3g Licensing, S.A. v. Honeywell International Inc.

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• Decided: July 31, 2024
• Docket: 23-1137
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 1 Filed: 07/31/2024

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

3G LICENSING, S.A., Appellant

v.

HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC., SIERRA WIRELESS, ULC, TELIT CINTERION DEUTSCHLAND GMBH, F/D/B/A THALES DIS AIS DEUTSCHLAND GMBH, Appellees ______________________

2023-1137 ______________________

Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2021- 00584. ______________________

Decided: July 31, 2024 ______________________

ANDREW PETER DEMARCO, Devlin Law Firm LLC, Wil- mington, DE, argued for appellant. Also represented by NEIL A. BENCHELL, TIMOTHY DEVLIN.

KOURTNEY MUELLER MERRILL, Perkins Coie LLP, Den- ver, CO, argued for all appellees. Appellee Sierra Wireless, ULC also represented by AMANDA TESSAR; TARA LAUREN Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 2 Filed: 07/31/2024

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KURTIS, Chicago, IL.

JEFFREY R. GARGANO, K&L Gates LLP, Chicago, IL, for appellee Honeywell International Inc. Also represented by BRIAN PAUL BOZZO, Pittsburgh, PA; ERIK HALVERSON, San Francisco, CA.

GUY YONAY, Pearl Cohen Zedek Latzer Baratz LLP, New York, NY, for appellee Telit Cinterion Deutschland GmbH. Also represented by KYLE AUTERI, I. ______________________

Before LOURIE, STOLL, and STARK, Circuit Judges. LOURIE, Circuit Judge. 3G Licensing, S.A. (“3G Licensing”) appeals from a fi- nal written decision of the United States Patent and Trade- mark Office Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“the Board”) finding claims 16–19, 21, 22, 39, 40, and 42 of U.S. Patent 7,551,625 (the “’625 patent”) unpatentable as anticipated or obvious. Cradlepoint, Inc. v. 3G Licensing S.A., IPR2021-00584, 2022 WL 4137702 (P.T.A.B. Sep. 12, 2022) (“Decision”). For the reasons provided below, we affirm. BACKGROUND The ’625 patent relates to improvements in allocating network resources in cellular networks. The patent teaches a method where a cell tower provides user equip- ment (“UE,” e.g., cellular phone) with a “scheduling assign- ment” (also known as a “scheduling grant” or “grant”), which is generally “downlink” (meaning it goes from a cell tower or base station to user equipment). See ’625 patent, col. 1 ll. 45–46. There are two relevant scheduling assign- ments: relative grants and absolute grants. Appellant’s Br. at 7 (citing J.A. 3230, ¶ 40). A relative grant tells user equipment to increase, decrease, or maintain its usage of network resources relative to a previous grant. Id. An ab- solute grant tells user equipment the maximum amount of Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 3 Filed: 07/31/2024

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network resources the user equipment can use, regardless of any previous grant. Id. To help regulate the amount of network resources used by the user equipment via the up- link channels, the ’625 patent teaches the use of a dedi- cated downlink channel: the Enhanced Absolute Grant Channel (“E-AGCH”). The E-AGCH serves as a channel dedicated to telling the user equipment how much of the network’s resources the user equipment may use by provid- ing user equipment multiple identifiers so that it can issue scheduling assignments more efficiently. ’625 patent, col. 3 ll. 14–29, col. 4 ll. 4–7. Representative claim 16 reads as follows: 16. A method of scheduling an uplink packet trans- mission channel for user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving a scheduling assignment in an Enhanced Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH), wherein the scheduling assignment comprises an identifier for a plurality of UE; acquiring the contents of the scheduling assign- ment; and, transmitting an uplink data packet on an En- hanced Uplink Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) ac- cording to the contents of the scheduling assignment. ’625 patent, col. 7 ll. 40–48 (emphasis added). Honeywell International, Inc., Sierra Wireless, Inc., TCL Communication Technology Holdings Limited, TCT Mobile International Limited, TCT Mobile, Inc., TCT Mo- bile (US) Inc., TCT Mobile (US) Holdings, Inc., and Thales DIS AIS Deutschland GmbH 1 (collectively, “Honeywell”)

1 Petitioners also included Cradlepoint, Inc. but they are not a party to the appeal. Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 4 Filed: 07/31/2024

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petitioned for inter partes review (“IPR”) of the ’625 patent, asserting anticipation or obviousness based on three Third Generation Partnership Project documents (“3GPP Refer- ences”) 2 and optionally Chen. 3 The 3GPP References are documents publishing the results of several working group meetings by the cellular standard-setting organization 3GPP in 2004 and early 2005. Appellant’s Br. at 13–15; Appellee’s Br. at 1. Specifically, the three 3GPP References were uploaded and publicly accessible no later than No- vember 21, 2004, December 3, 2004, and January 7, 2005, respectively. Decision at *3 nn.5–7, *6, *12–13. 3G Licensing responded that the 3GPP References did not qualify as prior art because they post-dated the priority date of the ’625 patent. The ’625 patent was filed on March 31, 2005, but claims priority from a foreign patent applica- tion (the “Korean Application”) that was filed on April 2, 2004. But Honeywell argued that the ’625 patent was not entitled to the April 2, 2004 filing date of the Korean Ap- plication because that application did not provide sufficient support for the challenged claims, as it failed to disclose an E-AGCH. 3G Licensing then argued that the ’625 patent is entitled to its earlier priority date because the Korean Application teaches the use of a grant channel sharing the properties of the E-AGCH, even if does not call the channel by that specific name. J.A. 260. A central element of the parties’ dispute regarding pri- ority was the proper claim construction of E-AGCH. In its Preliminary Patent Owner Response, 3G Licensing first ar- gued that E-AGCH should be construed as “a single com- mon grant channel capable of assigning multiple identifiers to a single UE that transmits scheduling grants to a single user equipment, groups of user equipment, or

2 See Decision at *3, *3 nn.5–7 for the precise grounds and references. 3 U.S. Patent 7,155,236. Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 5 Filed: 07/31/2024

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all user equipment on the channel.” Decision at *4. Hon- eywell argued that E-AGCH was a term of art that required no construction beyond its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. According to Honeywell, “3GPP first coined the term ‘En- hanced Absolute Grant Channel’ or ‘E-AGCH’ in late 2004, defining and standardizing that term in the process.” Ap- pellee’s Br. at 1. In its Institution Decision, the Board pre- liminarily determined that “the E-AGCH disclosed in the ’625 patent ha[s] ‘the same definition as disclosed in the 3GPP standard documents,’ and [thus] that it requires an absolute grant.” Decision at *5 (quoting J.A. 366). Following institution, 3G Licensing revised its pro- posed construction of E-AGCH to “a single common grant channel that transmits scheduling grants to a single user equipment, groups of user equipment, or all user equip- ment on the channel, said channel supporting a single UE being assigned multiple identifiers.” Id. (quoting J.A. 483) (emphasis omitted). In response to the Board’s findings at institution, 3G Licensing argued that E-AGCH, regardless whether or not it was a term of art, did not have a single accepted meaning at the time of invention and that the pa- tentee had acted as its own lexicographer, defining it dif- ferently than in the 3GPP References. Id. at *5, *7. 3G Licensing pointed to the following portion of the specifica- tion in support: An Enhanced Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH) is a downlink channel used by a base station (Node B) to send a scheduling command to an user equip- ment (UE). In other words, Node B transmits a command as to how much transmission power or a level of data rate transmission an UE is permitted to transmit. This is also known as an uplink sched- uling assignment or scheduling assignment. Id. at *7 (quoting J.A. 481–82 (quoting ’625 patent, col. 3 ll. 14–20)). 3G Licensing claimed that that disclosure was definitional and showed that E-AGCH was not limited to Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 6 Filed: 07/31/2024

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absolute grants. Id. at *7. Further, 3G Licensing argued in its Sur-Reply that the E-AGCH used in the ’625 patent must differ from that used in the 3GPP References at least because it supports issuing scheduling assignments to three identities (an individual user equipment, a group of user equipments, or all user equipments on the channel), whereas the 3GPP E-AGCH allegedly supports issuing scheduling assignments to only two identities (a “group identity” and an “individual identity”). Id. at *8 (citing J.A. 482); see ’625 patent, col. 3 ll. 42–44. 3G Licensing further argued that, even if E-AGCH was construed to require an absolute grant consistent with the 3GPP References, the ’625 patent was still entitled to the earlier priority date because the Korean Application dis- closed the “superset” of grants, which a person of ordinary skill in the art would have understood to encompass both absolute and relative grants. Id. at *9. In support, 3G Li- censing put forth expert testimony, including testimony that a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been “aware of the influence of DOCSIS protocols,” which use “grant” without qualifying it as “absolute” or “relative.” Id. at *10 (quoting J.A. 3318–19, ¶¶ 24–26). In its Sur-Reply, 3G Licensing further argued that the “scheduling assign- ments” referred to in the Korean Application “are a syno- nym for ‘scheduling grants’” and “the only kind of assignment or grant known at the time of the Korean Ap- plication to persons of ordinary skill were absolute grants.” Id. at *12 (quoting J.A. 633) (emphasis omitted). Honey- well argued that the Korean Application makes “only pass- ing reference to generic ‘downlink channels to be used for transmitting scheduling commands’ in its discussion of the ‘conventional technology in the field,’” but it “lacks any dis- closure of the claimed ‘E-AGCH’” “nor even a functional equivalent thereof.” Id. at *10 (quoting J.A. 136–38). In its Final Written Decision, the Board maintained its preliminary construction for E-AGCH, finding that “one of skill in the art would have understood that the patentee Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 7 Filed: 07/31/2024

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used that term in the ’625 patent in accordance with the 3GPP’s definition.” Id. at *6. It rejected 3G Licensing’s contention that the E-AGCH did not require an absolute grant, concluding that doing so would “ascribe no meaning to the word ‘Absolute’ in ‘Enhanced Absolute Grant Chan- nel.’” Id. at *9. The Board noted that 3G Licensing did not present any evidence to support its contention that there was not a “single accepted meaning,” such as another “ac- cepted meaning” for E-AGCH from the appropriate time period that differed from that in the 3GPP References. Id. at *6. The Board also, just as at institution, found that there was no evidence of lexicography or disavowal from the patentee. Id. at *7. In particular, the Board found that the alleged definition in the ’625 patent relied on by 3G Li- censing was “substantially similar” to how the 3GPP used the term. Id. at *8 (comparing J.A. 1168 to the ’625 patent, col. 3 ll. 42–44). The Board thus found that nothing in the intrinsic record was a “clear expression of an intent to de- part from the meaning of this term as it would have been understood by a [person of ordinary skill in the art].” Id. The Board did not address 3G Licensing’s argument that the 3GPP References do not disclose the claimed E-AGCH because the claimed E-AGCH requires the use of three identifiers, while the E-AGCH disclosed in the 3GPP Ref- erences does not, finding that the argument “was not orig- inally set forth in Patent Owner’s Response and [was] therefore untimely.” Id. at *14. However, it rejected the premise of 3G Licensing’s argument, holding that the ’625 patent’s E-AGCH did not require sending scheduling as- signments to three identifiers. Id. at *8. The Board also disagreed with 3G Licensing’s argu- ment that, even if E-AGCH was construed consistently with the 3GPP References, the ’625 patent was neverthe- less entitled to the filing date of the Korean Application. Specifically, the Board found: Even assuming, arguendo, that [3G Licensing] had sufficiently shown an equivalence between the Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 8 Filed: 07/31/2024

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scheduling assignments and scheduling commands that are set forth [in] the Korean Application and the argued scheduling grants, [3G Licensing] does not point to any authority that would support the proposition that disclosing the broader, more ge- neric concept of a channel that transmits a sched- uling command or scheduling assignment in the Korean Application . . . is sufficient to provide writ- ten description support for the narrower, more spe- cific [] channel that transmits an absolute grant. Decision at *11. The Board also rejected 3G Licensing’s re- liance on DOCSIS to show that the Korean Application in- herently discloses both absolute and relative grants. Id. It concluded that DOCSIS, a cable standard, would not pro- vide insight into what a person of ordinary skill in the art would have understood about the “rapidly evolving state of wireless cellular communications.” Id. The Board also found 3G Licensing’s argument that the Korean Applica- tion’s disclosure of “scheduling assignments” included ab- solute grants because those were the only types of known grants at that time to be untimely, unsupported, and at odds with portions of its expert’s testimony. Id. at *12. The Board therefore found that the ’625 patent was not entitled to the filing date of the Korean Application, and the 3GPP References thus qualified as prior art. It then held all challenged claims to be unpatentable based on the 3GPP References. It did not reach the grounds relying on Chen. Id. at *19–20. 3G Licensing appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(4)(A). DISCUSSION 3G Licensing makes largely the same claim construc- tion and priority arguments on appeal as it did before the Board. In addition, it argues that (1) the Board erred in first relying on extrinsic evidence for the construction of Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 9 Filed: 07/31/2024

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E-AGCH and then looking to see if the patentee had dis- claimed such meaning, and (2) the Board erred in not con- sidering its arguments regarding the extrinsic evidence because it found them untimely. We first address the con- struction of E-AGCH, and then whether the Korean Appli- cation discloses that limitation such that the ’625 patent is entitled to its earlier priority date. I. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION We review de novo the Board’s construction of a claim term and any supporting determinations made based on the intrinsic record. Personalized Media Commc’ns, LLC v. Apple Inc., 952 F.3d 1336, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2020). Any factual findings the Board made regarding extrinsic evi- dence are reviewed for substantial evidence. Id. We agree with the Board that E-AGCH requires an ab- solute grant. Looking first to the claim term itself, it clearly uses the phrase “absolute grant.” ’625 patent, col. 7 ll. 42–43 (claiming, in part, “an Enhanced Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH)” (emphasis added)). As the Board found, not requiring an absolute grant would “ascribe no meaning to the word ‘Absolute’ in ‘Enhanced Absolute Grant Channel.’” Decision at *9. That understanding is further supported by the specification. It explains that the E-AGCH is used to “transmit[] a command as to how much transmission power or a level of data rate transmission an UE is permitted to transmit.” ’625 patent, col. 3 ll. 17–19. That is consistent with transmitting an absolute grant, which is the maximum amount of network resources the user equipment can use, rather than a relative value. See Appellant’s Br. at 7 (citing J.A. 3230, ¶ 41); J.A. 1167. Moreover, the specification also discloses an “Enhance[d] Relative Grant Access Channel,” or “E-RGCH,” that it ex- plicitly distinguishes from the E-AGCH. ’625 patent, col. 4 ll. 24–25 (emphasis added). Those statements all support the conclusion that E-AGCH requires an absolute grant. Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 10 Filed: 07/31/2024

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The extrinsic evidence, the Board’s interpretation of which we review for substantial evidence, confirms that E-AGCH requires an absolute grant. For example, one 3GPP Reference explains that the “E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel (E-AGCH) is a fixed rate (30 kbps, SF=256) down- link physical channel carrying the uplink E-DCH absolute grant.” J.A. 1219. The 3GPP References likewise explain what an absolute grant, relative grant, and E-RGCH are, providing further information regarding the meaning of E-AGCH. J.A. 1158, 1167–68. Those statements in the 3GPP References are entirely consistent with the ’625 pa- tent specification and demonstrate how a person of ordi- nary skill in the art would have understood E-AGCH at the relevant time. Although 3G Licensing attempts to separate its use of E-AGCH in the ’625 patent from that in the 3GPP Refer- ences, it provides no persuasive reason not to consider the 3GPP References’ use of the term. Courts, as well as the Board, frequently rely on extrinsic evidence for insight on the meaning of terms. As we have explained: In many cases that give rise to litigation, . . . deter- mining the ordinary and customary meaning of the claim requires examination of terms that have a particular meaning in a field of art. Because the meaning of a claim term as understood by persons of skill in the art is often not immediately appar- ent, and because patentees frequently use terms idiosyncratically, the court looks to “those sources available to the public that show what a person of skill in the art would have understood disputed claim language to mean.” Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc) (quoting Innova/Pure Water, Inc. v. Safari Water Filtration Sys., Inc., 381 F.3d 1111, 1116 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). Those sources include not only intrinsic evidence, but “ex- trinsic evidence concerning relevant scientific principles, Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 11 Filed: 07/31/2024

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the meaning of technical terms, and the state of the art.” Id. (quoting Innova, 381 F.3d at 1116). Extrinsic evidence may be “less reliable” than the intrinsic evidence, but it still “may be useful” and “can help educate the court re- garding the field of the invention and can help the court determine what a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand claim terms to mean.” Id. at *1318–19. As even 3G Licensing concedes, see Reply Br. at 6, extrinsic evidence showing that a phrase or word is a term of art, with a commonly understood meaning in the industry, may even be a starting point, provided that the claim construc- tion process remains “centered” on, and consistent with, the intrinsic evidence. Old Town Canoe Co. v. Confluence Holdings Corp., 448 F.3d 1309, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“The district court’s reference to the dictionary was not an im- proper attempt to find meaning in the abstract divorced from the context of the intrinsic record but properly was a starting point in its analysis, which was centered around the intrinsic record consistent with Phillips”)). As the Board found, 3G Licensing put forth no evidence of another accepted meaning of E-AGCH, such as from other industry documents or patents. See Decision at *6. We also agree with the Board that there was no clear intent by the patentee to redefine E-AGCH or otherwise disclaim another meaning. “When a patentee acts as his own lexicographer in redefining the meaning of particular claim terms away from their ordinary meaning, he must clearly express that intent in the written description.” Merck & Co. v. Teva Pharms. USA, Inc., 395 F.3d 1364, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2005). “[T]he statement in the specification must have sufficient clarity to put one reasonably skilled in the art on notice that the inventor intended to redefine the claim term.” Id. The statement that 3G Licensing points to at column 3, lines 14–16 of the ’625 patent is simply a general explanation of certain aspects of E-AGCH, not a clear attempt to broaden its commonly understood meaning. That disclosure makes no mention of the Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 12 Filed: 07/31/2024

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inclusion of relative grants or any other grant type that would lead a person of ordinary skill in the art to believe E-AGCH does not require an absolute grant. 3G Licensing argues that the Board’s decision should be vacated and remanded at least because the Board failed to consider its argument that 3GPP References do not dis- close the claimed E-AGCH because E-AGCH as used in the ’625 patent requires issuing scheduling assignments to three identities (an individual user equipment, a group of user equipments, or all user equipments on the channel), whereas the 3GPP References’ E-AGCH does not. See De- cision at *14; Appellant’s Br. at 37–39. The Board did not consider that argument because it found it “untimely” as being put forth for the first time in 3G Licensing’s Sur-Re- ply, rather than in its Patent Owner Response. Id. at *14. It further found that, regardless, the ’625 patent’s E-AGCH did not require the use of three identities. Id. at *7–8. 3G Licensing argues that it properly submitted the argu- ments and evidence pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 42.23(b) be- cause it was directly responsive to arguments raised by Honeywell for the first time in its Reply and did not contain any new evidence. Appellant’s Br. at 4. We review the Board’s decision to exclude or not con- sider evidence and argument for failure to comply with its rules for abuse of discretion. ParkerVision, Inc. v. Vidal, 88 F.4th 969, 978–79 (Fed. Cir. 2023). Here, 3G Licensing does not contest that it did not raise the three-identities argument in its Patent Owner Response. Nor cannot it plausibly claim that it was not previously on notice that Honeywell—and the Board—were relying on the 3GPP References as support for its construction of E-AGCH. In- deed, the Board in its Institution Decision said that the “E- AGCH disclosed in the ’625 patent ha[s] ‘the same defini- tion as disclosed in the 3GPP standard documents.’” Deci- sion at *5 (quoting J.A. 366). 3G Licensing has not provided a persuasive reason it could not have made its three-identities argument sooner. The Board therefore did Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 13 Filed: 07/31/2024

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not abuse its discretion in declining to consider that be- lated argument. We further agree with the Board’s alternative holding that, regardless, the E-AGCH claimed in the ’625 patent does not require sending scheduling assignments to three identifies. The language in the specification that 3G Li- censing points to is permissive, not mandatory. See Per- sonalized Media, 952 F.3d at 1343 (explaining that the descriptions in the specification “fall short of limiting” and “are not definitional” because “they are merely illustrations that use open-ended, permissive phrases”). For example, that language explains that “[i]n E-AGCH, scheduling as- signment(s) can be transmitted from Node B via shared channel(s) to an UE, group(s) of Ues, or all the Ues.” ’625 patent, col 3, ll. 42–44 (emphasis added). As the Board found, nothing in that statement expresses a clear intent to define the term to require sending scheduling assign- ments to three identities. Decision at *8. We are likewise unpersuaded by 3G Licensing’s addi- tional argument that the use of “an” in the claims, ’625 pa- tent, col. 7 l. 42, shows that the E-AGCH is limited to a single channel. We have “repeatedly emphasized that an indefinite article ‘a’ or ‘an’ in patent parlance carries the meaning of ‘one or more’ in open-ended claims containing the transitional phrase ‘comprising.’” KCJ Corp. v. Kinetic Concepts, Inc., 223 F.3d 1351, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2000). We therefore find that, although E-AGCH may be a single channel, there is nothing in the claims or specification that limits it to such. See Decision at *9. II. PRIORITY DATE 3G Licensing argues that, even under the Board’s con- struction of E-AGCH, the Board erred in not finding the ’625 patent entitled to its earliest priority date, i.e., the fil- ing date of the Korean Application. “Priority of invention is a question of law to be determined based upon underly- ing factual determinations.” Innovative Scuba Concepts, Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 14 Filed: 07/31/2024

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Inc. v. Feder Indus., Inc., 26 F.3d 1112, 1115 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (citing Price v. Symsek, 988 F.2d 1187, 1190 (Fed. Cir. 1993)). “Whether an earlier-filed application possesses sufficient written description to qualify it as a priority doc- ument or is instead invalidating prior art is a fact-finding we review for substantial evidence.” Hologic, Inc. v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., 884 F.3d 1357, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (cit- ing 35 U.S.C. §§ 112, 120; Yeda Rsch. & Dev. Co. v. Abbott GmbH & Co. KG, 837 F.3d 1341, 1344–45 (Fed. Cir. 2016)). The Korean Application nowhere explicitly discloses an E-AGCH, a channel having the properties of the claimed E- AGCH, or even an absolute grant. 3G Licensing’s best ar- gument is that the Korean Application discloses the gen- eral concept of a channel transmitting scheduling commands through its use of scheduling assignments and/or scheduling commands. See generally J.A. 1377–92. However, there is no record evidence that a person of ordi- nary skill in the art would have understood that disclosure to be referring to, including, or inherently disclosing abso- lute grants. See Decision at *11. 3G Licensing’s only evi- dence that “grant” may include both absolute and relative grants is unsupported expert testimony, or expert testi- mony concerning a cable, not wireless, system. Id. The Board was entitled to give little weight to that testimony, and it is not appropriate for us to reweigh it. See B/E Aer- ospace, Inc. v. C&D Zodiac, Inc, 962 F.3d 1373, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (“We do not reweigh evidence on appeal.”). We therefore find the Board’s conclusion that the Ko- rean Application did not disclose the claimed E-AGCH to have been supported by substantial evidence. For that rea- son, the ’625 patent is not entitled to the filing date of that application and the 3GPP References qualify as prior art. 3G Licensing does not otherwise challenge the Board’s findings of obviousness and anticipation based on the 3GPP References, so we therefore affirm. Case: 23-1137 Document: 93 Page: 15 Filed: 07/31/2024

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CONCLUSION We have considered 3G Licensing’s remaining argu- ments but find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing rea- sons, the decision of the Board is affirmed. AFFIRMED