COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Beales, Ortiz and Chaney UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
7147 MECHANICSVILLE TURNPIKE, L.L.C. MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 1513-24-2 JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES FEBRUARY 24, 2026 BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF HANOVER COUNTY
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HANOVER COUNTY Victoria A. B. Willis, Judge
Joseph M. Rainsbury (Thomas M. Wolf; O’Hagan Meyer, PLLC, on briefs), for appellant.
Leah D. Han, Deputy County Attorney (Dennis A. Walter, County Attorney; Rebecca B. Randolph, Deputy County Attorney, on brief), for appellee.
In this zoning dispute, 7147 Mechanicsville Turnpike, L.L.C. (“Applicant”) appeals the
circuit court’s order sustaining the demurrer of the Board of Supervisors of Hanover County.
Applicant argues that the circuit court erred in granting the Board’s motion craving oyer, erred in
finding the Board’s denial of Applicant’s rezoning application “fairly debatable,” and erred in
sustaining the Board’s demurrer.
* This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A). I. BACKGROUND1
In July 2023, Applicant 7147 Mechanicsville Turnpike, L.L.C. submitted a request to the
Hanover County Planning Department to rezone 6.49 acres in an area that was zoned as a
business district to a multi-family residential district so that it could create an apartment complex
for seniors. In September 2023, before the Hanover County Planning Commission voted on
Applicant’s request, the Board of Supervisors of Hanover County adopted a new comprehensive
plan.2 Like the 2017 comprehensive plan before it, the 2023 comprehensive plan recommended
a density of 8 to 15 units per acre for multi-family residential districts. The “Hanover County
planning staff historically” used gross unit density to determine whether a project complied with
the comprehensive plan. They calculated this density number by dividing the number of
proposed housing units by the number of acres in the parcel. Under that formula, Applicant’s
proposed development of 97 housing units would have yielded 14.9 units per acre (97 units
divided by 6.49 acres). Therefore, using gross unit density, Applicant’s proposed development
complied with the comprehensive plan.
Section 26-74 of Hanover County’s zoning ordinance states, “Density calculations shall
be based on the gross acreage for the district, provided that no more than fifty (50) percent of the
1 In reviewing a circuit court’s judgment sustaining a demurrer, the appellate court “accept[s] as true all factual allegations expressly pleaded in the complaint and interpret[s] those allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Woods v. Sing Szechuan Rest., L.L.C., 84 Va. App. 321, 327 n.1 (2025) (alterations in original) (quoting Seymour v. Roanoke Cnty. Bd. of Supervisors, 301 Va. 156, 164 (2022)). This Court draws “any reasonable inferences arising from the express factual allegations of the complaint in the plaintiff’s favor.” Id. (quoting Seymour, 301 Va. at 164). 2 “Code § 15.2-2223 directs each local planning commission to prepare a comprehensive plan ‘with the purpose of guiding and accomplishing a coordinated, adjusted and harmonious development of the territory.’” Hartley v. Bd. of Supervisors, 80 Va. App. 1, 16 (2024) (quoting Code § 15.2-2223(A)). “As applied to private facilities, a comprehensive plan is generally ‘a guideline for the development and implementation of a zoning ordinance’ and ‘does not, by itself, act as an instrument of land use control.’” Id. at 16-17 (quoting 1987-88 Op. Va. Att’y Gen. 212, 213). -2- acreage determined to be in Chesapeake Bay Resource Protection Areas may be included.” As
opposed to gross unit density, net unit density considers the reduction in acreage because of land
in a Chesapeake Bay Resource Protection Area. Because 2.5 acres of the property was in the
Protection Area, Applicant’s project would have resulted in a net unit density of 17.86 units per
acre—which was more than the recommended density of 8 to 15 units per acre for multi-family
residential districts. Following a public hearing on October 19, 2023, the Hanover County Planning
Commission recommended approving the rezoning request. However, the Planning Commission
did note that the proposal’s net unit density exceeded the comprehensive plan’s recommended limit
of 15 units per acre for multi-family residential districts.
On November 8, 2023, the Hanover County Board of Supervisors considered Applicant’s
proposal. During the meeting on Applicant’s rezoning request, Andrew Pompei, Hanover
County’s Deputy Planning Director, noted that the development would have no impact on
schools. Although the development would not have a significant impact on traffic, Applicant
proffered to build a turn lane at the development’s entrance “and made a cash proffer of
$209,035 for future transportation requirements.” Pompei also stated that although the
proposal’s gross unit density was under 15, its net unit density exceeded 15.
Several members of the public spoke in favor of the proposal. A couple stated their
intention to move to the development if approved and constructed. Applicant’s representative at the
hearing, Larry Shaia, highlighted that the development would yield over $150,000 in yearly tax
revenue for the County. Other members of the community spoke against the proposal. One
resident of the Ashland District stressed that the parcel was surrounded by protected land and water
resources and contained land in the Chesapeake Bay Resource Protection Area. In addition, a
resident of the Henry District stated that the development would exceed the maximum allowable
density.
-3- One Board member argued that the proposal met the requirements of the 2017
comprehensive plan. Another Board member stated that residents had asked for more affordable
homes for senior citizens. Two Board members voiced concern that the rezoning request would
violate the comprehensive plan. One of those Board members explained that the Board judges
proposals based on when it actually votes on the proposal—not on when an application is filed. The
Board then denied the request, with three members voting in favor of it and four members voting
against it.
On December 7, 2023, Applicant filed a complaint seeking a declaratory judgment in the
Circuit Court of Hanover County arguing that the Board’s decision was arbitrary and capricious,
discriminatory, and void. Applicant asked the circuit court to order the Board to approve the
rezoning application. Applicant included in its complaint select parts of the legislative record
before the Board, including a portion of the land use plan map from the county’s comprehensive
plan, an image of the planned structure, and an image of the development’s conceptual plan.
Applicant also stated in the complaint that a study showed that the development would not
significantly impact traffic and that the Hanover County Planning Commission had supported
approving the application. Furthermore, Applicant described Pompei’s presentation to the Board of
Supervisors and quoted from citizens’ comments and Board members’ remarks before the Board
voted.
On January 18, 2024, the Board filed a motion craving oyer to add portions of the
legislative record that provided context and complete versions of the images, documents, and
discussions included and referenced in the complaint. After a hearing, the circuit court granted
the Board’s motion craving oyer. The circuit court explained, “Governing bodies only act at
public hearings and base their decisions on the information available to them, including
documents, reports, studies, and comments from applicants and interested members of the
-4- public.” The circuit court further explained that “[t]he record of the proceedings—the legislative
record—is the record of that conduct.” The circuit court accepted into the record portions of the
comprehensive plan including the complete land use plan map; a traffic impact analysis and
Applicant’s related proffers; drawings, sketches, and blueprints of the proposed development;
presentations given at the Planning Commission’s meeting as well as a video, transcript, and
minutes of the meeting; Pompei’s and Shaia’s presentations to the Board; and a video, transcript,
and minutes of the Board’s meeting.
The Board then demurred, arguing that its decision denying the rezoning request was
fairly debatable. The circuit court sustained the demurrer and dismissed Applicant’s complaint.
Applicant now appeals to this Court.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Motion Craving Oyer
On appeal to this Court, Applicant argues, “The Trial Court erred in granting the Board’s
motion craving oyer, as the Complaint does not ‘claim under’ the legislative record.”
We review the circuit court’s decision granting a motion craving oyer de novo. City of
Emporia v. County of Greensville, 81 Va. App. 28, 41 (2024). “A motion craving oyer is ‘a
remedy afforded to a litigant who has been sued on a claim based upon a written document
mentioned in a claimant’s pleading but not made a part of the record.’” Id. (quoting Byrne v.
City of Alexandria, 298 Va. 694, 700 (2020)). “[W]here a court is asked to make a ruling based
upon a writing or document, that writing or document should be made a part of the record.” Id.
at 42 (citing Byrne, 298 Va. at 701). A motion craving oyer is appropriate where “a court is
asked to make a ruling upon any paper or record.” Culpeper Nat’l Bank v. Morris, 168 Va. 379,
383 (1937). Thus, “[t]he motion should be granted only where the missing document is essential
to the claim.” Byrne, 298 Va. at 700-01 (holding that a circuit court did not err when it granted a
-5- city council’s motion craving oyer and admitted the legislative record of the city council’s
challenged decision). The Supreme Court has stated, “No intelligent construction of any writing
or record can be made unless all essential parts of such paper or record are produced” and that a
litigant cannot put blinders on a court and thereby “attempt to restrict its vision to only such parts
of the record as the litigant thinks tend to support his view.” Morgan v. Bd. of Supervisors of
Hanover Cnty., 83 Va. App. 720, 743-44 (2025) (quoting Byrne, 298 Va. at 701). However,
when a plaintiff does not “claim under” the documents that a party seeks to add to the record
(because the documents are not essential to the claim), the trial court should deny oyer. Byrne, 298
Va. at 700 (quoting Langhorne v. Richmond Ry. Co., 91 Va. 369, 372 (1895)).
Here, Applicant is challenging the Board’s decision to deny Applicant’s rezoning request.
In its complaint, Applicant asserted that the Board’s decision denying Applicant’s request was
arbitrary, capricious, discriminatory, and void. In making this claim, Applicant argued that the
development would not disrupt nearby traffic, that the Hanover County Planning Commission
had voted for and recommended approving the application, and that some citizens supported
Applicant’s rezoning request. For support, Applicant relied on select portions of the legislative
record. For example, Applicant referenced remarks made by citizens during the zoning hearing,
points raised by Board members, and renderings of Applicant’s proposed development.
However, “[t]he power to regulate the use of land by zoning laws is a legislative power.”
Bd. of Supervisors v. Southland Corp., 224 Va. 514, 521 (1982). “Further, judicial review of
legislative acts such as we have here must be approached with particular circumspection and
courts will not inquire into the motives of the legislative bodies elected by the people.” Morgan,
83 Va. App. at 737-38. “When we are called upon to review the acts of . . . boards exercising
delegated legislative power the inquiry must ordinarily be whether the . . . board has acted
arbitrarily or capriciously.” Id. at 738 (alterations in original) (quoting Ames v. Painter, 239 Va.
-6- 343, 349 (1990)). When considering a challenge to a local governing body’s land use decision,
the trial court presumes that the legislative action is reasonable. Bd. of Supervisors v. Lerner,
221 Va. 30, 34 (1980). Reasonableness depends on whether “the matter in issue is fairly
debatable”—whether objective and reasonable people may logically arrive at different
conclusions about the correct result. Bd. of Supervisors v. Robertson, 266 Va. 525, 532 (2003)
(quoting Lerner, 221 Va. at 34).
By granting the Board’s motion craving oyer, the circuit court ensured that Applicant
could not put blinders on the court and “attempt to restrict its vision to only such parts of the
record as the litigant thinks tend to support his view.” Morgan, 83 Va. App. at 743-44 (quoting
Byrne, 298 Va. at 701). If the circuit court had not granted the Board’s motion craving oyer, it
would have allowed Applicant to eliminate some of the parts of the legislative record that
favored the Board’s decision to deny Applicant’s rezoning request. Indeed, if the circuit court
had not granted the Board’s motion craving oyer, the circuit court could not have considered (1)
almost the entirety of appellant’s application, (2) the traffic impact analysis, (3) the report or
presentations considered at the Planning Commission’s meeting, (4) the transcript of the
Planning Commission’s meeting, or (5) the Planning Commission’s written recommendation.
All of Applicant’s claims for relief involved the denial of its rezoning application.
Applicant was therefore “claiming under” the legislative record on which the Board based its
decision denying Applicant’s request because Applicant was challenging the reasonableness of the
Board’s decision. Indeed, as the circuit court explained below, “the record is essential to
[Applicant’s] claims” because Applicant decided to include references to the record that
“constitute[d] substantive allegations in support of its claims”—but without also including other
parts of the legislative record that a reviewing court might need to make an informed decision.
Thus, because the circuit court simply could not properly consider the Board’s decision without
-7- granting the motion craving oyer, the circuit court did not err when it decided to grant that
motion.3
B. Demurrer
Applicant also argues, “The Trial Court erred in sustaining the Board’s demurrer because
the Complaint alleged facts establishing that the issue of approving Plaintiff’s rezoning request was
not ‘fairly debatable.’”
“At the demurrer stage, we must take as true all material facts properly pleaded.” Hartley
v. Bd. of Supervisors, 80 Va. App. 1, 26 (2024). “Because appellate review of the sustaining of a
demurrer involves a matter of law, we review the trial court’s judgment de novo.” Glazebrook v.
Bd. of Supervisors, 266 Va. 550, 554 (2003).
Supreme Court caselaw has clearly established that a circuit court can consider
documents admitted through a motion craving oyer when deciding whether to sustain a demurrer.
See Eagle Harbor, L.L.C. v. Isle of Wight County, 271 Va. 603, 620 (2006) (ruling that a circuit
court may rule on a demurrer where the pleadings have been expanded through the incorporation
of other documents). Indeed, the Supreme Court has stated,
We also take into account factual allegations contained in “documents brought into a case as a result of a motion craving oyer” as they “are incorporated into the pleadings and may be used to ‘amplify’ the facts alleged in a complaint when a court decides whether to sustain or overrule a demurrer.”
3 Applicant argues that the circuit court erred in granting oyer because it was supposed to consider “all the facts of the particular case,” not only those contained in the legislative record. However, the circuit court’s grant of oyer did not limit its review to the admitted part of the legislative record on the demurrer. Rather, it simply added parts of the legislative record proffered by the Board to the record of the case to be considered alongside the complaint (and the parts of the record contained in the complaint) when it ruled on the demurrer. All these documents were essential to Applicant’s claims, so we find no error in the circuit court’s granting oyer. Morgan, 83 Va. App. at 743; Byrne, 298 Va. at 700. -8- Hale v. Town of Warrenton, 293 Va. 366, 366 (2017) (quoting EMAC, L.L.C. v. County of
Hanover, 291 Va. 13, 21 (2016)). The Supreme Court has also stated, “[A] court considering a
demurrer may ignore a party’s factual allegations contradicted by the terms of authentic,
unambiguous documents that properly are a part of the pleadings.” EMAC, 291 Va. at 21
(quoting Schaecher v. Bouffault, 290 Va. 83, 107 (2015)).
In addition, and as noted supra, the Supreme Court has been clear that “[l]ocal governing
bodies, because of their knowledge of local conditions and the needs of their individual
communities, are allowed wide discretion in the enactment and amendment of zoning
ordinances.” Byrum v. Bd. of Supervisors, 217 Va. 37, 39 (1976). Because “regulat[ing] the use
of land by zoning laws is a legislative power,” Southland Corp., 224 Va. at 521, “a presumption
of legislative validity [is] attached” to the Board’s actions at issue in this case, Robertson, 266
Va. at 532. “This presumption of validity remains with the legislative action as we review the
decision of the circuit court” and can be described as “a presumption of reasonableness.” Id.
“Legislative action is reasonable if the matter in issue is fairly debatable.” Id. (quoting Lerner,
221 Va. at 34). “An issue is ‘fairly debatable when the evidence offered in support of the
opposing views would lead objective and reasonable persons to reach different conclusions.’”
Id. (emphasis in original) (quoting Bd. of Supervisors v. Williams, 216 Va. 49, 58 (1975)). “If
evidence of reasonableness is sufficient to make the question fairly debatable, the ordinance
‘must be sustained.’” Norton v. City of Danville, 268 Va. 402, 409 (2004) (quoting Bd. of
Supervisors v. Snell Constr. Corp., 214 Va. 655, 659 (1974)).
In Byrne v. City of Alexandria, 298 Va. 694 (2020), the Supreme Court used the “fairly
debatable” standard to affirm a circuit court’s decision sustaining a demurrer after the circuit
court granted a motion craving oyer filed by the City Council. There, like in the case now before
this Court, the appellant tried to show that the decision of the legislative body at issue was
-9- arbitrary and capricious. Id. at 701-02. Moreover—and again as in this case—the legislative
body (the City Council) in Byrne was performing a legislative function when it denied the
appellant’s request. Id. at 702. The Supreme Court explained that legislative functions are
“presumed correct” and will be considered by courts to be reasonable as long as they are “fairly
debatable.” Id. “An issue is fairly debatable ‘when the evidence offered in support of the
opposing views would lead objective and reasonable persons to reach different conclusions.’”
Id. (quoting Norton, 268 Va. at 409).
The Supreme Court found that the legislative body’s decision denying the appellant’s
request was “fairly debatable” in part because “[t]he legislative record added to the pleadings as
a result of the motion craving oyer” showed that the legislative body “made its decision within
its lawful authority.” Id. Thus, in Byrne, the Supreme Court established (1) that appellate courts
use the “fairly debatable” standard when considering whether a circuit court erred in sustaining a
legislative body’s demurrer and (2) that appellate courts can consider documents added through a
motion craving oyer to decide whether a legislative body’s decision was reasonable.
Code §§ 15.2-2223 and 15.2-2283 are relevant for purposes of this appeal because they
address the Board’s duty to adopt a comprehensive plan and state what the Board must consider
when making zoning ordinances. Code § 15.2-2223 requires each locality to adopt a
comprehensive plan and consider it when making land use decisions. See Code § 15.2-2223(C).
A comprehensive plan is “a guideline for the development and implementation of a zoning
ordinance” that “does not, by itself, act as an instrument of land use control.” Hartley, 80 Va. App.
at 17 (quoting 1987-88 Op. Va. Att’y Gen. 212, 213). A comprehensive plan may include a
zoning ordinance and zoning district maps. Code § 15.2-2223(C)(5).
Code § 15.2-2283 defines the purpose of zoning ordinances. According to that statute,
“Zoning ordinances shall be for the general purpose of promoting the health, safety or general
- 10 - welfare of the public and of further accomplishing the objectives of § 15.2-2200.” Code
§ 15.2-2283. Code § 15.2-2283 also lists 12 different considerations that a zoning body should
“give reasonable consideration” to when creating a zoning ordinance—as long as those
considerations are “applicable” to the matter in question. Code § 15.2-2283. Among other
things, the zoning body at issue in this case was to consider creating an ordinance that did the
following:
reduce or prevent congestion in the public streets; . . . facilitate the provision of adequate . . . schools; . . . protect against . . . undue density of population in relation to the community facilities existing or available; . . . encourage economic development activities that . . . enlarge the tax base; . . . provide for the preservation of . . . lands of significance for the protection of the natural environment; [and] . . . promote the creation and preservation of affordable housing.
Id. Although a zoning authority must consider the factors in Code § 15.2-2283, “[t]he weighing
of the relevant factors is a legislative function.” Bd. of Supervisors v. Miller & Smith, Inc., 242
Va. 382, 384 (1991). In addition, Code § 15.2-2284 states, “Zoning ordinances and districts
shall be drawn and applied” by zoning authorities “with reasonable consideration for the existing
use and character of property” as well as for “the comprehensive plan.” Code § 15.2-2284.
Here, in the case now before us, reasonable persons reached different conclusions. For
example, the Hanover County Planning Commission, several members of the public, and three
Board members supported the request. Of the four Board members who voted against the request,
two echoed citizen concerns that the development’s net unit density exceeded the maximum
allowed for multi-family residential districts under the comprehensive plan. “It is not only proper
but even expected that a legislat[ive body] and its members will consider the views of their
constituents to be particularly compelling forms of evidence, in zoning as in all other legislative
matters.” Loch Levan Land Ltd. P’ship v. Bd. of Supervisors, 297 Va. 674, 692 (2019) (alteration in
original) (quoting AT&T Wireless PCS v. City Council of Va. Beach, 155 F.3d 423, 430-31 (4th Cir. - 11 - 1998)). Indeed, the fact that the Board members and the citizens could provide reasonable
arguments both supporting and opposing Applicant’s rezoning request reveals that the Board’s
decision to ultimately deny that request was “fairly debatable.” Thus, according to Supreme Court
caselaw, Applicant has not overcome the Board’s presumption of correctness and the Board’s
decision “must be sustained.” Norton, 268 Va. at 409 (quoting Snell Constr. Corp., 214 Va. at 659).
Applicant argues that noncompliance with the comprehensive plan alone could not have
justified the Board’s decision. However, the Board considered factors other than the comprehensive
plan before it denied Applicant’s rezoning request. The Board considered the moderate impact that
granting Applicant’s rezoning request would have on local traffic. Code § 15.2-2283(ii). The
Board also heard testimony on the taxes and available housing that the development was
expected to generate and create as well as whether the development would have any impact on
local schools. Code § 15.2-2283(iv), (vii), (x). In addition, the Board was able to consider that
rejecting Applicant’s proposal would protect land near the Chesapeake Bay Restoration Area
Project and thus preserve “lands of significance for the protection of the natural environment.”
Code § 15.2-2283(viii). Having the right and responsibility to weigh these relevant factors, the
Board found that the proposal’s noncompliance (including by violating the acceptable net unit
density) with the comprehensive plan—which had recently been debated and adopted by the
Board—outweighed considerations in the proposal’s favor. Thus, as the legislative record
reveals that the Board weighed multiple factors before making its decision, its choice to deny
Applicant’s rezoning request is “fairly debatable.” As noted supra, this Court therefore should
not disturb the Board’s decision. See, e.g., Byrne, 298 Va. at 701-02.
Applicant also argues that the circuit court had to consider the reasonableness of the
Board’s decision in light of its proffers. Riverview Farm Assocs. Va. Gen. P’ship v. Bd. of
Supervisors, 259 Va. 419, 428 (2000) (stating that a circuit court had to consider a party’s
- 12 - proffers when deciding whether the party’s proposed use complied with the comprehensive plan
at issue in that case). However, Applicant has not shown that the Board or the circuit court
ignored or did not consider its proffers—or shown that the Board’s decision was arbitrary or
capricious in light of the proffers. Moreover, Applicant’s proffers did not address the proposal’s
failure to comply with the acceptable net unit density. For example, Applicant did not proffer to
reduce the planned number of housing units in the development so as to reduce net unit density.
Instead, Applicant proffered to address future transportation needs. Applicant has thus not
presented evidence showing that the circuit court failed to consider the Board’s decision in light
of Applicant’s proffers.
In addition, Applicant asserts that the Board’s action was discriminatory. “In order to allege
a valid claim for impermissible discrimination, the contesting party must show that the requested
use granted to one landowner was rejected as to ‘another similarly situated.’” EMAC, L.L.C., 291
Va. at 22 (quoting Bd. of Supervisors v. McDonald’s Corp., 261 Va. 583, 591 (2001)).4 Applicant
vaguely alleged in its complaint that the “Hanover County planning staff historically” used gross
unit density to calculate unit density. However, Applicant did not allege anywhere in its complaint
that the Board of Supervisors had approved rezoning requests made by other entities based on gross
unit density where Section 26-74 of the Hanover County zoning ordinance was relevant because
part of the proposed project was in a Chesapeake Bay Resource Protection Area. Applicant
presented only a legal conclusion alleging discrimination without necessary supporting facts, so the
circuit court did not err in refusing the relief Applicant sought.
In short, because Applicant could not show that the Board’s decision to deny Applicant’s
rezoning request was arbitrary, capricious, or discriminatory, because the Board’s decision to
4 Although we “accept as true all facts properly pleaded and all reasonable inferences,” a demurrer “does not admit the correctness of the pleader’s legal conclusions.” Ramos v. Wells Fargo Bank, NA, 289 Va. 321, 322-23 (2015). - 13 - deny was at least fairly debatable, and because of the reasoning in the Supreme Court’s decision
in 2020 in Byrne v. City of Alexandria in which the Supreme Court affirmed the circuit court’s
sustaining of the City Council’s demurrer, we also hold that the circuit court did not err in this
case in sustaining the demurrer of the Hanover County Board of Supervisors.
III. CONCLUSION
For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment granting the
motion craving oyer of the Hanover County Board of Supervisors and sustaining the Board’s
demurrer to 7147 Mechanicsville Turnpike, L.L.C.’s complaint.
Affirmed.
- 14 -