A. A credit is allowed against the taxes imposed by this title in an amount determined pursuant to section 41 of the internal revenue code, except that:
1. The amount of the credit is based on the excess, if any, of the qualified research expenses for the taxable year over the base amount as defined in section 41(c) of the internal revenue code and is computed as follows:
(a) If the excess is $2,500,000 or less:
(i) For taxable years beginning before December 31, 2030, the credit is equal to twenty-four percent of that amount.
(ii) For taxable years beginning from and after December 31, 2030, the credit is equal to twenty percent of that amount.
(b) If the excess is over $2,500,000:
(i) For taxable years beginning before December 31, 2030, the credit is equal to $600,000 plus fifteen percent of any amount exceeding $2,500,000.
(ii) For taxable years beginning from and after December 31, 2030, the credit is equal to $500,000 plus eleven percent of any amount exceeding $2,500,000.
(c) For taxable years beginning from and after December 31, 2011, an additional credit amount is allowed if the taxpayer made basic research payments during the taxable year to a university under the jurisdiction of the Arizona board of regents. The additional credit amount is equal to ten percent of the excess, if any, of the basic research payments over the qualified organization base period amount for the taxable year. The department shall not allow credit amounts under this subdivision and section 43-1168, subsection A, paragraph 1, subdivision (d) that exceed, in the aggregate, a combined total of $10,000,000 in any calendar year. Subject to that limit, on application by the taxpayer, the department shall certify credit amounts under this subdivision and section 43-1168, subsection A, paragraph 1, subdivision (d) based on priority placement established by the date that the taxpayer filed the application. For taxable years beginning from and after December 31, 2014, any basic research payments used to determine the additional credit under this subdivision must first receive certification from the Arizona commerce authority pursuant to section 41-1507.01. The additional credit amount under this subdivision shall not exceed the amount allowed based on actual basic research payments or the department's certification, whichever is less. If an application, if certified in full, would exceed the $10,000,000 limit, the department shall certify only an amount within that limit. After the limit is attained, the department shall deny any subsequent applications regardless of whether other certified amounts are not actually claimed as a credit or other taxpayers fail to qualify to actually claim certified amounts. Notwithstanding subsections B and C of this section, any amount of the additional credit under this subdivision that exceeds the taxes otherwise due under this title is not refundable, but may be carried forward to the next five consecutive taxable years. For the purposes of this subdivision, "basic research payments" and "qualified organization base period amount" have the same meanings prescribed by section 41(e) of the internal revenue code without regard to whether the taxpayer is or is not a corporation.
2. Qualified research includes only research conducted in this state, including research conducted at a university in this state and paid for by the taxpayer.
3. If two or more taxpayers, including partners in a partnership and shareholders of an S corporation, as defined in section 1361 of the internal revenue code, share in the eligible expenses, each taxpayer is eligible to receive a proportionate share of the credit.
4. The credit under this section applies only to expenses incurred from and after December 31, 2000.
5. The termination provisions of section 41 of the internal revenue code do not apply.
B. Except as provided by subsection C of this section, if the allowable credit under this section exceeds the taxes otherwise due under this title on the claimant's income, or if there are no taxes due under this title, the amount of the credit that is claimed for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2022 and that is not used to offset taxes may be carried forward to the next fifteen consecutive taxable years and the amount of the credit that is claimed for taxable years beginning from and after December 31, 2021 and that is not used to offset taxes may be carried forward to the next ten consecutive taxable years. The amount of credit carryforward from taxable years beginning from and after December 31, 2002 that may be used in any taxable year may not exceed the taxpayer's tax liability under this title minus the credit under this section for the current taxable year's qualified research expenses. A taxpayer who carries forward any amount of credit under this subsection may not thereafter claim a refund of any amount of the credit under subsection C of this section.
C. For taxable years beginning from and after December 31, 2009, if a taxpayer who claims a credit under this section employs fewer than one hundred fifty persons in the taxpayer's trade or business and if the allowable credit under this section exceeds the taxes otherwise due under this title on the claimant's income, or if there are no taxes due under this title, in lieu of carrying the excess amount of credit forward to subsequent taxable years under subsection B of this section, the taxpayer may elect to receive a refund as follows:
1. The taxpayer must apply to the Arizona commerce authority for qualification for the refund pursuant to section 41-1507 and submit a copy of the authority's certificate of qualification to the department of revenue with the taxpayer's income tax return.
2. The amount of the refund is limited to seventy-five percent of the amount by which the allowable credit under this section exceeds the taxpayer's tax liability under this title for the taxable year. The remainder of the excess amount of the credit is waived.
3. The refund shall be paid in the manner prescribed by section 42-1118.
4. The refund is subject to setoff under section 42-1122.
5. If the department determines that a credit refunded pursuant to this subsection is incorrect or invalid, the excess credit issued may be treated as a tax deficiency pursuant to section 42-1108.