Siierwin, J. —
1 Witbin a very short time after tbe slanderous words were spoken, probably not more tban a balf bour, but in another place, tbe defendant assaulted tbe plaintiff. There was no error in addmitting this in evidence to show actual malice at tbe time tbe . words were spoken. There can be no .question that tbe previous ill feeling of tbe defendant towards the plaintiff may be shown to prove actual malice, and any act [389]*389clearly indicating ill will towards tbe plaintiff, which was committed so soon after the publication as to show that the feeling may have existed at the time, is competent on this question. The mere fact that the act may be satisfactorily explained can make no difference with the competency of the evidence. Odgers, Libel & Slander, 271; Newell, Defamation, Slander and Libel, 337; 2 Greenleaf, Evidence 379. Immediately after the words were uttered, the defendant left the presence of the plaintiff, and when he again entered his presence, and without any further altercation, he made the assault.
2 The court received evidence that persons other than those in whose presence the words were spoken had heard of them and of the charge made; and this without any evidence tending to show a repetition of the language by the defendant, or the circumstances under which it was repeated. This was prejudicial error under the holding in Prime v. Eastwood, 45 Iowa, 643. The only purpose of this evidence was to increase the plaintiff’s damages,’ and, if held competent, would mulct the defendant for the wrong of another. Odgers) Libel & Slander, 151.
3 The defendant pleaded that the words were spoken in the heat of passion and under great provocation. In the sixth paragraph of its charge the court told the jury -that it might consider the evidence on this subject in mitigation of damages if it found that the hearers understood that the words were so uttered. This was clearly wrong, for, if the jury found the words to have been spoken in the heat of passion and upon great provocation, it can make no difference whether the hearers so understood the matter or not. The circumstances under which they were spoken were to be considered on this question, and not the knowledge of those circumstances by others. The fifth paragraph of the charge is as favorable to the defendant as he can ask, and we see no [390]*390error in it. We think the evidence sufficient to sustain a vprdict against the defendant, and, as there is to be a retrial of the case, we do not discuss the question of- excessive damages.
For the errors pointed out, the judgment is reversed.
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