Filed 3/7/24 Acosta v. Superior Court CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
JULIO ANGEL ACOSTA,
Petitioner, E083326
v. (Super.Ct.Nos. FSB23002726, FSB23004353) THE SUPERIOR COURT OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, OPINION
Respondent;
THE PEOPLE,
Real Party in Interest.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS; petition for writ of mandate. Sarah Oliver, Judge.
Petition granted.
Civil Rights Corps and Katherine Hubbard, Carson White, and Salil Dudani, for
Petitioner.
No appearance for Respondent.
1 Jason Anderson, District Attorney, and Brent J. Schultze, Deputy District
Attorney, for Real Party in Interest.
INTRODUCTION
Petitioner filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus to compel his release without
bail pending based on the trial court’s failure to satisfy the standard required by the
California Supreme Court as articulated in In re Humphrey (2021) 11 Cal.5th 135, 152-
154 (Humphrey II). This court construed the filing as a petition for writ of mandate1 and
invited respondent and real party in interest to respond. The People filed a response
arguing this court should interpret the trial court’s findings as implied and deny the
petition. We disagree, and therefore grant the petition and issue a peremptory writ in the
first instance directing the superior court to vacate its order setting petitioner’s bail at
$30,000 in case No. FSB23002726 and $30,000 in case No. FSB23004353 and hold a
new hearing at which it considers petitioner’s motion for bail reduction in a manner that
is consistent with Humphrey II.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On August 13, 2023, petitioner was arrested for being a felon in possession of a
firearm. He was arraigned two days later, and his bail was initially set at $30,000. On
August 22, 2023, the court held a bail hearing and released petitioner on his own
1 In their response, the People argue that Penal Code section 1490 requires the petition to be treated as a habeas petition. However, Penal Code section 1490 is not an exclusive remedy. As this court noted in Yedinak v. Superior Court (2023) 92 Cal.App.5th 876, a writ of mandate is also appropriate where, as here, the issue is purely legal in nature. (Id. at p. 883, fn. 2.)
2 recognizance. The terms and conditions of petitioner’s release ordered him to obey all
laws and not possess any deadly or dangerous weapons. On December 28, 2023,
petitioner was rearrested after he was contacted by the police while sitting on a stolen
scooter. On January 2, 2024, petitioner was arraigned on a single felony count of
possession of a stolen vehicle, and the court set his bail at $280,000 in that case. It also
reset bail at $30,000 for the felon in possession of a firearm case. Petitioner did not post
bail and remains in custody.
On January 16, 2024, the trial court held preliminary hearings on both cases.
After holding petitioner over on all charges, the court heard arguments as to bail.
Petitioner argued that he is transient and unable to afford any monetary bail, as
demonstrated by the facts of the crimes themselves and the trial court’s appointment of
the public defender to represent him. Petitioner also argued that he did not present a
danger to the public as the charged crimes were non-violent in nature. Petitioner
contended that his voluntary appearance at a prior court date while he was released on his
own recognizance showed his willingness to return to court. Petitioner requested the
court consider less restrictive alternatives such as mandatory reporting to a probation
officer, Narcotics Anonymous meetings, and “GPS monitoring.” In response, the trial
court expressed concern that petitioner had been released on his own recognizance while
his first case was pending and then was subsequently rearrested on a new felony case.
The trial court questioned what assurance the court would have that petitioner would
comply with future court orders if he was released. Petitioner reiterated there were less
3 restrictive conditions than cash bail that had not yet been imposed, so petitioner should be
released without bail.
Following argument from the People, the trial court declined to release petitioner
on his own recognizance, stating, “He was pending a felony charge when he picked up a
second felony and the first one, a felony possession of a firearm, is very concerning to the
Court. [¶] The Court will, however, reduce the bail amount as the defendant’s indicated
an inability to pay.” The trial court then lowered bail to the scheduled amount of $30,000
for possession of a stolen vehicle and left bail at $30,000 in the felon in possession of a
firearm case. Petitioner now files the instant petition.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A trial court’s decision on bail is reviewed for abuse of discretion. (In re White
(2020) 9 Cal.5th 455, 469.) We review the trial court’s factual findings as they relate to
bail for substantial evidence and any legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. (Id. at
p. 470.)
DISCUSSION
In setting bail, the trial court must first determine whether the defendant is a flight
risk or a danger to public or victim safety. If the trial court determines the defendant is a
flight risk or a danger, then the court should consider whether “nonfinancial conditions of
release may reasonably protect the public and the victim or reasonably assure the
[defendant’s] presence at trial.” (Humphrey II, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 154.) However,
“[i]n those cases where the arrestee poses little or no risk of flight or harm to others, the
4 court may offer OR release with appropriate conditions.” (Ibid.) “If the court concludes
that money bail is reasonably necessary, then the court must consider the individual
arrestee’s ability to pay, along with the seriousness of the charged offense and the
arrestee’s criminal record, and—unless there is a valid basis for detention—set bail at a
level the arrestee can reasonably afford.” (Ibid.) It is the court’s “obligation to set forth
the reasons for its decision on the record and to include them in the court’s minutes.” (Id.
at p. 155.)
Here it is unclear from the transcripts whether the trial court found petitioner to be
a flight risk or a danger to public or victim safety. During the hearing, the People argued
that petitioner’s gun possession charge was a serious crime, and his prior record included
domestic violence, a violent felony, making petitioner a danger to the public. The People
also noted that petitioner had failed to appear in the past. However, the court made no
mention of petitioner being a flight risk and made no specific findings that petitioner was
a danger to the public, aside from its comment that the gun possession was “very
concerning to the Court.”
The People invite this court to consider the trial court’s findings as implied and
find them sufficient under Humphrey II. However, “[e]xplicit judicial findings ‘serve
several worthy purposes: They help to assure a realistic review by providing a method of
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Filed 3/7/24 Acosta v. Superior Court CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
JULIO ANGEL ACOSTA,
Petitioner, E083326
v. (Super.Ct.Nos. FSB23002726, FSB23004353) THE SUPERIOR COURT OF SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, OPINION
Respondent;
THE PEOPLE,
Real Party in Interest.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS; petition for writ of mandate. Sarah Oliver, Judge.
Petition granted.
Civil Rights Corps and Katherine Hubbard, Carson White, and Salil Dudani, for
Petitioner.
No appearance for Respondent.
1 Jason Anderson, District Attorney, and Brent J. Schultze, Deputy District
Attorney, for Real Party in Interest.
INTRODUCTION
Petitioner filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus to compel his release without
bail pending based on the trial court’s failure to satisfy the standard required by the
California Supreme Court as articulated in In re Humphrey (2021) 11 Cal.5th 135, 152-
154 (Humphrey II). This court construed the filing as a petition for writ of mandate1 and
invited respondent and real party in interest to respond. The People filed a response
arguing this court should interpret the trial court’s findings as implied and deny the
petition. We disagree, and therefore grant the petition and issue a peremptory writ in the
first instance directing the superior court to vacate its order setting petitioner’s bail at
$30,000 in case No. FSB23002726 and $30,000 in case No. FSB23004353 and hold a
new hearing at which it considers petitioner’s motion for bail reduction in a manner that
is consistent with Humphrey II.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On August 13, 2023, petitioner was arrested for being a felon in possession of a
firearm. He was arraigned two days later, and his bail was initially set at $30,000. On
August 22, 2023, the court held a bail hearing and released petitioner on his own
1 In their response, the People argue that Penal Code section 1490 requires the petition to be treated as a habeas petition. However, Penal Code section 1490 is not an exclusive remedy. As this court noted in Yedinak v. Superior Court (2023) 92 Cal.App.5th 876, a writ of mandate is also appropriate where, as here, the issue is purely legal in nature. (Id. at p. 883, fn. 2.)
2 recognizance. The terms and conditions of petitioner’s release ordered him to obey all
laws and not possess any deadly or dangerous weapons. On December 28, 2023,
petitioner was rearrested after he was contacted by the police while sitting on a stolen
scooter. On January 2, 2024, petitioner was arraigned on a single felony count of
possession of a stolen vehicle, and the court set his bail at $280,000 in that case. It also
reset bail at $30,000 for the felon in possession of a firearm case. Petitioner did not post
bail and remains in custody.
On January 16, 2024, the trial court held preliminary hearings on both cases.
After holding petitioner over on all charges, the court heard arguments as to bail.
Petitioner argued that he is transient and unable to afford any monetary bail, as
demonstrated by the facts of the crimes themselves and the trial court’s appointment of
the public defender to represent him. Petitioner also argued that he did not present a
danger to the public as the charged crimes were non-violent in nature. Petitioner
contended that his voluntary appearance at a prior court date while he was released on his
own recognizance showed his willingness to return to court. Petitioner requested the
court consider less restrictive alternatives such as mandatory reporting to a probation
officer, Narcotics Anonymous meetings, and “GPS monitoring.” In response, the trial
court expressed concern that petitioner had been released on his own recognizance while
his first case was pending and then was subsequently rearrested on a new felony case.
The trial court questioned what assurance the court would have that petitioner would
comply with future court orders if he was released. Petitioner reiterated there were less
3 restrictive conditions than cash bail that had not yet been imposed, so petitioner should be
released without bail.
Following argument from the People, the trial court declined to release petitioner
on his own recognizance, stating, “He was pending a felony charge when he picked up a
second felony and the first one, a felony possession of a firearm, is very concerning to the
Court. [¶] The Court will, however, reduce the bail amount as the defendant’s indicated
an inability to pay.” The trial court then lowered bail to the scheduled amount of $30,000
for possession of a stolen vehicle and left bail at $30,000 in the felon in possession of a
firearm case. Petitioner now files the instant petition.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A trial court’s decision on bail is reviewed for abuse of discretion. (In re White
(2020) 9 Cal.5th 455, 469.) We review the trial court’s factual findings as they relate to
bail for substantial evidence and any legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. (Id. at
p. 470.)
DISCUSSION
In setting bail, the trial court must first determine whether the defendant is a flight
risk or a danger to public or victim safety. If the trial court determines the defendant is a
flight risk or a danger, then the court should consider whether “nonfinancial conditions of
release may reasonably protect the public and the victim or reasonably assure the
[defendant’s] presence at trial.” (Humphrey II, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 154.) However,
“[i]n those cases where the arrestee poses little or no risk of flight or harm to others, the
4 court may offer OR release with appropriate conditions.” (Ibid.) “If the court concludes
that money bail is reasonably necessary, then the court must consider the individual
arrestee’s ability to pay, along with the seriousness of the charged offense and the
arrestee’s criminal record, and—unless there is a valid basis for detention—set bail at a
level the arrestee can reasonably afford.” (Ibid.) It is the court’s “obligation to set forth
the reasons for its decision on the record and to include them in the court’s minutes.” (Id.
at p. 155.)
Here it is unclear from the transcripts whether the trial court found petitioner to be
a flight risk or a danger to public or victim safety. During the hearing, the People argued
that petitioner’s gun possession charge was a serious crime, and his prior record included
domestic violence, a violent felony, making petitioner a danger to the public. The People
also noted that petitioner had failed to appear in the past. However, the court made no
mention of petitioner being a flight risk and made no specific findings that petitioner was
a danger to the public, aside from its comment that the gun possession was “very
concerning to the Court.”
The People invite this court to consider the trial court’s findings as implied and
find them sufficient under Humphrey II. However, “[e]xplicit judicial findings ‘serve
several worthy purposes: They help to assure a realistic review by providing a method of
evaluating a judge’s decision or order; they guard against careless decision making by
encouraging the trial judge to express the grounds for his decision; and they preserve
public confidence in the fairness of the judicial process.’ ” (In re Humphrey (2018) 19
5 Cal.App.5th 1006, 1038 (Humphrey I), quoting In re John H. (1978) 21 Cal.3d 18, 23.)
The court in Humphrey I explained its concerns with implicit findings by stating, “[t]he
court’s failure to explain the reasoning behind this incongruous order makes it impossible
for us to know whether the trial court’s determinations that petitioner was dangerous and
presented a flight risk were based upon an individualized evaluation of his circumstances
and propensities or solely upon ‘the generalizations of future criminality . . . .’ ” (Id. at
p. 1040.) This court is faced with a similar challenge as the record leaves us to assume or
guess at the trial court’s reasoning and holding as to whether it found petitioner posed a
flight risk or danger to the public.
If the court found petitioner to be a danger, the court then needed to consider
whether nonfinancial conditions could reasonably protect the public. The transcript of
the proceeding is silent on the trial court’s consideration of nonfinancial conditions
(including those explicitly proposed by petitioner). It is possible the trial court
considered nonfinancial conditions, however, if the trial court considered them, at
minimum, it did not explicitly articulate those considerations on the record as required.
(Humphrey II, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 155-156.)
Finally, the bail hearing transcripts do not reveal that the court made sufficient
inquiry into petitioner’s ability to pay to support a finding that he could reasonably afford
the set bail amount. The only evidence in the record regarding petitioner’s financial
status was his own contention that he was transient and indigent. Without inquiry by the
court to establish that petitioner had access to funds sufficient to post a bond for bail,
6 either from his own resources or from the financial support of others, the record would
not support a finding that petitioner was able to post bail.
The People argue the burden rests on petitioner to establish an inability to pay,
however, as articulated in Humphrey I, “the trial court erred in failing to inquire into
petitioner’s financial circumstances and less restrictive alternatives to money bail.”
(Humphrey I, supra, 19 Cal.App.5th at p. 1016, italics added.) The court in Humphrey II
also frames the requirement as an inquiry. (Humphrey II, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 148 [“At
no point did the court inquire into Humphrey’s ability to pay such an amount”].) As
such, the People’s argument placing the burden on petitioner is misplaced, especially
where, as here, petitioner asserted his indigency status, invited the court to inquire further
if it felt necessary, and the trial court did not further inquire.
Although we express no opinion as to whether petitioner was properly held on
bail, for the reasons discussed above, we find a new bail hearing must be held to allow
the court to expressly state the reasons for its ruling.
7 DISPOSITION
Let a peremptory writ of mandate issue, directing the respondent superior court to
vacate its bail setting order of January 16, 2024, and hold a new hearing at which it
considers petitioner’s motion for bail reduction in a manner that is consistent with this
opinion.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
MILLER Acting P. J. We concur:
RAPHAEL J.
MENETREZ J.