“Walker, J.,
after stating the case: This is an unfortunate controversy which has arisen between the parties, growing out of their misunderstanding as to what was intended to be done, and as to the manner of expressing their purpose, if they had fully agreed upon the matter; but we must seek for and find the intention by the rules prescribed for legal interpretation, where there is any doubt as to the meaning of a statute or other instrument. The words used shall be given the ordinary meaning, unless it appears from the context, or even otherwise, in the statute, that another and different sense was intended. The object of all interpretation, or construction, is to ascertain the meaning and intention of the Legislature, to the end that the same may be enforced, which must be sought first of all in the language of the statute itself, for it must be presumed that the means employed by the Legislature to express its will are adequate to the purpose, and do express that will correctly.
If the language of the statute is plain and free from ambiguity, and expresses a single, definite, and sensible meaning, that meaning is conclusively presumed to be the one which the Legislature intended to convey, or, in other words, the statute must then be interpreted literally. Even though the court should be convinced that some other meaning was really intended by the law-making power, and even though the literal interpretation should defeat the very object of the enactment, still the explicit declaration of the Legislature is the law, and the courts must not depart from it.
If tbe language of tbe statute is ambiguous or lacks precision, or is fairly susceptible of two or more meanings, tbe intended sense of it may be sought by tbe aid of all pertinent and admissible considerations. But bere, as before, tbe object of tbe search is to find tbe true intention of tbe Legislature, and tbe Court is not at liberty, merely because it has a choice between two constructions, to substitute for tbe will of tbe Legislature its own ideas as to tbe justice, expediency, or policy of tbe law. Black on Interpretation of Laws, pp. 35, 36. The object, therefore, being to extract from tbe language itself tbe intent or purpose, so that tbe legislative will may be enforced, we proceed to consider a little further what may specially be done as permissible under this rule.
Where tbe meaning is plain and unmistakable, tbe rule does not require that we should construe tbe statute with such literal exactness as to exclude tbe right to insert words evidently omitted as appears from tbe context, for they may be interpolated or silently understood as incorporated in it, when it is nécessary to cariy out tbe clear meaning and to make tbe statute sensible and effective. Black on Interpretation of Laws, p. 84, sec. 40. Another way to express this idea is, that when tbe language is elliptical, tbe words which are obviously essential to complete tbe sense will be supplied, but they should never be inserted, nor .should tbe words which are used undergo any change, unless finally to effect a meaning manifestly appearing from tbe other parts of tbe statute, and to execute fully tbe intention somewhere expressed.
(Ibid
pp. 84, 85, and cases cited in tbe notes.) Mr. Black states numerous instances, at pp. 85, 86, where a word and even words have been put into a statute to fill it out according to tbe evident meaning gathered from a consideration of its context.
Tbe foregoing principles were substantially stated and applied by us in
Fortune v. Commissioners,
140 N. C., 322. We there said, at p. 327: “Tbe use of inapt, inaccurate or improper terms or phrases will not invalidate tbe statute, provided tbe real meaning of tbe Legislature can be gathered from tbe context, or from tbe general purpose and tenor of tbe enactment. Clerical errors or misprisions which, if not corrected, would render tbe statute unmeaning or incapable of reasonable construction or would defeat or impair its intended operation, will not necessarily vitiate tbe act, for they will be corrected, if practicable. Nor will mere inadvertences or omissions have that effect, provided they can be supplied by reference to tbe context or to other statutes, and the true reading of tbe statute made obvious and its real meaning apparent.” We may call to our aid, then, other laws or statutes related to tbe particular subject, or to tbe one under construction, so that we may know what the mischief was which tbe Legislature intended to remove or to remedy.
Having these principles clearly set before ns for our guidance, and not being unmindful of some others subsidiary to 'them, and of more or less importance, but which it is not necessary to set out, we proceed to consider the act under review and to seek for its true meaning according to these rules of interpretation. The Legislature, on the very day that this act was ratified, had passed another by which it established a recorder’s court in the county of Pitt, with a large and extensive jurisdiction of criminal offenses in that county. This of necessity withdrew many matters of a criminal nature from the jurisdiction of the Superior Court, wherein the solicitor represented the public interests and prosecuted in behalf of the State, and consequently reduced his income from that source. It was in fairness to him, or to prevent any injustice by this lowering of his receipts from his official business in the county, that this act was passed, and we must construe it in the light of this fact.
The statute, upon its face, shows that it was passed to correct some evil that might follow if his compensation was not gauged by the salary instead of the fee basis. This helps us greatly to discover the real meaning of the act. The solicitor contends that he was to get the six hundred dollars in lieu of the half fees he had theretofore or under the former law received from convictions of insolvent persons, which were paid by the county (Revisal, sec. 2768), and not by the defendants themselves, as in cases where they were solvent and able to pay. Re-visal, sec. 1291. But we cannot accept this as correct, because the language of the act, when properly construed, will not permit' us to do so, and we are confined to that, as if we depart from it we may be in danger of disappointing the intention of the Legislature. It was said on the argument, and not disputed, that the annual average of insolvent fees in the county had been about two hundred and fifty dollars, and if this be true, the Legislature surely did not intend to give nearly three times as much in lieu thereof. But not being influenced by this fact, as stated, we think the act itself furnishes sufficient evidence of the meaning intended to be given to it, and we cannot escape the conclusion that the learned judge misconstrued it, notwithstanding the
casus omissus
which was supposed to make its meaning very clear.
The act provides that the defendants shall cause to be paid annually by the county treasurer to the solicitor, in monthly installments, the total sum of six hundred dollars “in lieu of fees
now provided by law,
which the said solicitor would
receive
from time to time from the said county of Pitt
on account of convictions in the criminal courts of the county by said
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“Walker, J.,
after stating the case: This is an unfortunate controversy which has arisen between the parties, growing out of their misunderstanding as to what was intended to be done, and as to the manner of expressing their purpose, if they had fully agreed upon the matter; but we must seek for and find the intention by the rules prescribed for legal interpretation, where there is any doubt as to the meaning of a statute or other instrument. The words used shall be given the ordinary meaning, unless it appears from the context, or even otherwise, in the statute, that another and different sense was intended. The object of all interpretation, or construction, is to ascertain the meaning and intention of the Legislature, to the end that the same may be enforced, which must be sought first of all in the language of the statute itself, for it must be presumed that the means employed by the Legislature to express its will are adequate to the purpose, and do express that will correctly.
If the language of the statute is plain and free from ambiguity, and expresses a single, definite, and sensible meaning, that meaning is conclusively presumed to be the one which the Legislature intended to convey, or, in other words, the statute must then be interpreted literally. Even though the court should be convinced that some other meaning was really intended by the law-making power, and even though the literal interpretation should defeat the very object of the enactment, still the explicit declaration of the Legislature is the law, and the courts must not depart from it.
If tbe language of tbe statute is ambiguous or lacks precision, or is fairly susceptible of two or more meanings, tbe intended sense of it may be sought by tbe aid of all pertinent and admissible considerations. But bere, as before, tbe object of tbe search is to find tbe true intention of tbe Legislature, and tbe Court is not at liberty, merely because it has a choice between two constructions, to substitute for tbe will of tbe Legislature its own ideas as to tbe justice, expediency, or policy of tbe law. Black on Interpretation of Laws, pp. 35, 36. The object, therefore, being to extract from tbe language itself tbe intent or purpose, so that tbe legislative will may be enforced, we proceed to consider a little further what may specially be done as permissible under this rule.
Where tbe meaning is plain and unmistakable, tbe rule does not require that we should construe tbe statute with such literal exactness as to exclude tbe right to insert words evidently omitted as appears from tbe context, for they may be interpolated or silently understood as incorporated in it, when it is nécessary to cariy out tbe clear meaning and to make tbe statute sensible and effective. Black on Interpretation of Laws, p. 84, sec. 40. Another way to express this idea is, that when tbe language is elliptical, tbe words which are obviously essential to complete tbe sense will be supplied, but they should never be inserted, nor .should tbe words which are used undergo any change, unless finally to effect a meaning manifestly appearing from tbe other parts of tbe statute, and to execute fully tbe intention somewhere expressed.
(Ibid
pp. 84, 85, and cases cited in tbe notes.) Mr. Black states numerous instances, at pp. 85, 86, where a word and even words have been put into a statute to fill it out according to tbe evident meaning gathered from a consideration of its context.
Tbe foregoing principles were substantially stated and applied by us in
Fortune v. Commissioners,
140 N. C., 322. We there said, at p. 327: “Tbe use of inapt, inaccurate or improper terms or phrases will not invalidate tbe statute, provided tbe real meaning of tbe Legislature can be gathered from tbe context, or from tbe general purpose and tenor of tbe enactment. Clerical errors or misprisions which, if not corrected, would render tbe statute unmeaning or incapable of reasonable construction or would defeat or impair its intended operation, will not necessarily vitiate tbe act, for they will be corrected, if practicable. Nor will mere inadvertences or omissions have that effect, provided they can be supplied by reference to tbe context or to other statutes, and the true reading of tbe statute made obvious and its real meaning apparent.” We may call to our aid, then, other laws or statutes related to tbe particular subject, or to tbe one under construction, so that we may know what the mischief was which tbe Legislature intended to remove or to remedy.
Having these principles clearly set before ns for our guidance, and not being unmindful of some others subsidiary to 'them, and of more or less importance, but which it is not necessary to set out, we proceed to consider the act under review and to seek for its true meaning according to these rules of interpretation. The Legislature, on the very day that this act was ratified, had passed another by which it established a recorder’s court in the county of Pitt, with a large and extensive jurisdiction of criminal offenses in that county. This of necessity withdrew many matters of a criminal nature from the jurisdiction of the Superior Court, wherein the solicitor represented the public interests and prosecuted in behalf of the State, and consequently reduced his income from that source. It was in fairness to him, or to prevent any injustice by this lowering of his receipts from his official business in the county, that this act was passed, and we must construe it in the light of this fact.
The statute, upon its face, shows that it was passed to correct some evil that might follow if his compensation was not gauged by the salary instead of the fee basis. This helps us greatly to discover the real meaning of the act. The solicitor contends that he was to get the six hundred dollars in lieu of the half fees he had theretofore or under the former law received from convictions of insolvent persons, which were paid by the county (Revisal, sec. 2768), and not by the defendants themselves, as in cases where they were solvent and able to pay. Re-visal, sec. 1291. But we cannot accept this as correct, because the language of the act, when properly construed, will not permit' us to do so, and we are confined to that, as if we depart from it we may be in danger of disappointing the intention of the Legislature. It was said on the argument, and not disputed, that the annual average of insolvent fees in the county had been about two hundred and fifty dollars, and if this be true, the Legislature surely did not intend to give nearly three times as much in lieu thereof. But not being influenced by this fact, as stated, we think the act itself furnishes sufficient evidence of the meaning intended to be given to it, and we cannot escape the conclusion that the learned judge misconstrued it, notwithstanding the
casus omissus
which was supposed to make its meaning very clear.
The act provides that the defendants shall cause to be paid annually by the county treasurer to the solicitor, in monthly installments, the total sum of six hundred dollars “in lieu of fees
now provided by law,
which the said solicitor would
receive
from time to time from the said county of Pitt
on account of convictions in the criminal courts of the county by said
solicitor(Italics ours.) There is not one word of reference to solvent or insolvent defendants, to whole fees or half fees, but, on the contrary, the amount is to be paid in'full compensation to
him, or in lieu of fees, according to tbe present scale, which, he would receive from the county in all cases where there were convictions in criminal cases prosecuted by him. There is no allusion to half fees, or to any fees for which the county alone would be bound by reason of the insolvency of defendants, but the expression is broad and all-inclusive, embracing every prosecution by him of a criminal case in any court in his official capacity, where there is a conviction, and regardless of the solvency or insolvency of the defendants.
The expression fees
"received“
from the county of Pitt does not necessarily mean the half fees which were paid by the county because of the insolvency of the defendants, but rather all fees received from criminal prosecutions in the county or from such business in the county. The word “receive” does not always carry with it the meaning that something has been given in payment of an obligation. It is not infrequently used as signifying merely the place from which or the person from whom the money or the thing which is transferred from one to another has come, and the context of this act shows that to be the meaning of the word as therein employed. A person may receive a thing in many ways not implying a piayment or an obligation to pay. If the Legislature had intended otherwise it would have been quite easy to express its meaning in a few and simple words. It would naturally have qualified the word “fees” by the adjective
half,
so as to confine it to half fees or the word “convictions,” by limiting its scope to those cases in which the defendants were insolvent. It had carefully done so in all prior enactments relating to this subject. The statute creating the recorder’s court invests it with a very broad jurisdiction, embracing nearly every offense, except capital felonies and felonies of the higher grade, known to the law, and those of usual occurrence in our State. It was supposed, therefore, that the returns of the solicitor from criminal business in that county would be
considerably
lessened, and so much so that it would be better to allow him a sum
in solido
in lieu of fees to compensate him for this loss.
It must be true that if the intent was to refer solely to fees coming to the solicitor in insolvent cases, the Legislature would have made it clear by limiting the words of the statute, in their application, to that class of fees, there being two kinds, and not have amplified the language so as to embrace fees in cases of both kinds. The plain meaning of the act is that the six hundred dollars is to be paid by the county in lieu of fees which, but for this provision of the law, would have been received by the solicitor from all criminal cases in the county if convictions were obtained, and whether the defendants were solvent or not, and this we hold to be the correct interpretation of the statute. Nor do we think that the omission to expressly direct that all fees
thereafter accrued in criminal cases, where the defendants are solvent, and which the solicitor would otherwise get, should be taxed in the costs and paid to the county, can be permitted to change this meaning. As the'lump sum is to be paid in place of the fees by the county, there is a necessary implication that the latter shall be turned into the county treasury to increase its general fund, for as it was not provided that the solicitor should have them, being paid a certain sum in lieu thereof, in the absence of any special application of them to some other purpose; they should go to the county which has furnished the money to commute them, and we cannot infer that they must go to the person who has' received the commutation allowance.
Any possible inference as to the true meaning of the act, to be drawn from this omission of any express direction that the fees be paid to the county, is more than rebutted by the plain words of the Legislature in declaring its purpose. The entire framework of the act, when considered with proper reference to other related legislation, so plainly and completely embodies this idea that it is impossible to give the statute any other construction, but we do not by any means intend to imply that there was not justifiable ground for a division of opinion in regard to its terms and a consequent disagreement as to its meaning, and it was entirely proper and very seemly, therefore, that the matter should have been submitted to us for final settlement, and thereby close a controversy distasteful to both parties.
In order to exclude an inference that may possibly be drawn from the opinion in regard to the statements of the Senator and Eepresentatives on the one side and the solicitor on the other, we will add that we have not considered them at all, as it is not within our province or jurisdiction to construe statutes by such extraneous matter. Even if the collective intention of the members of both legislative bodies had been shown by proof, we could not consider it, as an unexpressed intention passes for nothing in such cases.
We
must interpret the meaning by what is said and not by what was intended to be said, but not expressed. If we should attach any importance to such extrinsic proof of the intention, statutory law would depend upon uncertain and almost unprovable intentions, instead of being based upon the written word. It is so with contracts, and must more surely be so with constitutions and statutes. Authorities that sustain this position are not hard to find.
This Court said in
S. v. Partlow,
91 N. C., 550, 552: “The meaning (of the Legislature) must be ascertained from the statute itself, and the means and signs to which, as appears upon its face, it has reference. It-cannot be proved by a member of the Legislature or other person, whethér interested in its enactment or not. A statute is an act of the
Legislature as an organized body. It expresses t-lie collective will of that body, and no single member of it, or all the members as individuals, can be heard to say what the meaning of the statute is.. It must speak for and be construed by itself, by the means and signs indicated above. Otherwise, each individual might attribute to it a different meaning, and thus the legislative will and meaning be lost sight of. Whatever may be the views and purposes of those who procure the enactment of a statute, the Legislature contemplates that its intention shall be ascertained from its words as embodied in it. And courts are not at liberty to accept the understanding of any individual as to the legislative intent.” Citing
S. v. Boon,
1 N. C., 103;
Drake v. Drake,
15 N. C., 110;
Adams v. Turrentine,
30 N. C., 141;
S. v. Melton,
44 N. C., 49;
Blue v. McDuffie, ibid.,
131; Potter’s Dwarris on Statutes, 179
et seq.
Besides, it is not necessary that we should attach any significance to the statements, as the act is plainly worded and speaks for itself, without any external aid, except other cognate statutes.
We have, therefore, reached the conclusion that the solicitor is entitled only to the salary in lieu of fees for convictions in all criminal cases he prosecutes in the county. Let the judgment upon the case agreed be reversed, with costs, and it will be so certified.
Reversed.