Mr. Justice Gray,
after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinion of the court.
The refusal of the court to instruct the jury, at the close of the plaintiff’s evidence, that she was not entitled to recover, cannot be assigned for error, because the defendant at the time of requesting such an instruction had not rested its case, but afterwards w.ent on and introduced .evidence in its own behalf.
Grand Trunk Railway
v.
Cummings,
106 U. S. 700;
Bradley
v.
Poole,
98 Mass. 169. The subsequent instructions to the jury were not excepted to. No error is assigned in the previous rulings upon evidence, except in the admission, against the defendant’s objection and exception, of evidence' tending to prove the insanity of the assured. The only other matter open lipón this record is whether the judgment for the plaintiff is supported by the special verdict; which finds that, while the,
policy was in force, the assured died by hanging himself, being at the time, insane, and- that due notice and proof of death were afterwards given.
The single question to be decided therefore is, whether a policy of insurance against “ bodily injuries, effected. through external, accidental and violent means,” and occasioning death or complete disability to do business; and providing that “ this insurance shall not extend to death or disability, which may have been caused wholly or in part by bodily infirmities or disease, or- by suicide, or self-inflicted injuries; ” covers a death by hanging one’s self while insane.
The decisions upon the effect of a policy-of life insurance, which provides that it shall be void if the assured “ shall- die by suicide,” or “ shall die by his own hand,” go far towards determining this question. This court, on full consideration of the conflicting authorities upon that subject, has repeatedly and uniformly .held that such a - provision, not containing the words
“
sane or insane,” does not include a self-killing by an .insane person, whether his unsoundness of mind is such as to prevent him from understanding the physical nature and consequences of his act, or only such as to prevent him, while foreseeing and premeditating its physical'consequences, from understanding its moral nature and aspect.
Life Ins. Co.
v. Terry, 15 Wall: 580;
Bigelow
v.
Berkshire Ins.
Co., 93 U. S. 284;
Insurance Co.
v. Rodel, 95 U. S. 232;
Manhattan Ins. Co.
v. Broughton, 109 U. S. 121. In. the last casé, which was one in which the assured hanged himself while insane, the court, repeating the words used by Mr. Justice Nelson, when Chief Justice of New York, said that “self-destruction by a fellow-being bereft of'reason can with no more'propriety be ascribed to the act of his own hand than to the deadly instrument that may, have been used by him for the purpose,” and “ was no more his act, in' the sense of the law, than if he had been impelled by irresistible physical power.” 109 U. S. 132;
Breasted
v:
Farmers’ Loan & Trust
Co., 1 Hill, 73. In a like case, Vice Chancellor Wood (since Lord Chancellor Hatherley) observed, that the deceased was “subject to that which is really just as much.an accident as if he had fallen from the
top of a house.”
Horn v. Anglo-Australian Ins. Co.,
30 Law Journal (N. S.) Ch. 511;
S. C.
7 Jurist (N. S.) 673. And in ' another case, Chief Justice Appleton said,, that “ the insane suicide, no more dies by his own hand than the suicide by mistake or accident,” and that, under, such a policy, “ death by the-hands of the insured, whether by accident, mistake, or in a fit of insanity,, is to be governed by one and the same rule.”
Eastabrook
v.
Union Ins.
Co., 54 Maine, 224, 227, 229.
■■ Many of the cases -cited for the plaintiff in error are inconsistent with, the settled law of this court, as shown by the de- - cisións above mentioned.. ■
■ In this- state' of the law, there can be no doubt that the assured did not die “by suicide,,” within the meaning of this -policy; and the same reasons are conclusive against holding that he died by “ self-inflicted injuries.” If self-killing,
“
suicide,” “ dying by his own hand,” cannot be predicated of an insane person,;, no more can “ self-inflicted injuries; ” for in either case it is not his act.
Nor does the case come within the clause which provides that the insurance shall not extend to “ death or disability which may have been caused wholly or. in part by bodily infirmities or disease.”
If insanity could be considered as coming within this clause, it'would be doubtful, to say the least, whether, under the rale of the law of insurance which attributes an injury or loss to' its proximate cause only, and in view of the decisions in similar cases, the insanity of the assured, or anything but the act of hanging himself, could be held to be the cause of his death.
Scheffer
v.
Railroad Co.,
105 U. S. 249, 252;
Trew
v.
Railway Passengers’ Assurance Co.,
5 H.
&
N. 211, and 6 H. & N. 839, 845;
Reynolds
v.
Accidental Ins. Co.,
22 Law Times (N. S.) 820;
Winspear
v.
Accident Ins. Co.,
42 Law Times (N. S.) 900; affirmed, 6 Q. B. D. 42;
Insurence
v.
Accidental Ins. Co.,
7 Q. B. D. 216, 221;
Scheiderer
v.
Travellers' Ins. Co.,
58 Wisconsin, 13.
• But the words “ bodily infirmities or disease ” do not include insanity. Although, as suggested by Mr. Justice Hunt in
Life Ins. Co.
v.
Terry,
15 "Wall. 589, insanity or unsoundness
■of mind often, if not always, is accompanied by, or results from, disease of the body, still, in the common speech of /mankind, mental., are distinguished from bodily diseases. In the phrase “bodily infirmities or disease,” the word “'bodily”, grammatically applies to “ disease,” as well as to “ infirmities; ” and it cannot but be so applied, without disregarding the fundamental rule of interpretation, that policies of insurance are ,to be construed most strongly against the insurers who frame them. The prefix of “ bodily ” hardly affects the meaning /of “infirmities,” and it is difficult to conjecture any purpose in inserting it in this proviso, other, than to exclude mental disease from the enumeration of the causes of death or disability to which the insurance does not extend.
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Mr. Justice Gray,
after stating the case as above reported, delivered the opinion of the court.
The refusal of the court to instruct the jury, at the close of the plaintiff’s evidence, that she was not entitled to recover, cannot be assigned for error, because the defendant at the time of requesting such an instruction had not rested its case, but afterwards w.ent on and introduced .evidence in its own behalf.
Grand Trunk Railway
v.
Cummings,
106 U. S. 700;
Bradley
v.
Poole,
98 Mass. 169. The subsequent instructions to the jury were not excepted to. No error is assigned in the previous rulings upon evidence, except in the admission, against the defendant’s objection and exception, of evidence' tending to prove the insanity of the assured. The only other matter open lipón this record is whether the judgment for the plaintiff is supported by the special verdict; which finds that, while the,
policy was in force, the assured died by hanging himself, being at the time, insane, and- that due notice and proof of death were afterwards given.
The single question to be decided therefore is, whether a policy of insurance against “ bodily injuries, effected. through external, accidental and violent means,” and occasioning death or complete disability to do business; and providing that “ this insurance shall not extend to death or disability, which may have been caused wholly or in part by bodily infirmities or disease, or- by suicide, or self-inflicted injuries; ” covers a death by hanging one’s self while insane.
The decisions upon the effect of a policy-of life insurance, which provides that it shall be void if the assured “ shall- die by suicide,” or “ shall die by his own hand,” go far towards determining this question. This court, on full consideration of the conflicting authorities upon that subject, has repeatedly and uniformly .held that such a - provision, not containing the words
“
sane or insane,” does not include a self-killing by an .insane person, whether his unsoundness of mind is such as to prevent him from understanding the physical nature and consequences of his act, or only such as to prevent him, while foreseeing and premeditating its physical'consequences, from understanding its moral nature and aspect.
Life Ins. Co.
v. Terry, 15 Wall: 580;
Bigelow
v.
Berkshire Ins.
Co., 93 U. S. 284;
Insurance Co.
v. Rodel, 95 U. S. 232;
Manhattan Ins. Co.
v. Broughton, 109 U. S. 121. In. the last casé, which was one in which the assured hanged himself while insane, the court, repeating the words used by Mr. Justice Nelson, when Chief Justice of New York, said that “self-destruction by a fellow-being bereft of'reason can with no more'propriety be ascribed to the act of his own hand than to the deadly instrument that may, have been used by him for the purpose,” and “ was no more his act, in' the sense of the law, than if he had been impelled by irresistible physical power.” 109 U. S. 132;
Breasted
v:
Farmers’ Loan & Trust
Co., 1 Hill, 73. In a like case, Vice Chancellor Wood (since Lord Chancellor Hatherley) observed, that the deceased was “subject to that which is really just as much.an accident as if he had fallen from the
top of a house.”
Horn v. Anglo-Australian Ins. Co.,
30 Law Journal (N. S.) Ch. 511;
S. C.
7 Jurist (N. S.) 673. And in ' another case, Chief Justice Appleton said,, that “ the insane suicide, no more dies by his own hand than the suicide by mistake or accident,” and that, under, such a policy, “ death by the-hands of the insured, whether by accident, mistake, or in a fit of insanity,, is to be governed by one and the same rule.”
Eastabrook
v.
Union Ins.
Co., 54 Maine, 224, 227, 229.
■■ Many of the cases -cited for the plaintiff in error are inconsistent with, the settled law of this court, as shown by the de- - cisións above mentioned.. ■
■ In this- state' of the law, there can be no doubt that the assured did not die “by suicide,,” within the meaning of this -policy; and the same reasons are conclusive against holding that he died by “ self-inflicted injuries.” If self-killing,
“
suicide,” “ dying by his own hand,” cannot be predicated of an insane person,;, no more can “ self-inflicted injuries; ” for in either case it is not his act.
Nor does the case come within the clause which provides that the insurance shall not extend to “ death or disability which may have been caused wholly or. in part by bodily infirmities or disease.”
If insanity could be considered as coming within this clause, it'would be doubtful, to say the least, whether, under the rale of the law of insurance which attributes an injury or loss to' its proximate cause only, and in view of the decisions in similar cases, the insanity of the assured, or anything but the act of hanging himself, could be held to be the cause of his death.
Scheffer
v.
Railroad Co.,
105 U. S. 249, 252;
Trew
v.
Railway Passengers’ Assurance Co.,
5 H.
&
N. 211, and 6 H. & N. 839, 845;
Reynolds
v.
Accidental Ins. Co.,
22 Law Times (N. S.) 820;
Winspear
v.
Accident Ins. Co.,
42 Law Times (N. S.) 900; affirmed, 6 Q. B. D. 42;
Insurence
v.
Accidental Ins. Co.,
7 Q. B. D. 216, 221;
Scheiderer
v.
Travellers' Ins. Co.,
58 Wisconsin, 13.
• But the words “ bodily infirmities or disease ” do not include insanity. Although, as suggested by Mr. Justice Hunt in
Life Ins. Co.
v.
Terry,
15 "Wall. 589, insanity or unsoundness
■of mind often, if not always, is accompanied by, or results from, disease of the body, still, in the common speech of /mankind, mental., are distinguished from bodily diseases. In the phrase “bodily infirmities or disease,” the word “'bodily”, grammatically applies to “ disease,” as well as to “ infirmities; ” and it cannot but be so applied, without disregarding the fundamental rule of interpretation, that policies of insurance are ,to be construed most strongly against the insurers who frame them. The prefix of “ bodily ” hardly affects the meaning /of “infirmities,” and it is difficult to conjecture any purpose in inserting it in this proviso, other, than to exclude mental disease from the enumeration of the causes of death or disability to which the insurance does not extend.
In the argument for the plaintiff in error, some stress was ' laid on the fact that -the concluding paragraph of the application differs in form of expression, so as to include mental as well as bodily diseases. It is by no means clear that this is so; but if it were, it would not affect the case. The whole, appli'cation is not made part of the contract, and the only mention of it in the policy is in the .opening words, “ In consideration of the -warranties made in the application for this insurance.” This does not include all the statements in the application, but. only those which are warranties. Some of"them may be; others clearly are not. The statements as to the age, occupar -tion, previous state of health and present habits of the assured, and as to his other insurance, may be warranties on his part. Those as to the amount, terms and payee of the policy applied for,-certainly are not. The statements expressing his understanding of what will be the effect of the insurance are statements not of fact, but of law,, and cannot control the legal construction of the policy afterwards issued and accepted.
The death of the assured not having been the effect of any cause specified in the proviso of the policy, and not coming within any warranty in the application, the question recurs whether it is within the general words of the leading sentence of the policy, by which he is declared to be insured “ against bodily-injuries effected through external, accidental and violent means.” This sentence does not, like the proviso, speak
of what the' injury is “ caused by; ” but it looks only to the “means”.by which it is effected. No one doubts that hanging is a violent means of death. As it affects the body from without, it is external, just as suffocation by, drowning was held to be, in.the cases of
Trew, Reynolds
and
Wmspear,
above cited. And, according to the decisions as to suicide un- • der polioies of life insurance, before referred to', it, cannot, ' when done by an insane person, be held to be other than accidental.
■ The result is, that the judgment of the Circuit Court in favor of the "plaintiff was correct, and must be ,
Affirmed.