NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 15 2024
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ADRIAN A. SAMPSON, No. 23-15458 Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:20-cv-02223-KJD-DJA v. MEMORANDUM* KONICA MINOLTA BUSINESS SOLUTIONS USA, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada Kent J. Dawson, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted March 4, 2024 Las Vegas, Nevada Before: M. SMITH, BENNETT, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff Adrian Sampson appeals the district court’s grant of summary
judgment in favor of Defendant Konica Minolta Business Solutions U.S.A., Inc. on
his racial discrimination and retaliation claims under both Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 and 42 U.S.C. § 1981. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1291. We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Weil v. Citizens Telecom Servs. Co., LLC, 922 F.3d 993, 1001 (9th Cir. 2019). We
affirm.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. 1. Sampson’s claim of disparate treatment based upon his race (African-
American) is premised on Defendant’s reassignment of certain sales
representatives (“Named Account Executives” or “NAEs”) in its Las Vegas office
from “vertical” accounts—meaning sales accounts in particular industries—to
sales accounts in particular geographic territories defined by zip codes. Although
Sampson argues that the change from verticals to zip-code territories and the loss
of his vertical accounts constitute two separate grounds for his disparate treatment
claim, we analyze these actions together because they occurred at the same time as
part of an overall realignment of the relevant accounts.
In contending that he presented sufficient evidence to raise an inference of
intentional discrimination for purposes of his Title VII and § 1981 disparate
treatment claims, Sampson relies on the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell
Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See Reynaga v. Roseburg Forest
Prods., 847 F.3d 678, 690–91 (9th Cir. 2017). Under that framework, (1) the
plaintiff must first “demonstrate[] his prima facie case”; (2) then “the burden shifts
to the defendant to provide a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse
employment action”; and (3) “[i]f the defendant meets this burden, . . . the plaintiff
must then raise a triable issue of material fact as to whether the defendant’s
proffered reasons are mere pretext for unlawful discrimination.” Id. at 691
(simplified).
2 Assuming arguendo that Sampson can establish a prima facie case of
disparate treatment, Defendant articulated legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons
for its realignment of accounts involving NAEs. Sampson’s manager, Tom Reed,
and Reed’s boss, Robert Dean, testified that the realignment was implemented to
address the NAEs’ “underperform[ance]” by eliminating their need to travel
throughout the Las Vegas Valley and by giving them “more opportunit[ies] to
perform at a higher level.”1 They further explained that Sampson was assigned the
downtown Las Vegas zip codes, because that is where many of the law firms in his
previous vertical portfolio had been located. Although the higher-level account
executive positions (“Senior Account Executive” or “SAE”, and “Major Account
Executive” or “MAE”) still had vertical accounts, adjustments were also made to
their accounts as part of the realignment. Overall, the SAEs and the MAE
experienced a net loss in total accounts, and nearly all the NAE positions
experienced a net gain. In Sampson’s case, his total number of assigned accounts
increased by more than 400. Because Defendant articulated legitimate reasons for
the realignment, the burden shifts back to Sampson to show that Defendant’s
reasons are pretextual. See Opara v. Yellen, 57 F.4th 709, 726 (9th Cir. 2023).
A plaintiff can prove pretext either “(1) directly, by showing that unlawful
1 For example, undisputed evidence shows that, during the eight months preceding the realignment, Sampson had been issued multiple written warnings about his failure to meet his sales quotas.
3 discrimination more likely than not motivated the employer; (2) indirectly, by
showing that the employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence
because it is internally inconsistent or otherwise not believable; or via a
combination of these two kinds of evidence.” Opara, 57 F.4th at 723 (simplified).
We conclude that Sampson failed to present sufficient evidence to raise a triable
issue of pretext.
Sampson emphasizes that two of the four NAE positions were occupied by
African-Americans (in contrast to no African-Americans among the SAE and
MAE positions) and that those two positions, after the realignment, had the second
and third lowest average three-year sales revenue. But it is undisputed that NAEs
are the lowest tier of sales representatives, and that they have more accounts, lower
sales quotas, and lower base salaries than other representatives. Moreover, a then-
unfilled NAE position had the lowest average three-year revenue, and, even before
the realignment, the fourth position had already been a zip-code-based position
involving “all accounts in northern Arizona.” Considering these points in light of
the record as a whole, no reasonable jury could conclude that the realignment of
accounts involving the NAE positions was motivated by race. See Wood v. City of
San Diego, 678 F.3d 1075, 1081 (9th Cir. 2012) (“A disparate-treatment plaintiff
must establish that the defendant had a discriminatory intent or motive for taking a
job-related action.” (citation omitted)).
4 Sampson nonetheless also argues that, after the realignment, Robert
Bloecker, who was employed by Defendant in Las Vegas from 2017 to 2019, was
able to keep a mix of both vertical and zip-code-based accounts, while Sampson
assertedly did not. Sampson claims in his opening brief that Bloecker “was never
a[n] SAE,” and in his reply brief, Sampson goes further and says that he presented
enough evidence to show that “Bloecker was an NAE.” However, the declaration
of Bloecker on which Sampson relies does not claim that Bloecker was actually an
“NAE.” The declaration instead states that Bloecker believed that his title was
“Production Print Specialist” and that he “was never promoted to a position as a
“Senior Account Executive’ or a “Major Account Executive.’” Bloecker’s
declaration explained that, before the realignment, his “job was primarily to sell
production print equipment (larger format / higher volume machines) to print
companies and internal print departments (a college print shop for example) and to
UPS Stores” and that he retained such vertical accounts after the realignment.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 15 2024
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
ADRIAN A. SAMPSON, No. 23-15458 Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:20-cv-02223-KJD-DJA v. MEMORANDUM* KONICA MINOLTA BUSINESS SOLUTIONS USA, INC., Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada Kent J. Dawson, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted March 4, 2024 Las Vegas, Nevada Before: M. SMITH, BENNETT, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiff Adrian Sampson appeals the district court’s grant of summary
judgment in favor of Defendant Konica Minolta Business Solutions U.S.A., Inc. on
his racial discrimination and retaliation claims under both Title VII of the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 and 42 U.S.C. § 1981. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1291. We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Weil v. Citizens Telecom Servs. Co., LLC, 922 F.3d 993, 1001 (9th Cir. 2019). We
affirm.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. 1. Sampson’s claim of disparate treatment based upon his race (African-
American) is premised on Defendant’s reassignment of certain sales
representatives (“Named Account Executives” or “NAEs”) in its Las Vegas office
from “vertical” accounts—meaning sales accounts in particular industries—to
sales accounts in particular geographic territories defined by zip codes. Although
Sampson argues that the change from verticals to zip-code territories and the loss
of his vertical accounts constitute two separate grounds for his disparate treatment
claim, we analyze these actions together because they occurred at the same time as
part of an overall realignment of the relevant accounts.
In contending that he presented sufficient evidence to raise an inference of
intentional discrimination for purposes of his Title VII and § 1981 disparate
treatment claims, Sampson relies on the burden-shifting framework of McDonnell
Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). See Reynaga v. Roseburg Forest
Prods., 847 F.3d 678, 690–91 (9th Cir. 2017). Under that framework, (1) the
plaintiff must first “demonstrate[] his prima facie case”; (2) then “the burden shifts
to the defendant to provide a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for the adverse
employment action”; and (3) “[i]f the defendant meets this burden, . . . the plaintiff
must then raise a triable issue of material fact as to whether the defendant’s
proffered reasons are mere pretext for unlawful discrimination.” Id. at 691
(simplified).
2 Assuming arguendo that Sampson can establish a prima facie case of
disparate treatment, Defendant articulated legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons
for its realignment of accounts involving NAEs. Sampson’s manager, Tom Reed,
and Reed’s boss, Robert Dean, testified that the realignment was implemented to
address the NAEs’ “underperform[ance]” by eliminating their need to travel
throughout the Las Vegas Valley and by giving them “more opportunit[ies] to
perform at a higher level.”1 They further explained that Sampson was assigned the
downtown Las Vegas zip codes, because that is where many of the law firms in his
previous vertical portfolio had been located. Although the higher-level account
executive positions (“Senior Account Executive” or “SAE”, and “Major Account
Executive” or “MAE”) still had vertical accounts, adjustments were also made to
their accounts as part of the realignment. Overall, the SAEs and the MAE
experienced a net loss in total accounts, and nearly all the NAE positions
experienced a net gain. In Sampson’s case, his total number of assigned accounts
increased by more than 400. Because Defendant articulated legitimate reasons for
the realignment, the burden shifts back to Sampson to show that Defendant’s
reasons are pretextual. See Opara v. Yellen, 57 F.4th 709, 726 (9th Cir. 2023).
A plaintiff can prove pretext either “(1) directly, by showing that unlawful
1 For example, undisputed evidence shows that, during the eight months preceding the realignment, Sampson had been issued multiple written warnings about his failure to meet his sales quotas.
3 discrimination more likely than not motivated the employer; (2) indirectly, by
showing that the employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence
because it is internally inconsistent or otherwise not believable; or via a
combination of these two kinds of evidence.” Opara, 57 F.4th at 723 (simplified).
We conclude that Sampson failed to present sufficient evidence to raise a triable
issue of pretext.
Sampson emphasizes that two of the four NAE positions were occupied by
African-Americans (in contrast to no African-Americans among the SAE and
MAE positions) and that those two positions, after the realignment, had the second
and third lowest average three-year sales revenue. But it is undisputed that NAEs
are the lowest tier of sales representatives, and that they have more accounts, lower
sales quotas, and lower base salaries than other representatives. Moreover, a then-
unfilled NAE position had the lowest average three-year revenue, and, even before
the realignment, the fourth position had already been a zip-code-based position
involving “all accounts in northern Arizona.” Considering these points in light of
the record as a whole, no reasonable jury could conclude that the realignment of
accounts involving the NAE positions was motivated by race. See Wood v. City of
San Diego, 678 F.3d 1075, 1081 (9th Cir. 2012) (“A disparate-treatment plaintiff
must establish that the defendant had a discriminatory intent or motive for taking a
job-related action.” (citation omitted)).
4 Sampson nonetheless also argues that, after the realignment, Robert
Bloecker, who was employed by Defendant in Las Vegas from 2017 to 2019, was
able to keep a mix of both vertical and zip-code-based accounts, while Sampson
assertedly did not. Sampson claims in his opening brief that Bloecker “was never
a[n] SAE,” and in his reply brief, Sampson goes further and says that he presented
enough evidence to show that “Bloecker was an NAE.” However, the declaration
of Bloecker on which Sampson relies does not claim that Bloecker was actually an
“NAE.” The declaration instead states that Bloecker believed that his title was
“Production Print Specialist” and that he “was never promoted to a position as a
“Senior Account Executive’ or a “Major Account Executive.’” Bloecker’s
declaration explained that, before the realignment, his “job was primarily to sell
production print equipment (larger format / higher volume machines) to print
companies and internal print departments (a college print shop for example) and to
UPS Stores” and that he retained such vertical accounts after the realignment.
Moreover, the evidence in the record concerning Defendant’s internal personnel
records all consistently listed Bloecker as being an SAE, not an NAE. Keeping in
mind that the ultimate question is whether “an employer honestly believed” its
non-discriminatory reasons and did not act based on race, see Villiarimo v. Aloha
Island Air, Inc., 281 F.3d 1054, 1063 (9th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted), we
conclude that Bloecker’s ability to retain certain vertical accounts, even when
5 considered with all of the other evidence in the record, would not permit a
reasonable jury to find that Sampson’s different account composition as compared
to Bloecker was due to Sampson’s race.
2. We also apply the McDonnell Douglas framework in evaluating the
district court’s summary judgment for Defendant with respect to Sampson’s
retaliation claims under Title VII and § 1981. See Surrell v. California Water Serv.
Co., 518 F.3d 1097, 1105 (9th Cir. 2008). On appeal, the parties do not dispute
that Sampson presented a prima facie case of retaliation and that Defendant
articulated legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for Sampson’s termination. To
prove that Defendant’s legitimate reasons were pretextual, Sampson “must produce
specific facts either directly evidencing” a retaliatory motive or “showing that the
employer’s explanation is not credible.” Lindahl v. Air France, 930 F.2d 1434,
1438 (9th Cir. 1991). Sampson failed to present sufficient evidence under this
standard.
Sampson contends that a reasonable jury could disbelieve Reed’s testimony
that Reed was unaware that Sampson had complained about race discrimination,
and that this constitutes direct evidence of retaliation. We disagree. “Direct
evidence is evidence which, if believed, proves the fact of discriminatory animus
without inference or presumption.” Bergene v. Salt River Project Agric.
Improvement & Power Dist., 272 F.3d 1136, 1141 (9th Cir. 2001) (simplified). In
6 the context of a retaliation claim, that means evidence showing, without “inference
or presumption,” that the adverse action “was linked” to the protected activity. Id.
(citation omitted). Doubts about Reed’s credibility on this point do not establish,
without inference, that Defendant retaliated against Sampson when he was fired.
The circumstantial evidence in the record fails to raise a reasonable
inference that the proffered grounds for terminating Sampson were pretextual.
Sampson’s termination letter, signed by Defendant’s director of Human Resources,
stated that Defendant terminated Sampson because he had made false entries into a
database that tracks Defendant’s activity with customers and prospective clients
and because Sampson had been dishonest during the investigation into those false
entries.2 Sampson claims that, on summary judgment, we must credit his denials
that he made the false entries and must instead accept his alternative theory that
Reed, who assertedly had access to Sampson’s account, had made the false entries
in an effort to frame Sampson. However, this explanation would not account for
the allegedly false statements made by Sampson during the investigation.
2 Sampson argues that a reasonable jury could find that, because Reed had described the grounds for termination as merely Sampson’s “falsifying activity records,” Sampson’s alleged false statements concerning those activities during the investigation were not in fact a ground for the termination. We disagree. Given that these false statements were likewise allegedly false representations concerning the same underlying activities, and given that Reed was only one of several persons involved in the termination, Reed’s comment provides no plausible basis for concluding that Sampson’s alleged lies during the investigation played no role in his termination.
7 Although Sampson argues that these latter statements were misunderstood or
inaccurately recounted, that is not enough to establish pretext. With respect to the
issue of pretext, we have held that “it is not important” whether the proffered non-
discriminatory and non-retaliatory grounds were “objectively” correct; what
matters is whether the “employer honestly believed its reason[s] for its actions,
even if its reason[s] [are] ‘foolish or trivial or even baseless.’” Villiarimo, 281
F.3d at 1063 (citation omitted). These grounds for the termination were supported
by a detailed report of a retained investigator as well as a private investigator’s
report of surveillance of Sampson, and Sampson failed to present sufficient
evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that the relevant decisionmakers
did not believe the evidence and conclusions reflected in these reports. See Keyser
v. Sacramento City Unified Sch. Dist., 265 F.3d 741, 752 n.5 (9th Cir. 2001)
(“Mere opinions and beliefs that [a defendant’s] actions were retaliatory, based on
no specific or substantial evidence, are not enough to create a genuine issue of
material fact on the issue of pretext.”).
AFFIRMED.