Abdallah Salamah and Tamara Salamah v. Spring Trails Community Association, Inc.

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: December 6, 2018
• Docket: 09-18-00051-CV
• Status: Published

Opinion

In The

Court of Appeals Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont ____________________ NO. 09-18-00051-CV ____________________

ABDALLAH SALAMAH AND TAMARA SALAMAH, Appellants

V.

SPRING TRAILS COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION, INC., Appellee

_______________________________________________________ ______________

On Appeal from the 410th District Court Montgomery County, Texas Trial Cause No. 17-09-11758-CV ________________________________________________________ _____________

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Abdallah Salamah and Tamara Salamah appeal from an interlocutory order

denying their motion to dismiss a suit their homeowners’ association brought against

them to enforce a restrictive covenant in the deed to their home. Spring Trails

Community Association, Inc. (the Association), the Salamahs’ homeowners’

association, sued them after they allegedly violated the Association’s demand to stop

operating a daycare business in their home. In response to the suit, the Salamahs

1 moved to have it dismissed based on the provisions in the Texas Citizens

Participation Act (TCPA). In the motion, the Salamahs claimed that the Association

sued in retaliation for their decision to exercise several of their First Amendment

rights.1

The Salamahs raise three issues in their brief. They argue: (1) the TCPA

applies to the Association’s suit, (2) the Association failed to meet its burden to show

that specific evidence existed supporting each of the elements of its claims, and (3)

they established that valid affirmative defenses barred the Association’s claims. 2 As

to the Salamahs’ first issue, we assume, without deciding, that the TCPA applies to

the Association’s suit. As for issue two, we hold the record contains clear and

specific prima facie proof supporting each element of the Association’s claims.

Regarding the Salamahs’ third issue, we hold the Salamahs failed to meet their

1 See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.003(a) (West 2015) (providing a party with a right to move to dismiss a legal action that “is based on, relates to, or is in response to a party’s exercise of the right of free speech, right to petition, or right of association”). We note that all of these rights are in the First Amendment. See U.S. CONST. amend. I. 2 See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(12) (West Supp. 2018) (permitting an interlocutory appeal from a trial court’s ruling denying motions to dismiss, filed under the TCPA).

2 burden to prove the Association’s claims were barred by the affirmative defenses the

Salamahs raised to bar the Association from proceeding further on its claims.

Background

In September 2017, the Association sued the Salamahs claiming that based on

the manner they were conducting a child daycare business in their home, they were

violating restrictions in their deed. Later, the Salamahs moved to dismiss the

Association’s claims, arguing that by suing, the Association had infringed on their

constitutional rights under the TCPA. 3 In their motion, the Salamahs acknowledged

that the deed to their home contains some restrictions, including one that restricts the

manner they may conduct a business in their home. In pertinent part, the restriction

that burdens the Salamahs’ deed provides:

Owner or Occupant may conduct business activities within the Single Family Residence so long as: (a) the existence or operation of the business activity is not apparent or detectable by sight, sound, or smell from outside the Lot; (b) the business activity does not involve persons coming onto the Properties who do not reside in the Properties or door- to-door solicitation of residents of the Properties; and (c) the business activity is consistent with the residential character of the Properties and does not constitute a nuisance, or a hazardous or offensive use, or threaten the security or safety of other residents of the Properties as may be determined in the sole discretion of the Board.

3 See id. § 27.001-.011 (West 2015). 3 According to the Salamahs’ motion, the Association could not enforce the

restriction because they had been running a daycare business in their home for years,

the Association’s Board knew what they were doing, and the manner they were

conducting the daycare business did not violate the restrictions in their deed. In the

trial court, the Salamahs argued that the Association sued them for three reasons: (1)

to retaliate against Abdallah for having criticized the Board about how it was being

managed, (2) to punish Abdallah for having participated in a recall petition of the

Board, and (3) to punish Abdallah for having announced that he was seeking a

position on the Board. According to the Salamahs, the circumstances surrounding

the Board’s decision authorizing the Association’s suit shows that the Board had

retaliated against them by filing suit to punish them for exercising their First

Amendment rights. Additionally, the Salamahs assert that the Association’s claims

should have been dismissed because they proved the Association’s claims were

barred by affirmative defenses. In response, the Association argued that its

motivation in filing suit was not retaliatory, but that it filed suit so that it could pursue

its own legal rights to enforce the restrictions in the Salamahs’ deed.

4 The trial court conducted a hearing on the Salamahs’ motion to dismiss in

December 2017. 4 About four weeks later, the trial court denied the motion. After

that, the Salamahs appealed and filed a brief. The Salamahs’ brief concludes the trial

court’s order denying their motion to dismiss should be reversed.5 They also contend

4 The record does not include a court reporter’s record from the hearing on the motion to dismiss. On this record, we presume the parties presented no additional evidence in the hearing except for the evidence on file with the District Clerk when the hearing occurred. See Michiana Easy Livin’ Country, Inc. v. Holten, 168 S.W.3d 777, 783 (Tex. 2005) (explaining that appellate courts, absent indications showing otherwise, generally presume that any pretrial hearings were non-evidentiary and that the only evidence the trial court considered in deciding the matter is that evidence that had been filed with the clerk). Here, the trial court considered the following evidence when it ruled on the Salamahs’ motion: (1) the Association’s petition for injunctive relief and civil damages, which included an affidavit signed by a homeowner who lives in Spring Trails; (2) the declaration of covenants, conditions and restrictions on Spring Trails homes; (3) minutes from the Board’s May 2017 meeting; (4) an affidavit from the Association’s agent, which establishes that the Salamahs’ home is in Spring Trails and governed by restrictions that address the rights of homeowners to operate businesses in their homes; (5) an affidavit from the Association’s attorney, which addressed the attorney’s fees the Association incurred for responding to the Salamahs’ motion to dismiss; (6) two affidavits signed by Abdallah, with exhibits, containing his account of the circumstances that existed when the Association sued; (7) an affidavit signed by Tamara, with exhibits, which is consistent with Abdallah’s affidavits about what she believes led to the suit; (8) an affidavit signed by Raul Rodriguez, a member of the Board, stating that, in his opinion, the business the Salamahs operate from their home is not a nuisance; (9) an affidavit signed by the Salamahs’ attorney, stating the amount of the fees the Salamahs incurred in prosecuting their motion to dismiss; and (10) an affidavit signed by Louis Di Stefano, a former member of the Board, with exhibits, which explain that Abdallah signed a petition favoring the Board’s recall before the Association sued. 5 See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(12). 5 the Association’s suit should be dismissed. We note our jurisdiction over the parties

and the appeal.6

Standard of Review

Appellate courts use a de novo standard when reviewing rulings on motions

to dismiss that are subject to the statutory requirements in the TCPA. 7 In reviewing

rulings denying such motions, appellate courts consider the pleadings and the

evidence the trial court considered when the trial court decided the motion.8

The TCPA contains a two-step procedure to expedite the dismissal of claims

that a party has filed to intimidate or to silence another from exercising their First

Amendment rights.9 First, a defendant relying on the TCPA to seek a dismissal of a

plaintiff’s suit must show, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the claim “is

based on, relates to, or is in response to the [defendant’s] exercise of: (1) the right of

6 See id. § 27.008(a). 7 See id. § 27.006; see also Shipp v. Malouf, 439 S.W.3d 432, 437 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied); Rehak Creative Servs., Inc. v. Witt, 404 S.W.3d 716, 726 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied). 8 See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.006; In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d 579, 587 (Tex. 2015). 9 ExxonMobil Pipeline Co. v. Coleman, 512 S.W.3d 895, 898 (Tex. 2017); see also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.003.

6 free speech; (2) the right to petition; or (3) the right of association.” 10 Second, if the

defendant moving for dismissal shows that the plaintiff’s claims implicate the

defendant’s First Amendment rights, the burden shifts to the party that filed the suit,

to establish by clear and specific evidence a prima facie case for each essential

element of the claim the defendant has challenged in its motion. 11

Analysis

For convenience, we address the Salamahs’ second issue before addressing

their other issues. In issue two, the Salamahs argue the Association failed to present

the trial court with prima facie proof that the business they operate in their home

violates the restrictions in their deed. Before analyzing issue two, we note the

Salamahs do not dispute that the declarations governing their right to operate a

10 Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005(b); see Coleman, 512 S.W.3d at 898. 11 Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005(c); see Coleman, 512 S.W.3d at 899. A prima facie case “is the ‘minimum quantum of evidence necessary to support a rational inference that the allegation of fact is true.’” Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 590 (quoting In re E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 136 S.W.3d 218, 223 (Tex. 2004) (per curiam)). “The words ‘clear’ and ‘specific’ in the context of this statute have been interpreted respectively to mean, for the former, unambiguous, sure, or free from doubt and, for the latter, explicit or relating to a particular named thing.” Id. at 590 (internal citations omitted). For these reasons, a party may not simply rely on “notice pleading—that is, general allegations that merely recite the elements of a cause of action[;]” instead, the party must “provide enough detail to show the factual basis for its claim.” Id. at 592-93.

7 business in their home were duly filed.12 Nor do the Salamahs dispute that their deed

contains a restriction burdening how they may conduct a business in their home. 13

One of the provisions in the declarations addresses how the Board is to

determine whether a homeowner’s operation of a home-based business violates the

restrictions in the deeds to the homes in Spring Trails. According to the declarations,

whether a homeowner’s business violates a restriction is “determined in the sole

discretion of the Board.” The declarations also allow the Association to maintain

lawsuits to enforce restrictions like the one at issue in this appeal. Although the

Salamahs allege the Association failed to promptly sue them to enforce the deed and

thereby waived its right to enforce the restriction, the declarations provide that the

“failure of the Association to enforce such provisions shall in no event be deemed a

waiver of the right to do so thereafter.”

12 The record before the trial court includes a copy of the declarations. The last page of the declarations shows that the declarations were filed in Montgomery County’s real property records in October 2002. 13 Under the Texas Property Code, “restrictive covenant” is defined as “any covenant, condition, or restriction contained in a dedicatory instrument, whether mandatory, prohibitive, permissive, or administrative.” Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 202.001(4) (West 2014). Under Texas law, “restrictive covenants are subject to the general rules of contract construction.” Pilarcik v. Emmons, 966 S.W.2d 474, 478 (Tex. 1998).

8 Under the Texas Property Code, a homeowners’ association may exercise

“discretionary authority” to enforce a restrictive covenant, and if it does so, the

Association’s conduct is presumably “reasonable[,] unless the court determines by

a preponderance of the evidence that the exercise of discretionary authority was

arbitrary, capricious, or discriminatory.” 14 The evidence the Association presented

in response to the Salamahs’ motion shows that the Association filed a facially valid

claim seeking to have a factfinder determine whether the Salamahs were operating

a daycare business in a manner that violated the restrictions in their deed. For

example, the evidence the Association filed when it responded to the Salamahs’

motion reveals that the Association conducted an investigation into the manner the

Salamahs were operating their business. Included in the Association’s evidence is

an affidavit signed by a homeowner in Spring Trails. The homeowner’s affidavit

reflects that the homeowner personally observed the Salamahs’ daycare operation:

the individual who signed the affidavit states that the business constitutes “a

nuisance that affects my ability to enjoy my property.”

Following the investigation, three of the five members of the Association’s

board voted to turn the matter over to an attorney to file legal proceedings so the

14 Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 202.004(a) (West 2014).

9 restriction in the deed restricting home-based businesses could be enforced. Finally,

the evidence the Association filed in the trial court shows that the Association sued

the Salamahs after the Board retained an attorney to sue the Salamahs on the

Association’s behalf.15

While the Salamahs raise several arguments to suggest that the Association

failed to present sufficient evidence to show the Association’s claims have merit,16

the evidence before the trial court allowed it to conclude that the Association has

prima facie proof to establish the elements needed to prove its case. For that reason,

we overrule that arguments the Salamahs advance in their second issue.

In issue three, the Salamahs argue that even if the Association established a

prima facie case, they established they have affirmative defenses that bar the

Association from having a factfinder determine whether the Association’s claims

15 Id. § 209.0051(h)(4) (West Supp. 2018) (requiring board action before a property owners’ association may file suit to enforce a restriction of the type at issue here). 16 For example, the Salamahs suggest that the Association failed to prove that it suffered any damages, one of the elements of its claims. Under the Texas Property Code, however, a trial court may assess “civil damages for the violation of a restrictive covenant in an amount not to exceed $200 for each day of the violation.” See id. § 202.004(c) (West 2014). Thus, the Association’s right to recover civil damages does not depend on the Association proving that actual damages resulted from the type of violation at issue in the suit. See Uptegraph v. Sandalwood Civic Club, 312 S.W.3d 918, 937-38 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.).

10 have merit. 17 The evidence in the record, however, shows that the violations the

Association complains about in the suit are continuous. For that reason, the

Association’s claims are not barred by the affirmative defenses the Salamahs raised

below. 18 Finally, the declarations that burden the Salamahs’ deed provide that the

Association’s failure to enforce a restriction “shall in no event be deemed a waiver

of the right to do so thereafter.” Because the Salamahs failed to meet their burden to

show that the Association’s claims are barred by their affirmative defenses, we

overrule issue three.19

17 See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005(d) (providing that, even if the nonmovant’s establishment of a prima facie case on its claim, “the court shall dismiss a legal action against the moving party if the moving party establishes by a preponderance of the evidence each essential element of a valid defense to the nonmovant’s claim”). 18 See Fox v. O’Leary, No. 03-11-00270-CV, 2012 WL 2979053, at *6 (Tex. App.—Austin July 10, 2012, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (explaining that “once a violation of a restrictive covenant has ceased, the enforceability of the restrictive covenant is renewed, and limitations does not bar enforcement of any future violations”); Daniels v. Balcones Woods Club, Inc., No. 03-03-00310-CV, 2006 WL 263589, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 2, 2006, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (“When a restrictive covenant is initially violated, but that violation ceases, limitations does not bar future enforcement of the covenant.”). 19 See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 27.005(d).

11 Conclusion

The Legislature enacted the TCPA to “summarily dispose of lawsuits

designed” to chill First Amendment rights, but it did not design the statute “to

dismiss meritorious lawsuits.”20 We have assumed the TCPA applies to the

circumstances of this case, so we need not address the arguments the Salamahs raise

in their first issue.21 For the reasons explained above, we affirm the trial court’s order

denying the Salamahs’ motion to dismiss.

AFFIRMED.

_________________________ HOLLIS HORTON Justice

Submitted on June 27, 2018 Opinion Delivered December 6, 2018

Before McKeithen, C.J., Horton and Johnson, JJ.

20 Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 589. 21 See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1 (allowing the court of appeals to limit its discussion of the issues to resolving the issues that are necessary to the court’s final disposition of the appeal). 12