Zollicoffer v. Livingston

169 F. Supp. 3d 687, 2016 WL 1165776, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41542
CourtDistrict Court, S.D. Texas
DecidedMarch 14, 2016
DocketCIVIL ACTION NO. 4:14-CV-03037
StatusPublished
Cited by5 cases

This text of 169 F. Supp. 3d 687 (Zollicoffer v. Livingston) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering District Court, S.D. Texas primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Zollicoffer v. Livingston, 169 F. Supp. 3d 687, 2016 WL 1165776, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41542 (S.D. Tex. 2016).

Opinion

ORDER

THE HONORABLE ALFRED H. BENNETT, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Before the Court is Plaintiff Joshua D. Zolicoffer aka Passion Star’s Amended Complaint (Doc. # 35),' Defendant Brad Livingston’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. # 40), and Plaintiffs Response (Doc. # 54). Having considered the arguments and the applicable law, the Court defers ruling on Defendant’s Motion for the reasons set forth in this Order.

1. Background

A. Plaintiff’s Circumstances

Plaintiff is a transgender woman who has been in jail in Texas for over 12 years.1 Doc. #35 ¶ 1. During that time, she has been repeatedly raped, forced into non-consensual sexual relationships, and assaulted when she resisted demands. This has occurred in each of seven different prison units in which she was housed. She alleges that prison officials have ignored her pleas for protection. In this Section 1983 action, Plaintiff sues Defendant Brad Livingston, the Executive Director of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (“TDCJ”), alleging that he knows inmates regularly prey on gay and transgender prisoners but is deliberately indifferent to their plight.2

Taking Plaintiffs allegations as true, her Complaint recounts over a dozen different incidents of rape, assault, or forced sexual relationships by different inmates at the TDCJ. She identifies them by their initials in an attempt to avoid retaliation. Doc. # 35 ¶ 33 n.5. For example, around March 2007, Plaintiff was placed in a cell with an inmate named C.X., who threatened her with a knife, held her down,-and raped her. Id. at ¶ 36-37. When Plaintiff reported the rape to a guard, C.X. threw a fan at Plaintiff’s head. Id. A nurse treated Plain[690]*690tiff after the rape and noted “dried secretions to the anal area” and an abrasion on the top of her head. Id. at ¶ 38. After the incident, Plaintiff was placed in solitary confinement for two weeks. Id. at ¶ 39. On November 20, 2013, after Plaintiff reported threats against her to TDCJ officials, an inmate named J.T. slashed Plaintiff’s face with a razor and called her a “snitching faggot” while other members of J.T.’s gang looked on. Id. at ¶68. Plaintiff required 36 sutures to close the wounds, which left prominent raised scars on her face. Id. at ¶ 69-70.

Plaintiff reported these incidents and many others to officials at the TDCJ, but they did little. For example, after a cellmate named O.R. threatened to rape her and forced her to watch him masturbate, and another inmate named P.O.X. demanded that she perform sexual acts for him, Plaintiff reported the threats to TDCJ staff verbally and in writing and requested safekeeping. Id. at ¶40. In response, correctional officers called her a “faggot” and told her that “you can’t rape someone who’s gay.” Id. at ¶ 41.

The record is replete with similar requests and denials. See id. at 47 (five written requests to transfer Plaintiff to a safer dormitory between December 2012 and May 2013 denied); Id. at ¶ 49 (April 19, 2013 request for safekeeping denied, and TDCJ officials placed her at further risk of assault by calling her a “snitch” and “punk” in front of other inmates); Id. at ¶ 52 (May 20, 2013 request for safekeeping denied because “there was no evidence or witnesses presented to substantiate your claims.”); Id. at ¶ 54 (request for safekeeping denied on October 22, 2013 for insufficient evidence); Id. at ¶55 (October 17, 2013 letter to Hughes unit Senior Warden Kenneth Dean ignored); Id. at ¶ 57-58 (November 4, 2013 meeting with Unit Classification Committee (“UCC”) headed by Hughes Unit Major Ralph Marez Jr. resulted in denial of safekeeping request); Id. at ¶ 59-61 (November 6, 2013 written grievance appealing the UCC’s decision denied because “[y]ou did not meet the criteria to be placed in safekeeping”); Id. at ¶ 85 (request for Offender Protection Investigation (“OPI”) denied on or around December 11, 2013, and Plaintiff told to “suck dick, fight or quit doing gay shit and you’ll be okay but quit running me with OPI’s”).

B. Defendant’s Knowledge

Plaintiff alleges that Brad Livingston, Executive Director of the TDCJ, was aware of the particular vulnerability of gay and transgender prisoners to sexual abuse at TDCJ facilities, but did not take appropriate action to stop it.

Texas prisons have some of the highest levels of sexual abuse in the country. In 2007, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (“BJS”) surveyed 146 prisons and reported that five of the ten prisons with the highest levels of sexual abuse were in Texas. Doc. # 54 at 16.3 In 2008 and 2009, the BJS found that the TDCJ’s Hughes Unit reported the highest rate of inmate-on-inmate sexual assault in the country at 8.6%. Id.4 The second-highest was at the TDJC’s Allred Unit, at 7.6%. Id. Plaintiff was housed in both. From September 2012 to August 2013, the TDCJ’s Office of [691]*691the Inspector General documented 378 allegations of inmate abuse, including 14 incidents in Hughes, 18 in Robertson, and 24 in Clemens — three units where Plaintiff has been housed. Id.5

Transgender inmates in particular face a shockingly high rate of sexual abuse in prison. The BJS reported that 34.6% of transgender inmates reported being .the victim of sexual assault.6 That is nearly nine times the rate for all prisoners, which is 4.0%.7 The vulnerability of transgender prisoners to sexual abuse is no secret. For example, the National Institute of Corrections has stated that “research on sexual abuse in correctional facilities consistently documented that men and women with nonheterosexual orientations, transgender individuals, and people with inter-sex conditions were highly vulnerable to sexual abuse.”8

Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Livingston was aware of the particular vulnerability of gay and transgender prisoners to sexual abuse. In 2011, the Department of Justice’s Review Panel on Prison Rape called Defendant to account for the statistics concerning sexual assault at the TDCJ facilities. Id. at 17.9 The Panel observed that the TDCJ’s practice did not appear to conform to its policies for addressing sexual assault.10 The Panel also recommended greater protection for vulnerable prisoner populations, in particular Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (“LGBT”) inmates, noting that “at Allred, there seems to be considerable sentiment that when you’re gay, you can’t be raped.”11 The Panel suggested that prison administrators provide “consistent, uniform best practices, training, and education” regarding sexual assault.12

Defendant is also the Chair of the Standards Committee for the American Correctional Association (“ACA”). Doc. # 54 at 14-15. He personally participated in hearings on the Prison Rape Elimination Act (“PREA”), submitted comments, and provided documents that a PREA commission used in preparing its recommendations. Id. The PREA standards are incorporated in the TDJC’s policy. Id. at 16. Plaintiff alleges that among the TDCJ’s policies is a recommendation that an in[692]

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169 F. Supp. 3d 687, 2016 WL 1165776, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41542, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/zollicoffer-v-livingston-txsd-2016.