Phipps, Judge.
Deborah R. Bauer and Diane G. Wright, on behalf of themselves and those similarly situated, filed a class action complaint against AdvancePCS, PCS Health Systems, Inc., PCS Mail Services of Fort Worth, Inc. and PCS Mail Services of Birmingham, Inc. (collectively, PCS) for their alleged wrongful classification of the generic drug tamoxifen as a brand name drug. PCS initially removed the case to federal court based on its assertion that the action was completely preempted by the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), 29 USC § 1001 et seq., as amended. Bauer and Wright filed a motion to remand the action to state court, and that motion was granted. PCS then filed a motion to dismiss the state court action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, contending that Bauer and Wright’s claims related to ERISA employee benefit plans and were therefore preempted under ERISA § 514 (a), 29 USC § 1144 (a). The trial court denied the motion. On appeal, PCS claims that the trial court erred in concluding that Bauer and Wright’s state cause of action was not preempted by ERISA. We agree with the trial court’s conclusion and affirm the denial of PCS’s motion to dismiss.
Bauer and Wright are breast cancer survivors who were prescribed the drug tamoxifen to prevent the cancer from recurring. AdvancePCS and PCS Health Systems, Inc. are pharmacy benefit management companies who provide services such as processing [382]*382prescription drug claims to various health insurance payors, including self-insured employers, insurance companies, health maintenance organizations and similar organizations. PCS Mail Services of Fort Worth, Inc. and PCS Mail Services of Birmingham, Inc. are mail order pharmacies who, with the help of AdvancePCS and PCS Health Systems, sell prescription drugs directly to consumers whose prescription drug benefits are processed by AdvancePCS and/or PCS Health Systems.
Bauer and Wright had major medical coverage provided by their respective employers. AdvancePCS or PCS Health Systems was the pharmaceutical benefit manager for Bauer and Wright’s medical coverage plans.1 Those plans required a co-payment for prescription drugs, and the co-payment was higher for brand name drugs than for generic drugs. PCS classified tamoxifen as a brand name drug. As a result, Bauer and Wright were required to make the higher co-payment.
Bauer and Wright claimed that PCS benefitted financially from the improper classification of tamoxifen as a brand name drug and sought to require them to disgorge those economic benefits. The only theory of recovery they asserted was unjust enrichment. PCS claimed that Bauer and Wright’s cause of action was preempted by ERISA and argue on appeal that the trial court erred by concluding otherwise.
ERISAregulates plans providing employees with fringe benefits. It “is a comprehensive statute designed to promote the interests of employees and their beneficiaries in employee benefit plans.”2 ERISA imposes certain requirements on pension and welfare plans, but does not require that employers provide any particular benefits.3
ERISA § 514 (a), 29 USC § 1144 (a), provides that, with certain exceptions not relevant here, ERISA “shall supersede any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan” covered by ERISA. “The term ‘State law’ includes all laws, decisions, rules, regulations, or other State action having the effect of law, of any State.”4
Section 514 (a) was intended to ensure that plans and plan sponsors would be subject to a uniform body of benefits law; the goal was to minimize the administrative and financial burden of complying with conflicting directives among States [383]*383or between States and the Federal Government. Otherwise, the inefficiencies created could work to the detriment of plan beneficiaries.5
With those purposes in mind, we consider whether Bauer and Wright’s unjust enrichment cause of action “relates to” their employee benefit plans such that it would be expressly preempted by ERISA§ 514 (a).6 Alaw “relates to” an employee benefit plan if it has a connection with or reference to such a plan, but § 514 (a) is not limited to state laws specifically designed to affect employee benefit plans.7 And although § 514 (a) has been broadly construed, the United States Supreme Court has recognized that “[s]ome state actions may affect employee benefit plans in too tenuous, remote, or peripheral a manner to warrant a finding that the law ‘relates to’ the plan.”8
We do not find a sufficient connection between the state law claims asserted here and the ERISAbenefit plans at issue to conclude that the claims “relate to” those plans. Bauer and Wright are not seeking, directly or indirectly, to recover benefits due them under their respective plans — they do not claim that they are entitled to any benefits from their plans that they have not received.9 Instead, they claim that PCS misclassified the drug tamoxifen and that the erroneous classification was not based on the terms of their plans.10
Contrary to the dissent’s argument, Bauer and Wright’s unjust enrichment claims are not disguised claims for prescription drug benefits. Their claims for tamoxifen were covered by their respective plans. The plans paid for their portion of tamoxifen, based on PCS’s classification of the drug as brand name.11 It was PCS, not the plans or plan sponsors, who required Bauer and Wright to pay the higher [384]*384co-payment. And PCS’s classification of tamoxifen as brand name was not based on the terms of the plans, but on information PCS received from a third party.
Further, contrary to PCS’s claims, the trial court will not be required to interpret the provisions of the respective plans to address Bauer and Wright’s claims. The only issue requiring reference to the plans is the price difference between the co-payment for a brand name drug and the co-payment for a generic drug. The fact that the remedy sought may affect the plan because any damages awarded to Bauer and Wright, if they ultimately prevail, will be measured based on the difference between the two co-payment amounts, as set forth in the plans, is not enough for preemption.12
In addition, Bauer and Wright have not asserted claims against their plans, their employers or any other ERISA entity. In Morstein v. Nat. Ins. Svcs.,13 the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that “when a state law claim brought against a nonERISA entity does not affect relations among principal ERISA entities as such, then it is not preempted by ERISA.”14 ERISA entities include the employer, the plan, the plan fiduciaries and the beneficiaries under the plan.15 The parties agree that PCS merely processes prescription drug claims and is not a fiduciary of the plans. Thus, the principal ERISA entities in this case are Bauer and Wright, their employers and their benefit plans. We agree with the trial court’s conclusion that this lawsuit does not affect the relationship between those principal ERISA entities.
PCS relies heavily on the United States Supreme Court’s decision in
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Phipps, Judge.
Deborah R. Bauer and Diane G. Wright, on behalf of themselves and those similarly situated, filed a class action complaint against AdvancePCS, PCS Health Systems, Inc., PCS Mail Services of Fort Worth, Inc. and PCS Mail Services of Birmingham, Inc. (collectively, PCS) for their alleged wrongful classification of the generic drug tamoxifen as a brand name drug. PCS initially removed the case to federal court based on its assertion that the action was completely preempted by the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), 29 USC § 1001 et seq., as amended. Bauer and Wright filed a motion to remand the action to state court, and that motion was granted. PCS then filed a motion to dismiss the state court action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, contending that Bauer and Wright’s claims related to ERISA employee benefit plans and were therefore preempted under ERISA § 514 (a), 29 USC § 1144 (a). The trial court denied the motion. On appeal, PCS claims that the trial court erred in concluding that Bauer and Wright’s state cause of action was not preempted by ERISA. We agree with the trial court’s conclusion and affirm the denial of PCS’s motion to dismiss.
Bauer and Wright are breast cancer survivors who were prescribed the drug tamoxifen to prevent the cancer from recurring. AdvancePCS and PCS Health Systems, Inc. are pharmacy benefit management companies who provide services such as processing [382]*382prescription drug claims to various health insurance payors, including self-insured employers, insurance companies, health maintenance organizations and similar organizations. PCS Mail Services of Fort Worth, Inc. and PCS Mail Services of Birmingham, Inc. are mail order pharmacies who, with the help of AdvancePCS and PCS Health Systems, sell prescription drugs directly to consumers whose prescription drug benefits are processed by AdvancePCS and/or PCS Health Systems.
Bauer and Wright had major medical coverage provided by their respective employers. AdvancePCS or PCS Health Systems was the pharmaceutical benefit manager for Bauer and Wright’s medical coverage plans.1 Those plans required a co-payment for prescription drugs, and the co-payment was higher for brand name drugs than for generic drugs. PCS classified tamoxifen as a brand name drug. As a result, Bauer and Wright were required to make the higher co-payment.
Bauer and Wright claimed that PCS benefitted financially from the improper classification of tamoxifen as a brand name drug and sought to require them to disgorge those economic benefits. The only theory of recovery they asserted was unjust enrichment. PCS claimed that Bauer and Wright’s cause of action was preempted by ERISA and argue on appeal that the trial court erred by concluding otherwise.
ERISAregulates plans providing employees with fringe benefits. It “is a comprehensive statute designed to promote the interests of employees and their beneficiaries in employee benefit plans.”2 ERISA imposes certain requirements on pension and welfare plans, but does not require that employers provide any particular benefits.3
ERISA § 514 (a), 29 USC § 1144 (a), provides that, with certain exceptions not relevant here, ERISA “shall supersede any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan” covered by ERISA. “The term ‘State law’ includes all laws, decisions, rules, regulations, or other State action having the effect of law, of any State.”4
Section 514 (a) was intended to ensure that plans and plan sponsors would be subject to a uniform body of benefits law; the goal was to minimize the administrative and financial burden of complying with conflicting directives among States [383]*383or between States and the Federal Government. Otherwise, the inefficiencies created could work to the detriment of plan beneficiaries.5
With those purposes in mind, we consider whether Bauer and Wright’s unjust enrichment cause of action “relates to” their employee benefit plans such that it would be expressly preempted by ERISA§ 514 (a).6 Alaw “relates to” an employee benefit plan if it has a connection with or reference to such a plan, but § 514 (a) is not limited to state laws specifically designed to affect employee benefit plans.7 And although § 514 (a) has been broadly construed, the United States Supreme Court has recognized that “[s]ome state actions may affect employee benefit plans in too tenuous, remote, or peripheral a manner to warrant a finding that the law ‘relates to’ the plan.”8
We do not find a sufficient connection between the state law claims asserted here and the ERISAbenefit plans at issue to conclude that the claims “relate to” those plans. Bauer and Wright are not seeking, directly or indirectly, to recover benefits due them under their respective plans — they do not claim that they are entitled to any benefits from their plans that they have not received.9 Instead, they claim that PCS misclassified the drug tamoxifen and that the erroneous classification was not based on the terms of their plans.10
Contrary to the dissent’s argument, Bauer and Wright’s unjust enrichment claims are not disguised claims for prescription drug benefits. Their claims for tamoxifen were covered by their respective plans. The plans paid for their portion of tamoxifen, based on PCS’s classification of the drug as brand name.11 It was PCS, not the plans or plan sponsors, who required Bauer and Wright to pay the higher [384]*384co-payment. And PCS’s classification of tamoxifen as brand name was not based on the terms of the plans, but on information PCS received from a third party.
Further, contrary to PCS’s claims, the trial court will not be required to interpret the provisions of the respective plans to address Bauer and Wright’s claims. The only issue requiring reference to the plans is the price difference between the co-payment for a brand name drug and the co-payment for a generic drug. The fact that the remedy sought may affect the plan because any damages awarded to Bauer and Wright, if they ultimately prevail, will be measured based on the difference between the two co-payment amounts, as set forth in the plans, is not enough for preemption.12
In addition, Bauer and Wright have not asserted claims against their plans, their employers or any other ERISA entity. In Morstein v. Nat. Ins. Svcs.,13 the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that “when a state law claim brought against a nonERISA entity does not affect relations among principal ERISA entities as such, then it is not preempted by ERISA.”14 ERISA entities include the employer, the plan, the plan fiduciaries and the beneficiaries under the plan.15 The parties agree that PCS merely processes prescription drug claims and is not a fiduciary of the plans. Thus, the principal ERISA entities in this case are Bauer and Wright, their employers and their benefit plans. We agree with the trial court’s conclusion that this lawsuit does not affect the relationship between those principal ERISA entities.
PCS relies heavily on the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Aetna Health v. Davila16 to support its claim that Bauer and Wright’s claims are preempted. In Davila, the plaintiffs were a participant and a beneficiary of ERISA benefit plans who sued the respective plan administrators for refusing to provide coverage for certain treatment recommended by their treating physicians. One plaintiff, Davila, was prescribed Vioxx, but the plan administrator refused to pay for it, and Davila elected to take a different medication from which he suffered a severe reaction resulting in extensive treatment and hospitalization. The other plaintiff, Calad, underwent surgery. When her plan’s administrator refused to provide coverage for the extended hospital stay recommended by her physician, she was discharged. She suffered postsurgery complications that required her to return to the hospital and later claimed that the [385]*385complications would not have occurred if the administrator had approved her for a longer hospital stay. Davila and Calad sued separately in state court, claiming that the administrators’ refusal to cover the recommended services violated their “duty to exercise ordinary care when making health care treatment decisions,” and that those refusals “proximately caused” their injuries.17
We do not find Davila controlling for several reasons. First, Davila is factually distinguishable. Davila and Calad sued their respective plan administrators because they were denied benefits based on the terms of their ERISA plans. Bauer and Wright complain that PCS misclassified tamoxifen based on a uniform practice applied to all of its clients, relying not on the terms of any policy or plan but on information received pursuant to an agreement with a third party. Unlike the basis of liability in Davila, PCS’s potential liability does not derive “entirely from the particular rights and obligations established by the benefit plans.”18
Moreover, the Supreme Court in Davila was addressing the issue of complete preemption, not express preemption, to determine whether a cause of action was removable to federal court.19 Complete preemption occurs when a federal statute wholly displaces a state law cause of action.20 In that situation, the state law claim can be removed to federal court.21 The Court held that the claims asserted by Davila and Calad fell within the scope of ERISA § 502 (a) (1) (B), 29 USC § 1132 (a) (1) (B),22 and were therefore completely preempted by the civil enforcement provisions of ERISA § 502 and removable to federal district court.23
Although complete preemption24 is not the test applied once a case has been remanded to state court, we recognize that claims that are completely preempted are also expressly preempted and address this test solely to demonstrate further why Davila is not controlling. Four elements must be satisfied for complete preemption: (1) there must be a relevant ERISA plan; (2) the plaintiff must have standing [386]*386to sue under that plan; (3) the defendant must be an ERISA entity; and (4) the complaint must seek relief like that available under ERISA § 502 (a), such as a claim for benefits under a plan.25 The first two elements of the test are satisfied, but the third element is not because none of the PCS entities are ERISA entities. As noted above, the parties agree that PCS merely processes prescription drug claims and is not a fiduciary of either plan, unlike the defendants in Davila, who were both responsible for paying plan benefits and making coverage decisions.26 Thus, the state law claims in this action are not completely preempted as were the claims in Davila 27
PCS also argues that Bauer and Wright’s claims are preempted because they conflict with the civil enforcement provisions of ERISA § 502 (a), 29 USC § 1132 (a). The United States Supreme Court has explained that Congress intended § 502 (a) to be the exclusive remedy for rights guaranteed under ERISA.28 However, Bauer and Wright are not asserting rights that are guaranteed under ERISA. They do not seek to recover benefits due them under the plans.29 Nor do they seek to obtain relief for any breach of fiduciary duty or for any violation of any provision of ERISA or of the terms of the plans.30 Contrary to PCS’s claims, Bauer and Wright cannot obtain the relief they seek from their ERISA plans or their employers. Thus, the relief they seek is not “within the power of the federal courts to provide.”31
Furthermore, allowing preemption of the unjust enrichment claim asserted here will not serve Congress’s purpose for ERISA. As noted above, “Congress enacted ERISA to protect the interests of employees and other beneficiaries of employee benefit plans.”32 To immunize PCS from liability for alleged improper classification of drugs for ERISA plan participants and beneficiaries, but not for persons whose benefits come from a non-ERISA source, would not promote this objective.33
We conclude that Bauer and Wright’s cause of action is not expressly preempted by ERISA § 514 (a), 29 USC § 1144 (a), and that it does not conflict with the civil enforcement provisions of ERISA [387]*387§ 502 (a), 29 USC § 1132 (a). We therefore affirm the trial court’s denial of PCS’s motion to dismiss.
Judgment affirmed.
Ruffin, C. J., Barnes andMikell, JJ., concur. Andrews, R J., Johnson, P. J., and Blackburn, P. J., dissent.