Montana § 25-40-118 Limits Of Privilege

Montana Statutes

§ 25-40-118 — Limits Of Privilege

Montana § 25-40-118

Title 25CIVIL PROCEDURE

Ch. 40ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION

Part 1Uniform Collaborative Law Act

This text of Montana § 25-40-118 (Limits Of Privilege) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Montana primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook

Mont. Code Ann. § 25-40-118 (2026).

Text

25-40-118 . Limits of privilege.

(1)There is no privilege under 25-40-116 for a collaborative law communication that is:

(a)available to the public or made during a session of a collaborative law process that is open or is required by law to be open to the public;

(b)a threat or statement of a plan to inflict bodily injury or commit a crime of violence;

(c)intentionally used to plan a crime, commit or attempt to commit a crime, or conceal an ongoing crime or ongoing criminal activity; or

(d)in an agreement resulting from the collaborative law process, evidenced by a record signed by all parties to the agreement.

(2)The privileges under 25-40-116 for a collaborative law communication do not apply to the extent that a communication is:

(a)sought or offered to prove or disprove a claim

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25-40-118 . Limits of privilege. (1) There is no privilege under 25-40-116 for a collaborative law communication that is:
(a) available to the public or made during a session of a collaborative law process that is open or is required by law to be open to the public;
(b) a threat or statement of a plan to inflict bodily injury or commit a crime of violence;
(c) intentionally used to plan a crime, commit or attempt to commit a crime, or conceal an ongoing crime or ongoing criminal activity; or
(d) in an agreement resulting from the collaborative law process, evidenced by a record signed by all parties to the agreement.
(2) The privileges under 25-40-116 for a collaborative law communication do not apply to the extent that a communication is:
(a) sought or offered to prove or disprove a claim or complaint of professional misconduct or malpractice arising from or related to a collaborative law process; or
(b) sought or offered to prove or disprove abuse, neglect, abandonment, or exploitation of a child or adult unless the department of public health and human services is a party to or otherwise participates in the process.
(3) There is no privilege under 25-40-116 if a tribunal finds, after a hearing in camera, that the party seeking discovery or the proponent of the evidence has shown the evidence is not otherwise available, the need for the evidence substantially outweighs the interest of protecting confidentiality, and the collaborative law communication is sought or offered in:
(a) a court proceeding involving a felony or misdemeanor; or
(b) a proceeding seeking rescission or reformation of a contract arising out of the collaborative law process or in which a defense to avoid liability on the contract is asserted.
(4) If a collaborative law communication is subject to an exception under subsection (2) or (3), only the part of the communication necessary for the application of the exception may be disclosed or admitted.
(5) Disclosure or admission of evidence excepted from the privilege under subsection (2) or (3) does not make the evidence or any other collaborative law communication discoverable or admissible for any other purpose.
(6) The privileges under 25-40-116 do not apply if the parties agree in advance in a signed record, or if a record of a proceeding reflects agreement by the parties, that all or part of a collaborative law process is not privileged. This subsection does not apply to a collaborative law communication made by a person that did not receive actual notice of the agreement before the communication was made.