NOTICE: Summary decisions issued by the Appeals Court pursuant to M.A.C. Rule 23.0, as appearing in 97 Mass. App. Ct. 1017 (2020) (formerly known as rule 1:28, as amended by 73 Mass. App. Ct. 1001 [2009]), are primarily directed to the parties and, therefore, may not fully address the facts of the case or the panel's decisional rationale. Moreover, such decisions are not circulated to the entire court and, therefore, represent only the views of the panel that decided the case. A summary decision pursuant to rule 23.0 or rule 1:28 issued after February 25, 2008, may be cited for its persuasive value but, because of the limitations noted above, not as binding precedent. See Chace v. Curran, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 258, 260 n.4 (2008).
COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS
APPEALS COURT
24-P-1294
ADOPTION OF LURLEEN.1
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 23.0
After a trial in the Juvenile Court, a judge terminated the
father's parental rights to his child, Lurleen. The record on
appeal is inadequate to allow us to evaluate the father's claim
that the judge failed to inquire into the child's heritage, as
required under the Indian Child Welfare Act, 25 U.S.C. §§ 1901
et seq. (ICWA). Because (1) the judge's decision was supported
by clear and convincing evidence that the father was unfit, and
that his unfitness was likely to continue indefinitely;
(2) there is no merit to the father's challenges to the way the
judge conducted the trial; (3) we discern no abuse of discretion
in the judge's decision not to order visitation between the
child and her father or siblings; and (4) there was no error in
1 A pseudonym. the judge's failure to consider a kinship placement in the
absence of any relatives identified as potential adoption
resources, we affirm.2
Discussion. 1. ICWA. Under Massachusetts law,
"[a] child subject to adoption or parental termination proceedings may qualify as an 'Indian child' under 25 U.S.C. § 1903(4) by being 'a member of an Indian tribe,' § 1903(4)(a), or being both 'eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and . . . the biological child of a member of an Indian tribe,' § 1903(4)(b). . . . '[W]here the court knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is involved, the party seeking the foster placement of, or termination of parental rights to, an Indian child shall notify the parent or Indian custodian and the Indian child's tribe . . . of the pending proceedings and their right of intervention.' 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a).
"The judge must affirmatively inquire whether a child is an Indian child. See 81 Fed. Reg. 38,778, 38,805. The inquiry should be made 'at the commencement of the proceeding and all responses should be on the record.' 25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a)."
Adoption of Ursa, 103 Mass. App. Ct. 558, 564-565 (2023).
In this case, the trial transcript does not reflect whether
the trial judge "inquire[d] whether [the] child is an Indian
child," and the docket is silent on the question whether such an
inquiry was made "at the commencement of the [care and
protection] proceeding," or at any other time during the life of
the case (citations omitted). Adoption of Ursa, 103 Mass. App.
Ct. at 565. Citing to Adoption of Ursa, the father contends
2 The mother did not appeal the termination of her parental rights.
2 that "the absence of docket entries by the [trial] court
indicating compliance with 25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a) . . . does not
confirm [that] the trial judge" made that inquiry, and, to that
extent, we agree. See Adoption of Ursa, supra (judge's
determination of issue on docket is generally conclusive). We
do not agree, however, that the inverse conclusion follows --
that the absence of a docket entry showing that inquiry was made
affirmatively establishes that it was not made.
The mother and father were each present in court on several
dates preceding the trial.3 We do not have transcripts of any of
the pretrial hearings, and so have no way of ascertaining
whether the ICWA inquiry was made at an earlier date and, if so,
whether there was any change in circumstances that would have
required the trial judge to make a renewed inquiry. See
Adoption of Ursa, 103 Mass. App. Ct. at 565 (where ICWA inquiry
was made shortly after Department of Children and Families
[department] filed petition, and there was no "additional
'reason to know' that the [subject children] might be Indian
children, further inquiry was unnecessary"). See also Adoption
of Breck, 105 Mass. App. 652, 665-666 (2025) (based on
3 The docket reflects that at a hearing on October 26, 2022, the father was added to the petition and counsel was appointed to represent him. Additional pretrial hearings were held on three subsequent dates.
3 appropriate ICWA inquiry at outset of case, judge found that
ICWA did not apply). As the appealing party, the father had the
obligation to produce an appendix containing all relevant
portions of the record. See Roby v. Superintendent, Mass.
Correctional Inst., Concord, 94 Mass. App. Ct. 410, 412 (2018)
("it is the appellant's responsibility to ensure that the record
is adequate for appellate review" [citation omitted]); Mass.
R. A. P. 18 (a), as appearing in 481 Mass. 1637 (2019). "Like
any child who is the subject of a care and protection
proceeding, [Lurleen] . . . [is] entitled to permanency."
Adoption of Norbert, 83 Mass. App. Ct. 542, 547 n.8 (2013).
Where the father did not produce a record adequately supporting
his ICWA challenge, we decline to disturb the decree.4
2. Father's unfitness. "To terminate parental rights to a
child, [a] judge must find, by clear and convincing evidence,
that the parent is unfit and that the child's 'best interests
will be served by terminating the legal relation between parent
and child.'" Adoption of Luc, 484 Mass. 139, 144 (2020),
quoting Adoption of Ilona, 459 Mass. 53, 59 (2011). Clear and
convincing evidence means that "[t]he requisite proof must be
strong and positive; it must be 'full, clear and decisive.'"
4 Of significance here, the father has not claimed Native American heritage at any point, and the extensive record lacks any information showing that Lurleen, the parents, or any other family member is a member of, or affiliated with, any tribe.
4 Adoption of Chad, 94 Mass. App. Ct. 828, 838 (2019), quoting
Adoption of Iris, 43 Mass. App. Ct. 95, 105 (1997). "We review
the judge's [subsidiary] findings with substantial deference,
recognizing [the judge's] discretion to evaluate a witness's
credibility and to weigh the evidence," Adoption of Nancy, 443
Mass. 512, 515 (2005), "and reverse [the judge's termination
decision] only where the findings of fact are clearly erroneous
or where there is a clear error of law or abuse of discretion."
Adoption of Ilona, supra.
In this case, over the span of some twenty-five single-
spaced pages, the judge made "specific and detailed findings in
support of [the] conclusion that termination [was] appropriate,"
and carefully applied those findings in fifteen pages setting
forth corresponding conclusions of law. Adoption of Nancy, 443
Mass. at 514-515. The father does not challenge any of those
findings as clearly erroneous.
In assessing the father's parental fitness, the judge
properly considered an array of factors, including evidence of
the father's ongoing substance misuse. At trial, although the
parents testified to being sober, the judge noted on the record
that both the mother and the father appeared intoxicated; the
judge specifically noted that the father was "nodding off" while
in the courtroom gallery, the parents were "tap[ping] each other
to keep each other awake," and the father was unable to keep
5 hold of his cell phone because he kept falling asleep.5 The
judge also noted that the father was not attentive to his
hygiene, despite the judge's speaking to both parents about
their presentation, and that the parents sometimes appeared
"jittery and unable to sit still." These indicators of
substance misuse and its effect on the father's ability to
remain awake and alert were relevant to the judge's
determination of the father's unfitness. See G. L. c. 210,
§ 3 (c) (xii); Adoption of Anton, 72 Mass. App. Ct. 667, 676
(2008); Adoption of Zoltan, 71 Mass. App. Ct. 185, 190 (2008).
These were not the judge's only findings regarding the
effect of the parents' substance misuse on their parenting
ability. For example, the judge found that, during a home visit
approximately eight months before trial began, a visiting social
worker found white powder on a scale in the father's house; the
judge did not credit the father's testimony that the powder was
plaster dust, and instead considered it evidence that the father
did not have "safe, stable, and appropriate" housing for the
child. See Adoption of Quentin, 424 Mass. 882, 887 (1997)
(evidence that parents maintained unsafe home was relevant to
5 Based on her observations, the judge positioned court officers equipped with Narcan near where the parents sat, and placed an empty container near the father out of concern that he might be sick.
6 unfitness determination); Adoption of Franklin, 99 Mass. App.
Ct. 787, 799 (2021) (parent's drug-related activity in
children's presence was relevant to finding of parental
unfitness). Similarly, the father's claims of sobriety at the
time of trial were undermined by the fact that, midtrial, he was
arrested and charged with a series of drug-related offenses
after a traffic stop.6 See Care & Protection of Frank, 409 Mass.
492, 494-495 (1991) (parent's criminal history may be relevant
to determination of unfitness).
Additionally, although the father's action plan required
him to engage in substance use counseling and programming, the
judge found that the father did not comply with that
requirement. See Adoption of Luc, 484 Mass. at 147 ("parent's
willingness to engage in treatment [for substance use disorder]
is an important consideration in an unfitness determination").
Moreover, after the home visit described above in which
suspected drugs were found in the father's basement, the father
6 Although the father was released from custody while the trial was underway, he did not immediately return to court for the trial as instructed; the judge drew a negative inference from the father's failure to appear. Although the father appeared later that day, he did not appear for trial at all on December 15, 2023, or January 25, 2024, prompting the judge to draw negative inferences. See Adoption of Talik, 92 Mass. App. Ct. 367, 371-372 (2017) (parent's absence from termination of parental rights proceeding "may suggest that the parent . . . cannot meet the child's best interests").
7 stopped allowing the department to conduct home visits. The
judge also found that, while the father did participate in
services directed toward improving his parenting and his
awareness of the effect that his domestic violence against the
mother had on his fitness, he did not benefit from those
services. See Adoption of Garret, 92 Mass. App. Ct. 664, 673-
674 (2018) (judge justifiably concluded that parent's failure to
benefit from services "rendered [parent] unfit to carry out
[his] parental duties").
Finally, the judge found that, although the father loves
the child, the father was inconsistent in his visits with the
child as of nine months before trial. In the judge's view, the
trial evidence showed that the father was unable to appreciate
the child's need for stability, provide for her significant
health and developmental challenges, or prioritize her needs
over his own. See Adoption of Oliver, 28 Mass. App. Ct. 620,
625-626 (1990). Accordingly, there was no error in the judge's
determination that the father was likely permanently unfit to
parent the child. See Adoption of Luc, 484 Mass. at 144.
3. Conduct of trial. a. Judge's offers of drug screens.
During the trial, the judge made a contemporaneous record of her
observations of the parents' apparent insobriety, including (as
we have described) the father's repeated "nodding off" as the
trial was going on. See Adoption of Yvonne, 99 Mass. App. Ct.
8 574, 580 (2021) ("A parent's behavior during trial . . . [is]
relevant to parental fitness"). Confronted with these
observations, however, the father consistently maintained that
he was sober and "just tired." In the face of the father's
challenge to her interpretation of his conduct and presentation,
the judge offered the father (and the mother) opportunities to
rebut her observations by taking a drug screen.7 The screens
were not mandatory; the judge was explicit that the parents
"ha[d] the right to decline if they [chose] to." The father did
not successfully complete any screens during the trial, and the
trial continued without any such screens.
The judge did not deprive the father of a fundamentally
fair trial by offering the parents the opportunity to take a
drug screen.8 Even assuming that the judge overstepped by
suggesting that screens were available (a conclusion we do not
reach), where the judge was explicit that the "[f]ather's
refusal to take a drug screen test was not taken as a factor in
[her] determination to terminate his parental rights," we
7 The judge made these offers on the first, second, and fourth days of trial.
8 The father's claim that the judge's actions amounted to "structural error" is misplaced. "[The] doctrine [of structural error] does not control civil issues," although "it affords a useful analogy." Adoption of Gabe, 84 Mass. App. Ct. 286, 293 (2013).
9 discern no prejudice resulting from the judge's offers. See
Kendall v. Kendall, 426 Mass. 238, 243 n.11 (1997) (no prejudice
from improper admission of evidence where "the judge
specifically stated that she did not rely on [it]").
The judge's statement that her observations during the
trial "[would] be factors in [her] decision" also does not
change our view. As we have noted, "A parent's behavior during
trial . . . [is] relevant to parental fitness," Adoption of
Yvonne, 99 Mass. App. Ct. at 580, and it was proper for the
judge to consider what she saw at trial. Likewise, the judge's
references in her conclusions of law to the father's failure to
verify his sobriety, and the judge's disbelief in the father's
testimony that he was sober, were not improper inferences drawn
from the father's failure to drug test during the trial.
Rather, these conclusions referred back to the father's failure
to comply with his action plan requirements that he "become
involved in a sober community" and "not abuse or use substances"
and to the judge's firsthand observations of the father's
presentation and conduct during the trial. See Adoption of
Yvonne, supra; Adoption of Leland, 65 Mass. App. Ct. 580, 585
(2006) (parent's failure to follow action plan may be relevant
to finding of unfitness). Accordingly, the judge did not
deprive the father of a fair trial by offering the parents the
10 opportunity to drug screen.9 Relatedly, where the judge did not
rely on the father's failure to screen in her decision, her
offers likewise did not "create[] evidence which . . .
diminish[ed] [the department's] burdens of persuasion and
production," as the father contends.
b. Father's condition during trial. On appeal, the father
argues that, given the judge's observations of the father's
apparent intoxication, the judge should have inquired into
whether the father was able to assist his trial counsel, and
should have suspended the trial to allow the father to obtain
appropriate medical treatment. Neither of these claims was
raised during the trial,10 and, as a result, they are waived.
See Adoption of Gregory, 434 Mass. 117, 120 n.1 (2001).
4. Visitation and placement. The question whether to
order posttermination visitation between a child and a parent is
committed to the discretion of the trial judge. Adoption of
Cecily, 83 Mass. App. Ct. 719, 727-728 (2013). "A judge should
9 The record on appeal does not support the father's claim that he was "forced . . . to choose whether to waive his [Fourth] Amendment [to the United States Constitution] protections in order to verify his sobriety . . . [and] regain custody of his daughter." At no point did the judge state that drug screens were the only way in which the father would be allowed to verify his sobriety.
10Indeed, as we have noted, the father maintained that he was sober during the trial.
11 issue an order of visitation only if such an order, on balance,
is necessary to protect the child's best interest[s]." Adoption
of Ilona, 459 Mass. at 65. The same standard applies to a
judge's decision about whether to order postadoption visitation.
See Adoption of Xarissa, 99 Mass. App. Ct. 610, 623-624 (2021).
Here, the judge found that posttermination and postadoption
visitation between the child and the father was not in the
child's best interests, and her decision was well supported. By
the time of trial, the two year old child had been in the
custody of the department since her birth, and she was bonded to
her foster family, which was interested in adopting her. As we
have summarized above, the judge found that the father loves the
child, but that he had failed to visit the child consistently
when given the opportunity, he was unable to ameliorate his
parental shortcomings, he did not appreciate the impact of his
substance misuse and other challenges on his parenting ability,
and he was not up to the task of addressing the child's special
needs. Against this backdrop, we cannot say that the judge
abused her discretion in declining to order posttermination or
postadoption visitation. See Adoption of Cecily, 83 Mass. App.
Ct. at 727-728.
Because there was no evidence at trial that the child had a
family member willing to be a preadoptive or adoptive resource,
we also discern no error in the judge's approval of a nonkinship
12 placement for the child. To the extent the father argues that
the judge abused her discretion in failing to order visits
between the child and the parents' other children,11 we note that
the father did not request such an order at trial, nor did he
present any evidence about the appropriateness of such visits.
In these circumstances, and where the child and her half-
siblings were not separated by State intervention, we discern no
error in the judge's decision not to order sibling visitation.
See G. L. c. 119, § 26B (b).
Decree affirmed.
By the Court (Ditkoff, Hand & Grant, JJ.12),
Clerk
Entered: August 12, 2025.
11The parents do not share any children other than Lurleen. The mother has two older children with a different father; those children are in the custody of their father. The father has an older child with a different mother; his parental rights to that child were terminated in 2015. At the time of trial, Lurleen had never met her half-siblings.
12 The panelists are listed in order of seniority.