Opinion or the court by
JUDGE O’REAR
Reversing.
Appellant and appellee were contending .candidates at the November election, 1903, for the office of Commonwealth's attorney for the Twenty-third Judicial District. At that time the district was composed of the counties of Estill, Lee, Breathitt, Wolfe, and Magoffin. The election occurred on November 3,1903. Appellant then resided in Magoffin county [366] and appellee in Lee county, andi they had so resided for many yearn Each was also otherwise eligible to the office. The precinct election officers1 of the various precincts in the district certified to their respective county canvassing hoards the result of the election in the several precincts.. These boards, in due course, from those certificates certified the results in their respective counties to the State canvassing board, who therefrom, and on the face of the returns, found that appellee had received the highest number of votes for the office, and issued a certificate of his election accordingly, ■upon which appellee was commissioned. Appellant, within 'the time prescribed by statute, filed his action in the Lee cir■euit court, contesting1 the election. Numerous grounds of Traud, bribery, intimidation, illegal voting, and falsification of the returns after the election and before the vote was certified to. the county canvassing boards were charged in general terms, and with particulaiity. From these allegations It appeared as a matter of mathematical deduction, if they were true, the result as certified to the State board was false, and that, instead of appellee, appellant was elected to the office. Disposing here of a criticism of the petition based on its failure to charge, in terms that the -frauds and other irregularities complained of entered into the result as certified to the State board, it is enough if the necessary import of the charge shows the actionable fact to- exist, without reference to- the employment of well-chosen terms of art. The petition in this case, construed as its language necessarily required it should be, fairly contains a charge of the fact. Concerning1 proceedings to prevent frauds, in elections, section 1591, Kentucky Statutes, 1903, provides: “This chapter- shall be liberally construed so as to prevent any evasions of the prohibitions and penalties by shift or device.” Such a laudable purpose could not he thwarted by a different rale of [367] construing the pleadings in a ease brought to prevent what the statute was enacted to prevent. The answer denied all the averments of the petition, upon which appellant based his contest, and contained numerous counter charges of frauds and irregularities by appellant and his partisans, which, appellee contended, when corrected, would increase his apparent majority.
The regular circuit judge declining, for personal reasons, to preside in the case, a special judge wa,s commissioned to try it. The case was elaborately prepared. The judgment of the lower court was that appellant had received a majority of the legal votes, and had been elected to the office, and that appellee had not been elected. But the circuit court also adjudged that appellant was not entitled to recover the office, because of a change of the disfroct, by which the county of his residence was taken out of the Twenty-third District, and placed in the Thirty-first Judicial District. Upon the first part of the judgment, declaring that appellant had received a majority of the legal votes at the November election, 1903, for the office of Commonwealth’s attorney for the Twenty-third Judicial District, and that appellee had not, we concur with the trial judge. It would serve no useful end to set out in detail in this opinion the facts established by the evidence. They are such as to leave no doubt in the minds of the court of the correctness of the conclusions thereon reached by the trial judge. They bring up no new or novel question for decision. Similar occurrences have arisen in other cases which have been before the court, upon which the law has been declared, and about which we entertain no doubt. The trial judge appears* to have applied the decisions of this court already reported to the facts evolved. Obviously, a principle of law once established, so long as it is adhered to, must apply alike to all similar cases. The [368] statutes regulating the holding of elections have been framed and revised with great care, with the sole end of assuring the .great constitutional guaranty of fair and equal elections. All rules of law applied by the courts are to enforce this basic principle of republican government. All that tends to unlawfully thwart the popular will as expressed by the electorate at the polls, must be disfavored by the courts as it is by all legislative enactments.
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Opinion or the court by
JUDGE O’REAR
Reversing.
Appellant and appellee were contending .candidates at the November election, 1903, for the office of Commonwealth's attorney for the Twenty-third Judicial District. At that time the district was composed of the counties of Estill, Lee, Breathitt, Wolfe, and Magoffin. The election occurred on November 3,1903. Appellant then resided in Magoffin county [366] and appellee in Lee county, andi they had so resided for many yearn Each was also otherwise eligible to the office. The precinct election officers1 of the various precincts in the district certified to their respective county canvassing hoards the result of the election in the several precincts.. These boards, in due course, from those certificates certified the results in their respective counties to the State canvassing board, who therefrom, and on the face of the returns, found that appellee had received the highest number of votes for the office, and issued a certificate of his election accordingly, ■upon which appellee was commissioned. Appellant, within 'the time prescribed by statute, filed his action in the Lee cir■euit court, contesting1 the election. Numerous grounds of Traud, bribery, intimidation, illegal voting, and falsification of the returns after the election and before the vote was certified to. the county canvassing boards were charged in general terms, and with particulaiity. From these allegations It appeared as a matter of mathematical deduction, if they were true, the result as certified to the State board was false, and that, instead of appellee, appellant was elected to the office. Disposing here of a criticism of the petition based on its failure to charge, in terms that the -frauds and other irregularities complained of entered into the result as certified to the State board, it is enough if the necessary import of the charge shows the actionable fact to- exist, without reference to- the employment of well-chosen terms of art. The petition in this case, construed as its language necessarily required it should be, fairly contains a charge of the fact. Concerning1 proceedings to prevent frauds, in elections, section 1591, Kentucky Statutes, 1903, provides: “This chapter- shall be liberally construed so as to prevent any evasions of the prohibitions and penalties by shift or device.” Such a laudable purpose could not he thwarted by a different rale of [367] construing the pleadings in a ease brought to prevent what the statute was enacted to prevent. The answer denied all the averments of the petition, upon which appellant based his contest, and contained numerous counter charges of frauds and irregularities by appellant and his partisans, which, appellee contended, when corrected, would increase his apparent majority.
The regular circuit judge declining, for personal reasons, to preside in the case, a special judge wa,s commissioned to try it. The case was elaborately prepared. The judgment of the lower court was that appellant had received a majority of the legal votes, and had been elected to the office, and that appellee had not been elected. But the circuit court also adjudged that appellant was not entitled to recover the office, because of a change of the disfroct, by which the county of his residence was taken out of the Twenty-third District, and placed in the Thirty-first Judicial District. Upon the first part of the judgment, declaring that appellant had received a majority of the legal votes at the November election, 1903, for the office of Commonwealth’s attorney for the Twenty-third Judicial District, and that appellee had not, we concur with the trial judge. It would serve no useful end to set out in detail in this opinion the facts established by the evidence. They are such as to leave no doubt in the minds of the court of the correctness of the conclusions thereon reached by the trial judge. They bring up no new or novel question for decision. Similar occurrences have arisen in other cases which have been before the court, upon which the law has been declared, and about which we entertain no doubt. The trial judge appears* to have applied the decisions of this court already reported to the facts evolved. Obviously, a principle of law once established, so long as it is adhered to, must apply alike to all similar cases. The [368] statutes regulating the holding of elections have been framed and revised with great care, with the sole end of assuring the .great constitutional guaranty of fair and equal elections. All rules of law applied by the courts are to enforce this basic principle of republican government. All that tends to unlawfully thwart the popular will as expressed by the electorate at the polls, must be disfavored by the courts as it is by all legislative enactments.
The other question is a novel one in this State. After the November election, 1908, and after either appellant or appellee had. been elected to the office of Commonwealth’s attorney for the Twenty-third Judicial District for the term •«f six years beginning January 1, 1904, and after this suit had been instituted' and' the issue was joined, the Legislature ■enacted a statute, which was approved March 21, 1904, creating, the Thirty;flrst Judicial District. Acts 1904, p. 125, c. 51. The county of Magoffin was placed in the new district. There was no emergency clause to the act; hence it did not become a law till June 13, 1904. There was no evidence Whatever in this suit whether appellant had continued to reside in Magoffin county or had moved. The original petition, filed December 19, 1903, alleged that appellant was a resident of Magoffin county. An amended petition was tendered by appellant September 23, 1904, before the case was closed, in which he averred that on March 1, 1904, he in good faith removed his place of residence to Beattyvilte, in Lee county, and had been ever since, and was then a resident of that county, and had never ceased to be a resident of the Twenty-third Judicial District. The trial court rejected this amendment and refused to let it be filed. Doubtless this action was in view of subsection 12 of section 1596a, Kentucky Statutes, 1903, regulating proceedings in contested «lection suits. That subsection requires the petition to set [369] out tlie grounds upon which the validity of the certified result is assailed, and the time within which it must be filed. The answer must be filed within twenty days after the summons is served upon the contestee, and, besides containing a denial of the grounds alleged in the petition, may set out grounds of contest against the contestant. All grounds are required to be specially pointed out, "and none other shall thereafterward be relied on by said party.” A reply is allowed to be filed within ten days after the answer, which completes the issue; the section providing then that no subsequent pleading shall be allowed. The last clause is the one thought to be prohibitory of the filing of the amendment. •Whether the expression has reference only to the setting up of new grounds for contest by either party which were in •existence when the suit or original pleadings were filed, or to merely noté an exception to the civil practice in this State of pleading to an issue of fact by rejoinder and other pleadings subsequent to a reply, it is not necessary to here decide. Nor do we decide whether, if a matter attempted to be pleaded is done inartfully, within seasonable time, and within the sound discretion of the court, • an amendment may be allowed to cure the defect. But the court is of opinion that, where anything occurs .since the action was begun, and after the time of pleading, but which is a relevant and necessary fact to be shown in aid of the original grounds, asserted, but not otherwise, a proper pleading, placing the fáct in the record, ought to be allowed. In this case we. decide that if the fact was necessary to be shown that appellant had moved, it might'be pleaded as offered • under the circumstances, or might have been proved under the general issue though not pleaded.
Section 132 of the Constitution empowers the General As[370] semibly, when deemed necessary, lo establish additional districts, not to exceed one for each 60,000 of population of the State, exclusive of cities having more than 150,000. It may be conceded, then, that the Legislature, in its discretion, had the right to establish the new Thirty-first District. Some stress has been laid on the fact that the act creating the new district expressly provides that the circuit judge and commonwealth’s attorney in office in the Twenty-Third District should continue to exercise the duties of their offices in the latter* district. This can not be held to confer any right that did not exist, and while it may evince a purpose on the part of the Legislature not to interfere with any rights already attached, it could not have had the effect to interfere with them, though a contrary purpose had been expressed. An office created by the Constitution could not be abolished by the Legislature without the express warrant of the Constitution. Though the Legislature is given the power to abolish the office of Commonwealth’s attorney in this State, until it does so it can not abolish the tenure of any rightful incumbent of the office. Ho might be impeached, but not legislated out of office. Cooley on Consii. Lira. (6th Ed.), 482; Black Const. Prohibitions, p. 119, sec. 99. By section 100 of the Constitution no person shall be eligible to the office of Commonwealth’s attorney who is not. at the time of his election a citizen of this Slate, and who has not resided in the State two years, and one year in the county and district in which he is a candidate. If this he held to require a continued residence in the district, failing which an abandonment of the office for that cause would follow, still (here is. nothing in the section which interferes with the right of such officer to change his residence at his pleasure within the district. And. while it may be held that one> assuming a district office takes it subject to the constitutional right of the [371] State to make new districts, which may in part affect the territory of the one in which the officer was elected,, notwithstanding such officer continues to be an officer of the old district — the one in which he was elected. The right to make new districts must be exercised in view of other constitutional rights. If its effect be to deprive one of his office in violation of the terms of the Constitution, which protects him and his constituents who elected him from removal by the Legislature otherwise than by impeachment, the act would be void. State ex rel. Howard v. Johnson, 101 Ind., 223. The right of an incumbent of a district office, where he was required by law to reside in his district, to change his residence when his home county has been cut off into an another or new district, so as to retain his elegibility to the office to which he was elected, has been up for consideration in other States. In State ex rel. Ives v. Choate, 11 Ohio, 511, the effect of such a statute was discussed. It was said: “It is, however, alleged that this rule will enable the Legislature at any time, by a general law, to oust from office, without the form of impeachment, and in violation of the spirit of the Constitution, many associate judges, and any president judge of this State, by changing the limits of the counties and of the circuits in which they severally reside so, as to place their residence in some other county or circuit.” While decrying such aspersions upon a co-ordinate, branch of government, the court reached the conclusion that “the General Assembly, if it should ever attempt so violent a measure as the argument supposes, could not effectually accomplish the object. The judges would, in all cases, be able to defeat the scheme by a seasonable removal within the newly-prescribed limits of his county or circuit.” In State ex rel. Attorney General v. Messmore, 14 Wis., 163, the Constitution required a circuit judge to reside in his district. By [372] the creation of a new district the residence of a judge was placed without the limits of the circuit for which he was elected. He was held to be entitled to remove into his old district after the act of removal became effective, and to have a seasonable time thereafter to do so. In that State the Constitution, it is true, prohibited the making of new districts so as to have the effect to remove a judge from office. The court held1, though, that the power to create the new district clearly existed, and the removal of the judge who was cut off into it into his old district saved the constitutionality of the act.
But were the question less clear than it is, the proper scope of this action does not go so far as that one private citizen may be allowed to raise the question whether a public officer has abandoned his office. This suit is allowed especially by statute, and is limited (subsection 12 of section 1596a) to a determination of which of two claimants was elected to the office in dispute, or whether either was. Manifestly, whether the one selected has since his election done something that might subject him to removal by the proper tribunal is wholly beside the question. This is particularly true in this case. Even if appellant had never removed from Magoffin county , to Lee, and if the act creating the new district was valid as to him notwithstanding such failure to move, still that act did not become effective, as stated, till June 13, 1904. It neither could give nor affect rights till it did become effective as a law. So appellant, if elected to this office in November, 1903, was entitled to its emoluments from the first Monday in January, 1904, till such time as he might vacate it, if he did vacate it before the expiration of the full term. The decision of the case on its meritsi as they were when the contest was begun in December, 1903, was the sole matter before the court. In such an inquiry the question of [373] eligibility, affected by events subsequent to the election, could not at all enter.- A trial of the effect of such subsequent occurrences is in an entirely distinct tribunal and action. Kirkpatrick v. Brownfield, 97 Ky., 558, 17 R., 376, 31 S. W., 137, 29 L. R. A., 703. 53 Am. Rt. Rep., 422; Lowe v. Commonwealth, 3 Metc., 237; Commonwealth v. Jones, 10 Bush, 725; Brown v. Grover, 6 Bush, 1; Page v. Hardin, 8 B. Mon., 648-672.
Appellee has prosecuted a cross-appeal from the judgment denying his title to the office. Appellant has moved to dismiss the cross-appeal because appellee did not execute a bond. Without deciding whether a cross-appeal can be -prosecuted, or is necessary, or Avhether it is affected by the provision requiring a bond of the appellant as a condition precedent, it is enough to say here that upon the facts of the case affecting the election Ave agree with the finding and judgment of the trial judge. It is not deemed necessary to discuss them in detail in the opinion for the reasons given concerning the facts upon the original appeal.
The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and cause remanded for judgment in conformity with this opinion.