Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-11755 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A091-084-741
AIDEN IFEANYI ANUFORO,
Petitioner, versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ________________________
(April 2, 2020)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, JILL PRYOR and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 2 of 8
Aiden Anuforo, an alien proceeding pro se, seeks review of the Board of
Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) denial of his second motion to reopen his removal
proceedings. He sought to have the BIA terminate his removal proceedings on the
ground that his Notice to Appear (NTA) was fatally defective, under Pereira v.
Sessions, 138 S. Ct. 2105 (2018), as it failed to include the time and date of his
removal proceeding. He argued the defective NTA effectively deprived the IJ of
jurisdiction over his removal proceedings. The BIA found Anuforo’s motion to be
time and number barred, and further concluded that, even assuming he could
justify his motion’s procedural deficiencies, his arguments in support of
termination were without merit.
On appeal, Anuforo argues the BIA abused its discretion in denying his
motion to reopen as time-barred and number-barred. He further argues that the
BIA erred in rejecting his substantive argument that his removal proceeding was
subject to termination under Pereira. Anuforo also attacks the underlying IJ and
BIA decisions finding him removable and denying his application for cancellation
of removal. After addressing our jurisdiction, we consider Anuforo’s substantive
arguments as appropriate.
I. JURISDICTION
Before considering Anuforo’s substantive arguments, we must determine the
scope of our jurisdiction in this matter. We review de novo our subject matter
2 Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 3 of 8
jurisdiction over a petition for review. Butalova v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 768 F.3d 1179,
1182 (11th Cir. 2014). Moreover, we review only the decision of the BIA, except
to the extent that the BIA expressly adopts or explicitly agrees with the IJ’s opinion.
Tang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 578 F.3d 1270, 1275 (11th Cir. 2009).
As an initial matter, we lack jurisdiction to review any of the IJ’s and BIA’s
decisions leading up to the denial of cancellation of removal in March 2011, as the
INA’s jurisdiction-stripping provisions bar review of a final order of removal against
an alien who is removable for having committed a criminal offense and of the BIA’s
determination that an alien does not qualify for cancellation of removal. See INA
§§ 242(a)(2)(C), 242(a)(2)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1252(a)(2)(C), 1252(a)(2)(B)(i). We
have held those the same provisions bar review of motions to reopen that rest on
such determinations. See Guzman-Munoz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 733 F.3d 1311, 1313–
14 (11th Cir. 2013); Patel v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 334 F.3d 1259, 1262 (11th Cir. 2003).
We therefore dismiss Anuforo’s petition to the extent it challenges the IJ’s and BIA’s
underlying decisions finding him removable as an alien convicted of a crime
involving moral turpitude and denying his application for cancellation of removal.
However, under the Supreme Court’s decision in Mata v. Lynch, 135 S. Ct.
2150 (2015), we have held that we have jurisdiction to “examine immigration claims
that have been rejected pursuant to the statutory requirements for motions to
reopen.” Lin v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 881 F.3d 860, 871 (11th Cir. 2018). Accordingly,
3 Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 4 of 8
we limit our review to whether the BIA’s determination that Anuforo’s second
motion to reopen was time-barred and number-barred, and whether his allegedly
defective NTA requires us to terminate his immigration proceedings. See id. at 870–
72 (11th Cir. 2018); Tang, 578 F.3d at 1275.
II. DISCUSSION
Having determined which of Anuforo’s substantive arguments we have
jurisdiction to consider, we now turn to the merits of those arguments.
A. Time and Number Bar
We review the denial of a motion to reopen removal proceedings for an abuse
of discretion. Jiang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 568 F.3d 1252, 1256 (11th Cir. 2009). The
BIA abuses its discretion when it exercises its discretion in an arbitrary or capricious
manner. Id. “The moving party bears a heavy burden, as motions to reopen are
disfavored, especially in removal proceedings.” Zhang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 572 F.3d
1316, 1319 (11th Cir. 2009) (internal quotations omitted).
Here, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying Anuforo’s second motion
to reopen as time-barred and number-barred. “A petitioner may file one, and only
one motion for reopening of an order of removal.” Lin, 881 F.3d at 872; see also
INA § 204(c)(7)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A). And “[a] motion to reopen must be
made within 90 days of the removal order’s entry, or 180 days after entry of an order
of removal entered in absentia where failure to appear was because of exceptional
4 Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 5 of 8
circumstances.” Lin, 881 F.3d at 872 (quotations marks omitted); see also INA
§ 240(c)(7)(C)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i). It is undisputed that the instant
motion to reopen was Anuforo’s second and that the motion was not filed until
September 2018, years after the entry of the IJ’s removal order in 2010, the BIA’s
dismissal of Anuforo’s appeal from that order in 2011, and the BIA’s denial of
Anuforo’s first motion to reopen in 2011.
Moreover, while the 90-day deadline for filing a motion to reopen is a claim-
processing rule subject to equitable tolling, Anuforo has failed to show he is entitled
to any such tolling. See Lin, 881 F.3d at 872 (stating that equitable tolling generally
requires the litigant show: (1) he has been pursuing his rights diligently; and (2) there
were extraordinary circumstances preventing him from meeting the deadline). In
any case, even assuming he was entitled to equitable tolling as to the time bar,
Anuforo’s second motion to reopen would remain number-barred. See id. at 872;
see also INA § 240(c)(7)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A). Accordingly, we deny
Anuforo’s petition to the extent he argues the BIA abused its discretion in
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Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 19-11755 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
Agency No. A091-084-741
AIDEN IFEANYI ANUFORO,
Petitioner, versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
________________________
Petition for Review of a Decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals ________________________
(April 2, 2020)
Before WILLIAM PRYOR, JILL PRYOR and BLACK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 2 of 8
Aiden Anuforo, an alien proceeding pro se, seeks review of the Board of
Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) denial of his second motion to reopen his removal
proceedings. He sought to have the BIA terminate his removal proceedings on the
ground that his Notice to Appear (NTA) was fatally defective, under Pereira v.
Sessions, 138 S. Ct. 2105 (2018), as it failed to include the time and date of his
removal proceeding. He argued the defective NTA effectively deprived the IJ of
jurisdiction over his removal proceedings. The BIA found Anuforo’s motion to be
time and number barred, and further concluded that, even assuming he could
justify his motion’s procedural deficiencies, his arguments in support of
termination were without merit.
On appeal, Anuforo argues the BIA abused its discretion in denying his
motion to reopen as time-barred and number-barred. He further argues that the
BIA erred in rejecting his substantive argument that his removal proceeding was
subject to termination under Pereira. Anuforo also attacks the underlying IJ and
BIA decisions finding him removable and denying his application for cancellation
of removal. After addressing our jurisdiction, we consider Anuforo’s substantive
arguments as appropriate.
I. JURISDICTION
Before considering Anuforo’s substantive arguments, we must determine the
scope of our jurisdiction in this matter. We review de novo our subject matter
2 Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 3 of 8
jurisdiction over a petition for review. Butalova v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 768 F.3d 1179,
1182 (11th Cir. 2014). Moreover, we review only the decision of the BIA, except
to the extent that the BIA expressly adopts or explicitly agrees with the IJ’s opinion.
Tang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 578 F.3d 1270, 1275 (11th Cir. 2009).
As an initial matter, we lack jurisdiction to review any of the IJ’s and BIA’s
decisions leading up to the denial of cancellation of removal in March 2011, as the
INA’s jurisdiction-stripping provisions bar review of a final order of removal against
an alien who is removable for having committed a criminal offense and of the BIA’s
determination that an alien does not qualify for cancellation of removal. See INA
§§ 242(a)(2)(C), 242(a)(2)(B)(i), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1252(a)(2)(C), 1252(a)(2)(B)(i). We
have held those the same provisions bar review of motions to reopen that rest on
such determinations. See Guzman-Munoz v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 733 F.3d 1311, 1313–
14 (11th Cir. 2013); Patel v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 334 F.3d 1259, 1262 (11th Cir. 2003).
We therefore dismiss Anuforo’s petition to the extent it challenges the IJ’s and BIA’s
underlying decisions finding him removable as an alien convicted of a crime
involving moral turpitude and denying his application for cancellation of removal.
However, under the Supreme Court’s decision in Mata v. Lynch, 135 S. Ct.
2150 (2015), we have held that we have jurisdiction to “examine immigration claims
that have been rejected pursuant to the statutory requirements for motions to
reopen.” Lin v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 881 F.3d 860, 871 (11th Cir. 2018). Accordingly,
3 Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 4 of 8
we limit our review to whether the BIA’s determination that Anuforo’s second
motion to reopen was time-barred and number-barred, and whether his allegedly
defective NTA requires us to terminate his immigration proceedings. See id. at 870–
72 (11th Cir. 2018); Tang, 578 F.3d at 1275.
II. DISCUSSION
Having determined which of Anuforo’s substantive arguments we have
jurisdiction to consider, we now turn to the merits of those arguments.
A. Time and Number Bar
We review the denial of a motion to reopen removal proceedings for an abuse
of discretion. Jiang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 568 F.3d 1252, 1256 (11th Cir. 2009). The
BIA abuses its discretion when it exercises its discretion in an arbitrary or capricious
manner. Id. “The moving party bears a heavy burden, as motions to reopen are
disfavored, especially in removal proceedings.” Zhang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 572 F.3d
1316, 1319 (11th Cir. 2009) (internal quotations omitted).
Here, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying Anuforo’s second motion
to reopen as time-barred and number-barred. “A petitioner may file one, and only
one motion for reopening of an order of removal.” Lin, 881 F.3d at 872; see also
INA § 204(c)(7)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A). And “[a] motion to reopen must be
made within 90 days of the removal order’s entry, or 180 days after entry of an order
of removal entered in absentia where failure to appear was because of exceptional
4 Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 5 of 8
circumstances.” Lin, 881 F.3d at 872 (quotations marks omitted); see also INA
§ 240(c)(7)(C)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(i). It is undisputed that the instant
motion to reopen was Anuforo’s second and that the motion was not filed until
September 2018, years after the entry of the IJ’s removal order in 2010, the BIA’s
dismissal of Anuforo’s appeal from that order in 2011, and the BIA’s denial of
Anuforo’s first motion to reopen in 2011.
Moreover, while the 90-day deadline for filing a motion to reopen is a claim-
processing rule subject to equitable tolling, Anuforo has failed to show he is entitled
to any such tolling. See Lin, 881 F.3d at 872 (stating that equitable tolling generally
requires the litigant show: (1) he has been pursuing his rights diligently; and (2) there
were extraordinary circumstances preventing him from meeting the deadline). In
any case, even assuming he was entitled to equitable tolling as to the time bar,
Anuforo’s second motion to reopen would remain number-barred. See id. at 872;
see also INA § 240(c)(7)(A), 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A). Accordingly, we deny
Anuforo’s petition to the extent he argues the BIA abused its discretion in
determining his motion to reopen was statutorily barred.
5 Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 6 of 8
B. Termination of Removal Proceedings
We also find Anuforo’s assertion that his defective NTA deprived the IJ of
jurisdiction to be without merit.1 Anuforo bases his argument on the Supreme
Court’s decision in Pereira v. Sessions. In Pereira, the Supreme Court concluded
that a putative NTA that does not specify either the time or place of the removal
proceedings does not trigger the stop-time rule for cancellation of removal and thus
does not end the alien’s continuous physical presence in the United States for
purposes of cancellation of removal eligibility. Pereira, 138 S. Ct. at 2110. The
Supreme Court reasoned that a “putative notice to appear that fails to designate the
specific time or place of the noncitizen’s removal proceedings is not a ‘notice to
appear under section 1229(a),’ and so does not trigger the stop-time rule.” Id. at
2113–14 (quoting INA § 240A(d)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(d)(1)).
Anuforo argues that because his NTA, like the one in Pereira, did not
include the time and place of his hearing, it was defective and deprived the IJ of
jurisdiction over his removal proceedings. While Anuforo is correct that his NTA
was defective because it did not specify “[t]he time and place at which the
1 We have jurisdiction to review the merits of this claim, and should address it even in light of our conclusion that the BIA acted within its discretion is denying the motion to reopen as time and number barred. We recently considered a similar claim in a petition for review concluded that we “always [have] jurisdiction to determine [our] own jurisdiction,” and because our jurisdiction to review removal proceedings extended only to final orders of removal, we necessarily had to determine whether there was a valid final order of removal granting us jurisdiction. Perez-Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 935 F.3d 1148, 1153 (11th Cir. 2019). 6 Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 7 of 8
proceedings will be held,” see INA § 239(a)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1), his further
assertion that the defective NTA deprived the IJ of jurisdiction is foreclosed by our
precedent.
In Perez-Sanchez v. U.S. Attorney General, we addressed a petitioner’s
claim, under Pereira, that the IJ “never had jurisdiction over his removal case”
because the NTA “did not include either the time or date of his removal hearing.”
Perez-Sanchez v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 935 F.3d 1148, 1150 (11th Cir. 2019). We
determined that, while the NTA was “unquestionably deficient” under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229(a) for failing to specify the time and date of the removal hearing, the
defective NTA did not deprive the agency of jurisdiction over the removal
proceedings because the statutory “time-and-place requirement” did not “create a
jurisdictional rule,” but was instead a “claim-processing rule.” Id. at 1150, 1154–
55.
We acknowledged that the Justice Department’s regulations provide that
“[j]urisdiction vests, and proceedings before an [IJ] commence, when a charging
document is filed with the Immigration Court.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a). But we
nonetheless determined that regulation, “despite its language, sets forth not a
jurisdictional rule but a claim-processing one,” reasoning that “an agency cannot
fashion a procedural rule to limit jurisdiction bestowed upon it by Congress.”
Perez-Sanchez, 935 F.3d at 1155.
7 Case: 19-11755 Date Filed: 04/02/2020 Page: 8 of 8
Thus, under our precedent, although Anuforo’s NTA was defective for
failing to specify the time and place of the removal hearing, neither § 1229(a) nor
§ 1003.14 are jurisdictional rules, and the IJ properly exercised jurisdiction over
Anuforo’s removal proceedings. Id. at 1154–55, 1157. Accordingly, we deny
Anuforo’s petition for review in this respect.
III. CONCLUSION
For the reasons discussed above, we dismiss Anuforo’s petition to the extent
it challenges the IJ’s and BIA’s underlying removal decisions, and otherwise deny
the petition for review of the BIA’s denial of his second motion to reopen his
removal proceedings.
PETITION DISMISSED IN PART; DENIED IN PART.