STATE OF LOUISIANA
COURT OF APPEAL, THIRD CIRCUIT
18-546
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
ABBY GAIL GARCIA
VERSUS
CITY OF NATCHITOCHES, ET AL.
************ APPEAL FROM THE TENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT PARISH OF NATCHITOCHES, NO. 86682 HONORABLE LALA B. SYLVESTER, DISTRICT JUDGE
************ SYLVIA R. COOKS JUDGE ************
Court composed of Sylvia R. Cooks, Shannon J. Gremillion, and Phyllis M. Keaty, Judges.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART.
T. Taylor Townsend T. Taylor Townsend, LLC P.O. Box 784 Natchitoches, LA 71458-0784 (318) 238-6103 Attorney for Appellant, Abby Gail Garcia
Ronald E. Corkern, Jr. Corkern, Crews, Guillet & Johnson, LLC P.O. Box 1036 Natchitoches, LA 71457-1036 (318) 352-2302 Attorney for Appellee, City of Natchitoches
James A. Mijalis Lunn Irion Law Firm, LLC P.O. Box 1534 Shreveport, LA 71165 (318) 222-0665 Attorney for Appellee, Scallion Heating, Air Conditioning, and Electrical, Inc. COOKS, Judge.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Abby Gail Garcia (Garcia) purchased a vacant house in Natchitoches and
hired the services of JTD Construction (JTD), general contractor, to handle the
remodel of her newly acquired home. Jim Davis (Davis), Garcia’s uncle, was in
charge of the project and obtained a building permit from the City of Natchitoches
(City). JTD subcontracted the services of Scallion Heating, Air Conditioning, and
Electrical, Inc. (Scallion) to perform the electrical and heating/cooling system
upgrades to the residence. Scallion determined that the existing underground
electrical supply to the residence was inadequate to meet the needs of the planned
improvements. The City issued a building permit for the project on November 26,
2012, and renovations began shortly thereafter. In the process of renovating the
residence Scallion installed a new meter base and new breaker box. The City was
responsible for providing electrical service from its transformer to the residence for
the new overhead service and for disconnecting the old underground service to the
old meter base on the residence.
On December 6, 2012, the City’s building inspector, Johnny White (White),
inspected Scallion’s installation of the new weather-head and riser pole at the
residence. The work passed inspection and White affixed a green sticker to the new
meter base. Scallion’s representatives at the residence, Brad Calvert (Calvert) and
Danny Thomas (Thomas) were present for the inspection. At that time, they
informed White they had removed the old meter and secured the wires on the old
meter base. They also informed White that the old underground service to the
residence was still “hot” meaning it had not been disconnected from the City’s utility
pole. White assured them he would put in a work-order directing the old service be disconnected at the same time as the new overhead service would be connected.
White issued a work-order dated December 10, 2012, expressly instructing the
City’s personnel to “pull overhead service line to new service riser and meter” and
to “disconnect [the] old service.” On December 17, 2012, a crew of workmen for
the City electrical department performed the work necessary to connect the new
overhead service to the residence from the City electrical source. Despite the
instruction in the work-order, the City’s crew did not disconnect the old underground
service to the residence but instead left it “hot.”
Calvert and Thomas intended to remove the old meter base after completing
the startup of the new air conditioning equipment, but when they attempted to do so
they discovered the City had not disconnected the old meter base from the City’s
electrical source. Calvert informed White that the City workers had not
disconnected the old source. White assured him he would address the situation.
Scallion completed its work at the residence on December 28, 2012. Garcia took up
residence in her newly renovated home, despite the fact that Davis did not request a
final inspection of the project from the City. On January 24, 2013, Garcia was doing
some work in her flower beds and decided she wanted to remove the unsightly old
meter base and its riser pole from her house. She telephoned Davis and asked if it
was safe for her to remove the old meter box and pole. Davis, without knowing
whether the old service was disconnected or not, but assuming it was, informed her
it was safe to proceed. Garcia began pulling on the riser pole, moving it back and
forth attempting to pull it away from the house and out of the ground. She heard
“rumbling” sounds from the ground and felt the ground “shaking.” When she
allegedly saw sparks and smoke coming from the pole, she immediately turned loose
of the pole fearing for her safety. Garcia was frightened by the event, and, along
with Sharon Durham (Durham), phoned 911. A City utility worker, Lee McKinney
2 (McKinney), responded immediately to the call. After confirming that the old
service line to Garcia’s residence was still “hot,” McKinney disconnected the old
electrical service line from the City power source. Later that evening Garcia drove
herself to Natchitoches Regional Medical Center where she sought medical attention
in the emergency room. She informed the ER doctor that she believed she was
suffering from electrical shock. The doctor found no visible signs of electrical shock
or any injury and discharged Garcia with instructions to see her normal physician if
necessary.
Several days later when Durham was again at Garcia’s residence, Garcia
solicited Durham’s help to support her allegation that she suffered an electrical shock
during her attempt to remove the old riser pole. According to Durham, Garcia
offered to pay her monetary compensation in return for Durham confirming in
writing that Garcia suffered an electrical shock while trying to remove the old riser
pole. According to Durham, she refused Garcia’s offer because Garcia was not
shocked during the incident and acknowledged as much at the time of the event.
Durham was subsequently terminated from her job by Garcia who was her
supervisor at the time.
Garcia filed suit against the City and Scallion but asserted no claim against
JTD or her uncle, Davis. Garcia alleged she suffered an electrical shock during the
incident of January 24, 2013 at her home and that this caused aggravation to her pre-
existing medical conditions. Following a bench trial, the trial court found JTD 100%
liable for the accident and found Garcia was not physically injured as any result of
the accident. The trial court awarded Garcia $3500 for the fear and mental anguish
she suffered during the incident. Garcia appeals the trial court judgment alleging
four assignments of error as follows:
3 1. The Trial Court erred in finding that Abby Garcia’s injuries were not caused by the City of Natchitoches, nor Scallion Electric (sic) breach [of] their duty to her.
2. The Trial Court erred in its allocation of fault under the Watson (sic) Factors.
3. The Trial Court erred in its finding that Abby Garcia’s injuries were not caused by the electrical shock she sustained on January 24, 2013.
4. The Trial Court erred in awarding damages by awarding Ms. Garcia only nominal damages, given the nature of the electrical shock injury Ms. Garcia sustained, and the strong evidence of wrongdoing on the part of defendants.
LEGAL ANALYSIS
Liability
After a thorough review of the record we find the trial court erred in assigning
100% liability to JTD. As the provider of electrical services, the City owed a “high
degree of care” to Garcia as its customer. Weaver v. Valley Elec. Membership Corp.,
615 So.2d 1375, 1381 (La.App. 2 Cir. 1993). The Louisiana Supreme Court has
described the duty of suppliers of electricity to their customers as requiring them “to
exercise the utmost care to reduce hazards to life as far as practicable.” Hebert v.
Gulf States Utils. Co., 426 So.2d 111, 114 (La.1983) citing Simon v. Southwest La.
Elec. Membership, 390 So.2d 1265 (La.1980) and Nessmith v. Central La. Electric
Co., 257 So.2d 744 (La.App. 3d Cir.), writ denied, 261 La. 480, 259 So.2d 921, 922
(1972) (emphasis added).
A power company is held to the standard of a reasonable person with superior attributes, and is required to realize that there will be a certain amount of negligence that must be anticipated. Green v. Claiborne Elec. Co-op., Inc., 28,408 (La.App.2d Cir.6/26/96), 677 So.2d 635.
Accordingly, a power company has an obligation to make reasonable inspections of wires and other instrumentalities in order to discover and remedy hazards and defects; consequently, a company will be considered to have constructive knowledge of an electrical hazard which has existed for a period of time which would reasonably permit discovery had the company adequately performed its
4 duties. In re New Orleans Train Car Leakage Fire Litigation, 00-0479 (La.App. 4th Cir.6/27/01), 795 So.2d 364.
Pillow v. Entergy Corp., 36,384, pp. 5-6 (La.App. 2 Cir. 9/18/02), 828 So.2d 83,
87, writ denied, 02-2575 (La. 12/13/02), 831 So.2d 987 (emphasis added).
Although our courts have established this high degree of care, the
determination of negligence on the part of the provider of electrical services is
addressed under La.Civ.Code art. 2316. It has not been treated as strict liability.
Nevertheless, our courts have held that: “A presumption of foreseeability through
constructive knowledge of the risk of an electrical hazard existing for a reasonable
time has made the negligence standard of ‘utmost care’ virtually indistinguishable
from strict liability.” Weaver, 615 So.2d at 1381.
The Civil Code addresses negligence, a species of tort liability, in Article 2316, which states that “[e]very person is responsible for the damage he occasions not merely by his act, but by his negligence, his imprudence, or his want of skill.” See Myers v. Dronet, 01–5 (La.App. 3 Cir. 6/22/01), 801 So.2d 1097. In order to prevail in a negligence cause of action brought under La.Civ.Code art. 2316, an aggrieved party must meet the following five-pronged test, as outlined by a panel of this court in Myers, 801 So.2d at 1104:
(1) the delictual conduct was the cause-in-fact of the damage or injury; (2) the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty under the specific circumstances of the particular case; (3) the particular defendant breached the duty which s/he owed the particular plaintiff; (4) the risk and resulting harm stood within the scope of protection of the defendant's duty; and (5) the plaintiff showed actual damage.
Vermilion Par. Police Jury v. Albert, 03-1420, p. 4 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/3/04), 867
So.2d 67, 70.
There can be no question here that the City’s failure to de-energize the supply
line from its transformer to Garcia’s residence was a cause-in-fact of the incident.
The testimony established only the City had the authority, responsibility, and ability
to de-energize the supply of electricity from its transformer to Garcia’s residence.
5 Neither the homeowner, Davis, nor Scallion possessed the expertise, authority, or
wherewithal to de-energize the underground power line. Scallion did the most that
it could do to fulfill its duty to Garcia when it disconnected service from the old
meter box into the residence and taped up the wires to ensure no one would get
shocked if they tampered with the meter box. Additionally, the City’s failure to
follow through on its own work-order directing its workers to disconnect the
electrical supply from its source of power to Garcia’s residence further evidences its
negligent behavior. The City provides an excuse for its failure to disconnect the old
service on its first visit made to Garcia’s residence for that purpose, i.e., no one was
present at the residence on that date. But the City had months of opportunity to re-
visit the residence while the electricians were working on the jobsite and no excuse
is offered for their failure to do so. Likewise, the City’s reliance on the failure of
Davis or Garcia to request a final inspection of the home before occupancy does not
excuse the City’s negligence and complete failure to do its job. The City owed a
duty to Garcia to make sure the old service to her residence was disconnected after
it installed and energized the new service to her residence. It breached this duty to
Garcia when it failed to de-energize the old underground service to her residence.
Even after Scallion informed the City that the old service was not de-energized the
City failed to disconnect the old service, despite having many weeks to do so on any
given day of the week, and despite its supervisor’s promise to see that it would be
done. Additionally, the risk that a homeowner would come into contact with the
energized old service line was well within the scope of the City’s heightened duty to
safeguard its customer from such an occurrence. Thus, we find the City is
comparatively at fault for the incident.
We also find the trial court correctly determined that Garcia was not
comparatively negligent in causing the incident. In Hebert, 426 So.2d at 1381, the
6 appellate court found no contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff who
came into contact with a high voltage wire. The appellate court explained:
Working near electrical power lines is neither contributory negligence per se nor assumption of the risk. Likewise, the fact that a person’s own actions bring him in contact with high voltage wires does not necessarily make him negligent. The question, as enunciated in Dyson v. Gulf Modular Corporation, 338 So.2d 1385 at 1390 (La.1976) is whether “the party’s conduct conform[ed] to the standard of care that would be exercised by a reasonable man; or did the conduct breach a duty imposed upon the party to protect against the particular risk from which the accident resulted?” In other words, did the plaintiff Hebert breach a duty to himself by failing to avoid the unreasonable risk created by the defendant utility company? We find that he did not.
....
As aptly stated in Hall, supra at 799:
When the party charged with the responsibility of observing safety factors fails to do so, it is grossly unjust to place the blame for a resulting accident on the person who poured the last cup of water before the defective dam broke, unless that person also exercised a substantial amount of knowledgeable control over the dangerous situation. There was no such knowledge or control by plaintiff in the present case.
Likewise, Garcia exercised no knowledge or control over the dangerous
situation created by the City’s failure to disconnect the old underground service, as
it had the sole responsibility to do. The City’s utility personnel visited Garcia’s
home on multiple occasions and had ample opportunity to de-energize the old
service. The meter was removed from the old meter box and a meter was installed
on the new meter box with a green approval tag affixed to the new meter by the City
indicating to the homeowner that the electrical service was now being provided to
her home through the new overhead line and new meter box. Garcia could not
know—nor should she have assumed—that the City had failed to follow its own
work-order for her service disconnect and failed to exercise the heightened
responsibility it owed to safely provide electrical power to her home. As we have
7 already noted, Garcia had no control over the de-energizing of the service to her
home. Moreover, Garcia exercised more than reasonable caution in contacting
Davis, her contractor, to inquire as to whether it was safe for her to remove the old
riser pole and meter base from her residence.
Generally, negligence is defined as conduct which falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against an unreasonable risk of harm. Dobson v. Louisiana Power and Light Company, 567 So.2d 569 (La.1990). A particular unforeseeable risk may be included within the scope of a duty if the injury is easily associated with the rule relied on and with other risks of the same type that are foreseeable and clearly within the ambit of protection. Forest v. State, thru La. Dept. of Transportation, 493 So.2d 563 (La.1986).
In reviewing a determination that negligence exists, the reviewing court must consider the ease with which it can associate the duty owed and the risk encountered, whether the breached duty was a substantial cause and whether the risk is reasonably foreseeable. See, Sibley v. Gifford Hill and Co. Inc., 475 So.2d 315 (La.1985); Dunne v. Orleans Parish School Board, 463 So.2d 1267 (La.1985).
Vermilion Par. Police Jury, 867 So.2d at 70-71, quoting Maeder v. Williams, 94-
754 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/30/94), 652 So.2d 1005, writ denied 94-3150 (La.3/10/95),
650 So.2d 1177 (emphasis added).
Garcia’s attempt to disconnect the old, unsightly, riser pole and meter box
from her residence once the new overhead service had been activated was reasonably
foreseeable and the ease of association between Garcia’s action and the City’s duty
to de-energize the old service is too clear for further comment.
We also find the trial court did not err in finding Davis1 negligent in telling
Garcia that it was safe for her to proceed in light of the admitted fact that he did not
know whether or not the old service was de-energized by the City. His negligent
behavior is further exemplified by the fact that, according to his own testimony, he
1 “In any action for damages where a person suffers injury, death, or loss, the degree or percentage of fault of all persons causing or contributing to the injury, death, or loss shall be determined, regardless of whether the person is a party to the action or a nonparty. . .” La.Civ.Code art. 2323. 8 telephoned Scallion to inquire as to whether it was safe for Garcia to proceed and
was told it was not. He offered no explanation as to why he did not attempt to contact
Garcia and warn her not to proceed. We find Davis’ actions were a contributing
cause of the incident. But, as we have explained, Davis was not solely at fault, and
the trial court erred in finding him 100% liable. We find the City and Davis are each
50% contributorily negligent for the incident experienced by Garcia.
Damages
The fifth element which a court must determine in negligence cases is whether
a plaintiff suffered any damage as a result of a defendant’s negligence. The trial
court found Garcia was not electrocuted and suffered no injury as the result of any
electrocution. Our thorough review of the record finds no manifest error in the trial
court’s ruling in this regard.
The standard of review which we must apply in examining the factual conclusions of a trier of fact was articulated by our Supreme Court in Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840 (La.1989), and recently reiterated in Stobart v. State, Through Department of Transportation and Development, 617 So.2d 880 (La.1993):
A court of appeal may not set aside a trial court’s or a jury’s finding of fact in the absence of “manifest error” or unless it is “clearly wrong.” Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840 (La.1989). This court has announced a two-part test for the reversal of a factfinder’s determinations: 1) The appellate court must find from the record that a reasonable factual basis does not exist for the finding of the trial court, and 2) the appellate court must further determine that the record establishes that the finding is clearly wrong (manifestly erroneous).
. . . [T]he issue to be resolved by a reviewing court is not whether the trier of fact was right or wrong, but whether the factfinder's conclusion was a reasonable one.
Even though an appellate court may feel its own evaluations and inferences are more reasonable than the factfinder’s, reasonable evaluations of credibility and
9 reasonable inferences of fact should not be disturbed upon review where conflict exists in the testimony. Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840 (La.1989); Arceneaux v. Domingue, 365 So.2d 1330 (La.1978). . . Nonetheless, this Court has emphasized that “the reviewing court must always keep in mind that ‘if the trial court or jury’s findings are reasonable in light of the record reviewed in its entirety, the court of appeal may not reverse, even if convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently.’ ” Housley v. Cerise, 579 So.2d 973 (La.1991) (quoting Sistler v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 558 So.2d 1106, 1112 (La.1990)).
Oxley v. Sabine River Auth., 94-1284, pp. 4-5 (La.App. 3 Cir. 10/19/95), 663 So.2d
497, 502, writ denied, 96-64 (La. 2/28/96), 668 So.2d 357, and 95-3090 (La.
2/28/96), 668 So.2d 368.
In its reasons for judgment the trial court explained that it did not find Garcia’s
testimony credible. For the most part, Garcia’s testimony regarding her allegation
that she was electrically shocked when she tried to remove the old riser pole was
contradicted by lay and expert witnesses. Her own treating physician could not
establish that any of the medical problems Garcia was experiencing after the incident
were a result of her being shocked. He acknowledged these complaints were all
longstanding and although he testified that some of her pre-existing conditions could
be exaggerated by a sufficient electrical shock, he could offer no independent
evidence of such shock. He testified he relied solely on Garcia’s representation to
him that she thought she was shocked. He further admitted he had no specialized
knowledge about electrical shock but relied only on his general understanding of the
effects that a sufficient amount of electricity could have on a person if they were
shocked. He also admitted he did not know what would constitute such a sufficient
amount of electricity to result in injury or exaggeration of pre-existing injuries. He
admittedly saw no physical evidence that Garcia was electrocuted, and the ER
records indicate the same. Additionally, two witnesses testified that Garcia told
10 them at the time of the event and shortly thereafter that she was not electrocuted
during the incident, only very frightened. Defendant’s expert gave extensive and
compelling testimony demonstrating why it was not scientifically possible for Garcia
to have been shocked during the incident and no evidence was presented to
contradict his expert testimony. The trial court also said it found Durham’s expert
testimony creditworthy. As an eye witness to the incident, she testified that Garcia
attempted to elicit false testimony on her behalf regarding the allegation that she was
electrocuted during the incident. Based on her personal observations of Garcia’s
physical activities, Durham also contradicted Garcia’s allegation that she was
physically affected by the alleged aggravation of her existing medical problems. We
find no basis in the record to disregard the trial court’s credibility determinations in
this regard nor in any other.
The trial court did, however, find Garcia suffered brief emotional distress as
a result of the incident. Here, too, we find no manifest error in the trial court’s ruling.
Durham corroborated this fact as did other lay witnesses present shortly after the
incident. And it is not hard to imagine that the rumbling sounds underground and
the sight of water and smoke coming from the old riser pipe as Garcia rocked it back
and forth would be a frightening experience. We note in this regard Garcia did not
seek immediate medical attention but decided much later in the day to drive herself
to the local hospital to be checked out. The medical report from the emergency room
indicates there were no visible signs of injury and no need for any immediate medical
treatment recommending only that Garcia visit her private physician if or when she
deemed it necessary. We reiterate too, Garcia suffered from longstanding pre-
existing medical problems and her complaints to the ER doctor are consistent with
previous complaints due to those conditions. Nevertheless, Garcia has, to this extent,
proven the fifth element necessary to recover damages as a result of the City and
11 Davis’ negligence. The record supports the trial court’s award of damages for the
fright Garcia experienced as a result of the City and Davis’ negligence, and we
cannot say the award is abusively low.
Decree
For the reasons stated, we reverse the trial court judgment on liability and
hereby assign fault 50% to Davis and 50% to the City of Natchitoches. The City is
therefore liable to pay Garcia 50% of the damages awarded in the court below.
Because the City is a political subdivision of the State of Louisiana court costs may
only be awarded as a specified sum. We have found the City 50% liable, we
therefore assess one-half the costs of this appeal in the amount of $3,379.95 against
the City of Natchitoches.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART (NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION)