Agroindustria Nacional, SA v. Henry Broch & Co.

976 F. Supp. 758, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13690, 1997 WL 559104

• Court: District Court, N.D. Illinois
• Decided: September 8, 1997
• Docket: 97 C 4059
• Status: Published

Opinion

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

SHADUR, Senior District Judge.

Agroindustria Nacional, S.A. (“Agrona”) initially sued Henry Broch & Company (“Broch”) in a simple goods sold and delivered Complaint, invoking federal jurisdiction on diversity of citizenship grounds and seeking judgment for $114,799.68 for apple juice concentrate sold by Agrona — purportedly to Broch. 1 Broch has responded with a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment, and the parties have submitted their memoranda, then-affidavits .intended to comply with Rule 56(e) and their statements intended to conform to the requirements of this District Court’s General Rule (“GR”) 12(M) and 12(N).

It became all too clear with Broeh’s response, which showed that it was not itself the buyer of the unpaid-for goods but was rather a broker — the agent for a disclosed principal — that Agrona could not stick with the assertions in its Complaint. Nothing daunted, Agrona then proceeded to alter its stance in its Rule 56 and GR 12(N) submissions. In light of that shift in Agrona’s position, Broch’s motion must be and is denied in the current posture of the case.

Rule 56 motions are not a vehicle for the resolution of credibility issues (Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2511, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)) (“it is clear enough from our recent cases that at the summary judgment stage the judge’s function is not himself to weigh the evidence but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial”). At the same time there is some limited room under Rule 56 for the weighing of evidence, as Anderson, id. at 250-52, 106 S.Ct. at 2511 (citations omitted) has itself pointed out in equating the summary judgment standard with that under Rule 50(a):

Petitioners suggest, and we agree, that this standard mirrors the standard for a directed verdict under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a), which is that the trial judge must direct a verdict if, under the governing law, there can be but one reasonable conclusion as to the verdict. If reasonable minds could differ as to the import of the evidence, however, a verdict should not be directed.

The Court has said that summary judgment should be granted where the evidence is such that it “would require a directed verdict for the moving party.” And we have noted that the “genuine issue” summary judgment standard is “very close” to the “reasonable jury” directed verdict standard: “The primary difference between the two motions is procedural; summary judgment motions are usually made before trial and decided on documentary evidence, while directed verdict motions are made at trial and decided on the evidence that has been admitted.” In essence, though, the inquiry under each is the same: whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.

But the thing that saves Agrona at this stage of the proceedings is the requirement that in applying that concept for Rule 56 purposes the evidence must be looked at through a lens that (even though perhaps against the viewer’s better judgment) is focused substantially in Agrona’s favor. As the Rule 56 case law frequently puts it, and S.t. Louis N. Joint Venture v. P & L Enters., Inc., 116 F.3d 262, 265 n. 2 (7th Cir.1997) (citation omitted) is only exemplary of that principle:

Although the non-movant is entitled on a motion for summary judgment to have all reasonable inferences drawn in its favor, the court is not required to draw unreasonable inferences from the evidence.

So it is here. Agrona gets the benefit of all arguably reasonable favorable inferences, even though the malodorousness of a number of things that have been said by its affiants is obvious. Just one critical example bears separate mention.

Although the key issue here is of course the nature of the transaction in suit, both litigants have addressed some prior transactions between the parties as bearing on whether Broch itself was or was not the purchaser in this instance. In that respect Agrona’s President Christobal Valdes Saenz (“Valdes”) says in part (Aff.Uf 7, 9):

7. From time to time, Agrona has sold food product to Henry Broch & Company (“Henry Broch”), said sales arranged and facilitated by James H. McGaveston of Food Trade International S.A.

9. Agrona had sold food products to Henry Broch on prior occasions and had received payment directly from Henry Broch on prior occasions.

And to support that assertion, Valdes’ Affidavit attaches Exs. A through D, each of them a photocopy of an Agrona “commercial invoice” that it had issued in connection with the shipment of one of its • juice concentrates — apple, prune and pear.

Not to put too fine a point on matters, that bootstrapping assertion, based as it is entirely on Agrona’s own post-order shipping confirmations, looks very much like a lie. First, it is worth observing that the first of Agrona’s invoices is addressed to “HENRY BROCH INTERNATIONAL FOODS BROKERS ” (emphasis added), a characterization (1) that is not at all consistent with Broch being the actual purchaser and (2) that is totally in harmony with Broeh’s always-used sales memorandum (a photocopy of which is attached) — the latter being the selfsame document by which Broch confirmed the specific transaction that is now at issue. And relatedly, it is truly extraordinary for Agrona’s Valdes to characterize Food Trade International, S.A. and its President James McGaveston (“McGaveston”), who consistently dealt with Broch on Agrona’s behalf, as “an independent broker” (Valdes’ Aff. ¶ 5) and “commissioned salesmen” (id. ¶ 6) who were “compensated ... in the form of a two percent (2%) commission on all such sales” (id. ¶ 8), 2 even while at the same time Valdes magically (and mysteriously) purports to transform the unambiguously-labeled “3% commission” that is shown on every one of Agrona’s commercial invoices — the very documents on which Agrona seeks to rely to portray Broch as a “purchaser” — into “a frequent buyer’s discount of 3%, reflected on the invoices as a 3% ‘commission.’ ” 3

On the same subject of the purchaser v. broker dichotomy, Agrona also does not appear to have recognized the illogicality of its several references (McGaveston Aff. ¶¶ 7 and 8 and Valdes Aff. ¶ 15) to the notion that Irwin Price (“Price”) of Broch purportedly assured McGaveston that “Broch fully guaranteed all payments to Agrona for sales made to Broch” (McGaveston Aff. ¶ 7). What, pray tell, is meant by a party “guaranteeing” payment of its own obligations? If such a statement were in fact made by Price (and of course an oral guaranty is unenforceable under the statute of frauds in all events), it would really confirm that Broch was not itself the purchaser of the apple juice concentrate — as Agrona would now have it.

There is a good deal more that casts a substantial cloud on Agrona’s responsive submissions, so much so that Broch’s Reply to Agrona’s GR 12(N) response has challenged many of Agrona’s factual assertions as untrue and that Broch’s R. Mem. 1 begins in this fashion:

Plaintiff Agroindustria Nacional, S.A. (“Agrona”) has failed to present any basis in fact or law by which it can survive Henry Broch & Company’s (“Broch”) motion for summary judgment. On the contrary, Agrona attempts to survive summary judgment by first changing its story and then submitting affidavits that can only be described as beyond belief and made in bad faith. 1

Nevertheless it is possible that a factfinder may draw all of the potential inferences in Agrona’s favor, as this Court must do (at least with respect to reasonable inferences) at this stage, rather than the factfinder’s drawing what presently appear to be much more logical inferences the other way. And that being true, this case strongly resembles the situation that this Court dealt with 14 years ago in G. Bauknecht GmbH v. Electronic Relays, Inc., 569 F.Supp. 404, 409-13 (N.D.Ill.1983), when it found itself compelled to deny a Rule 56 motion despite the dubiousness of a plaintiffs version of events.

Accordingly Broch’s Rule 56 motion is denied. This ruling moots Agrona’s Rule 56(f) motion for the opportunity to engage in discovery in aid of its opposition to summary judgment.

As a final note, however, a word of warning seems to be in order. If a party does indeed engage in the creation of false issues of fact — if in this instance Agrona has falsely portrayed Broch as the actual purchaser (despite the crystal-clear statements to the contrary in Broch’s sales memorandum form) in order to salvage Agrona’s loss against a defunct purchaser — Agrona may be vulnerable to fee shifting or to contempt or other sanctions, not only under Rule 56(g) but perhaps on other bases as well. And if Agrona’s counsel have knowingly participated in such a false portrayal, they too must be concerned as to potential liability, under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 or otherwise.

EXHIBIT F

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1 . Although Agrona has split its allegations into four counts — labeled "Breach of Contract,” "Account Stated,” "Open Account” and "Goods Sold" — they all amount to the same thing. Indeed, that form of pleading (unfortunately utilized too frequently by too many practitioners) really does violence to the portion of Fed. R.Civ.P. ("Rule”) 10(b) that authorizes separate counts only in expressly specified circumstances:

Each claim founded upon a separate transaction or occurrence and each defense other than denials shall be stated in a separate count or defense whenever a separation facilitates the clear presentation of the matters set forth.

Not only does that provision merely authorize but not require such separation, but it makes plain that there is no legitimate reason to create separate counts for different theories of recovery when a single transaction is at issue (as is true here).

2 . There is of course no question that McGaveston is indeed a broker, though based on the Agrona submissions his true "independence” of Agrona may be in doubt.

3 . We seem to have been transported with Alice to Wonderland (Lewis Carroll, Alice Through the Looking Glass, ch. 6):

“When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean — neither more nor less.”

"The question is,” said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things.”

"The question is,” said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master — that's all.”

But Humpty Dumpty failed the bar examination (see Judge Learned Hand’s classic "twenty bishops” formulation of the objective standard of contract interpretation in Hotchkiss v. National City Bank, 200 F. 287, 293 (S.D.N.Y. 1911)), aff'd, 201 F. 664 (2d Cir.1912), aff'd, 231 U.S. 50, 34 S.Ct. 20, 58 L.Ed. 115 (1913).

1 Broch will be filing a Rule 56(g) motion for bad faith affidavits.