and opened the door. Sanders yelled at M.M.
and challenged her to a fight. M.M. ignored Sanders.
[5] Sanders walked away from M.M.’s car and back toward the other two women.
Moments later, M.M. heard shouting and looked up. She saw that Meadows
was on the ground and that Sanders was on top of her and punching her.
While straddling Meadows, Sanders punched her with a closed fist more than
seven times in the head. M.M. ran over and shouted at Sanders to get off
Meadows. Sanders grabbed M.M. by the hair and threw her to the ground.
Sanders then mounted M.M. and punched her approximately eight to ten
times. After M.M. was finally able to get up, Sanders punched her three to five
more times. When Meadows also got up, Sanders grabbed the back of her shirt
and tried to pull it over her head. Sanders stopped the attack only after her
friend told her to stop. Meadows immediately called the police, and Sanders
ran off. M.M. suffered a sore jaw and teeth as a result of the attack. Meadows
suffered scrapes, bruising, and swelling on her forehead, elbow, and left knee.
[6] The State charged Sanders with domestic battery (regarding M.M.) and battery
causing bodily injury (regarding Meadows), both as class A misdemeanors.
During the bench trial, Sanders claimed she acted in self-defense. The trial
court found her guilty as charged. The trial court sentenced her to concurrent
sentences of 363 days on each count, all suspended to probation. The trial
court further ordered that Sanders complete thirteen weeks of anger
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2768 | June 19, 2020 Page 3 of 7 management classes and twenty hours of community service. This appeal
ensued.
Discussion and Decision [7] Sanders claims that the State presented insufficient evidence to rebut her self-
defense claim. When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the State’s
evidence to rebut a claim of self-defense, our standard of review remains the
same as for any sufficiency of the evidence claim. Miller v. State, 720 N.E.2d
696, 699 (Ind. 1999). We do not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility
of the witnesses. McHenry v. State, 820 N.E.2d 124, 126 (Ind. 2005). We must
affirm “if the probative evidence and reasonable inferences drawn from the
evidence could have allowed a reasonable trier of fact to find the defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (citation omitted).
[8] A person is justified in using reasonable force against any other person to
protect the person or a third person from what the person reasonably believes to
be the imminent use of unlawful force. Ind. Code § 35-41-3-2(c). Force is not
justified if the person asserting self-defense has “entered into combat with
another person or is the initial aggressor unless the person withdraws from the
encounter and communicates to the other person the intent to do so and the
other person nevertheless continues or threatens to continue unlawful action.”
Ind. Code § 35-41-3-2(g)(3). Before claiming self-defense, “a mutual
combatant, whether or not the initial aggressor, must declare an armistice.”
Wilson v. State, 770 N.E.2d 799, 801 (Ind. 2002). Moreover, “[w]here a person
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2768 | June 19, 2020 Page 4 of 7 has used more force than is reasonably necessary to repel an attack the right of
self-defense is extinguished, and the ultimate result is that the intended victim
then becomes the perpetrator.” Geralds v. State, 647 N.E.2d 369, 373 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1995), trans denied.
[9] “When a claim of self-defense is raised and finds support in the evidence, the
State has the burden of negating at least one of the necessary elements.” King v.
State, 61 N.E.3d 1275, 1283 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied (2017). “The
State may meet this burden by rebutting the defense directly, by affirmatively
showing the defendant did not act in self-defense, or by simply relying upon the
sufficiency of its evidence in chief.” Id. 1 If a defendant is convicted despite her
claim of self-defense, we will reverse only if no reasonable person could say that
self-defense was negated beyond a reasonable doubt. Wilson, 770 N.E.2d at
801.
[10] Here, the State presented ample evidence to rebut Sanders’s self-defense claim.
First, the State presented testimony which indicated that Sanders was the initial
aggressor. Both M.M. and Meadows testified that Sanders was the initial
aggressor and that she instigated an attack against each of them separately.
1 Although Sanders does not challenge the sufficiency of the State’s evidence in chief, we note that to convict her of class A misdemeanor domestic battery, the State was required to prove that M.M. was her family or household member and that she touched her in a rude, insolent, or angry manner. Ind. Code § 35-42-2- 1.3(a)(1). “Family or household member” includes people who are “dating or [have] dated” and people who are or were “engaged in a sexual relationship[.]” Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-128(a). To convict Sanders of class A misdemeanor battery, the State was required to prove that Sanders knowingly or intentionally touched Meadows in a rude, insolent, or angry manner and it resulted in bodily injury to Meadows. Ind. Code § 35- 42-2-1(c)(1), -(d)(1).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2768 | June 19, 2020 Page 5 of 7 Second, to the extent that Sanders claims to have been a mutual combatant, the
trial court found no evidence that Sanders ever declared an armistice. Indeed,
the evidence demonstrated that Sanders did not withdraw or communicate an
intent to withdraw from the violence. Rather, she relented only when
instructed by her friend to do so, and she fled before police arrived on the scene.
[11] Moreover, the trial court specifically found that it could reasonably infer from
the evidence presented that Sanders used more force than necessary under the
circumstances. As noted by the trial court, “you do not just get to whale on
people…[y]ou are only allowed to use reasonable force to protect yourself.” Tr.
Vol. 2 at 33. The trial court found that the photographs of Meadows’s injuries
were consistent with its determination that Sanders did more than use the force
necessary to repel an alleged attack, and therefore any right to self-defense she
may have had was extinguished. In sum, based upon the evidence, the trial
court concluded that it simply did “not believe that [Sanders] acted in self-
defense.” Id.
[12] Sanders’s argument that the State presented insufficient evidence to negate her
self-defense claim is merely an invitation to reweigh the evidence and judge the
credibility of witnesses, which we will not do. See Wilson, 770 N.E.2d at 801.
Because there was substantial probative evidence and reasonable inferences
drawn from the evidence that could have allowed a reasonable trier of fact to
find that the State negated Sanders’s self-defense claim beyond a reasonable
doubt, and because she does not otherwise challenge the sufficiency of the
evidence to support her convictions, we affirm.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2768 | June 19, 2020 Page 6 of 7 [13] Affirmed.
Bailey, J., and Altice, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2768 | June 19, 2020 Page 7 of 7