In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-22-00028-CR
ZIMBABWE RAYMOND JOHNSON, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law Bowie County, Texas Trial Court No. 21M0631-CCL
Before Morriss, C.J., Stevens and van Cleef, JJ. Opinion by Justice van Cleef OPINION
While driving in Bowie County, Zimbabwe Raymond Johnson collided with a Southwest
Electric Power Company (SWEPCO) utility pole and an antique truck. Johnson was charged
with the misdemeanor offenses of failing to perform his statutory duty on striking a structure,
fixture, or highway landscaping involving damages greater than or equal to $200.001 and failure
to perform his statutory duty when being involved in an accident involving more than $200.00 in
damages to a vehicle.2 The jury found Johnson guilty of attempted failure to perform his
statutory duty on striking a structure and attempted failure to perform his statutory duty when
being involved in an accident involving damage to a vehicle.3 The jury assessed a $200.00 fine
in each case. In addition to the fines, the trial court ordered restitution in the amount of $200.00
for damage to the pole and $10,000.00 for damage to the truck.
Here, Johnson appeals from his conviction for attempting to leave the scene of a collision
with a vehicle without providing required information.4 Johnson contends that (1) the loss
sustained to the vehicle was not a result of the offense for which he was convicted and (2) the
trial court erred by assessing a $200.00 concurrent fine.
We modify the judgment by deleting the award of $10,000.00 in restitution and affirm the
judgment, as modified, because the offense for which Johnson was convicted did not cause the
1 TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 550.025(b)(2). 2 TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 550.022(c)(2). 3 TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 542.303(a) (“A person who attempts to commit or conspires to commit an act declared by this subtitle to be an offense is guilty of the offense.”). 4 Johnson appeals from his conviction for attempted failure to perform his statutory duty on striking a structure in our cause number 06-22-00027-CR. 2 damage to the utility pole. We may not and do not delete from the judgment the lawfully
assessed fine.
The facts of the case were detailed in our opinion in cause number 06-22-00027-CR.
Here, we discuss only the facts pertinent to this appeal.
I. Johnson’s Offense Did Not Cause the Damage to the Truck
Johnson contends that the “loss sustained to the electric pole and vehicle were not results
of the offense [of which] [Johnson] was convicted.”5
Johnson was convicted of attempting to violate Section 550.22 of the Transportation
Code, which states:
(a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), the operator of a vehicle involved in an accident resulting only in damage to a vehicle that is driven or attended by a person shall:
(1) immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the accident or as close as possible to the scene of the accident without obstructing traffic more than is necessary;
(2) immediately return to the scene of the accident if the vehicle is not stopped at the scene of the accident; and
(3) remain at the scene of the accident until the operator complies with the requirements of Section 550.023.
TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 550.022(a)(1)–(3). Section 550.023 requires a person involved in a
vehicle collision to:
(1) give the operator’s name and address, the registration number of the vehicle the operator was driving, and the name of the operator’s motor vehicle 5 This argument receives expansive treatment in the portion of appellant’s brief concerning the pole, but instead of repeating that argument in the section of the brief concerning the truck, appellant merely states, “Due process places . . . limits on the restitution a trial court may order: . . . (2) the restitution ordered must be only for the offense for which the defendant is criminally responsible . . . .” 3 liability insurer to any person injured or the operator or occupant of or person attending a vehicle involved in the collision;
(2) if requested and available, show the operator’s driver’s license to a person described by Subdivision (1); and
(3) provide any person injured in the accident reasonable assistance, including transporting or making arrangements for transporting the person to a physician or hospital for medical treatment if it is apparent that treatment is necessary, or if the injured person requests the transportation.
TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 550.023. Essentially, Johnson was convicted of attempting to leave
the scene of the collision without fulfilling those statutory duties. The trial court awarded the
vehicle owner $10,000.00 in restitution.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has “consistently held that there must be a causal
connection between the criminal offense and the recipient of restitution.” Hanna v. State, 426
S.W.3d 87, 93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). This is consistent with the language of Article 42.037 of
the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, which vests discretion to order a defendant to make
restitution “to any victim of the offense.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.037(k) (Supp.).
“Society is benefitted by punishment, including restitution, that is directly related to the offenses
for which a defendant has been charged and convicted.” Cabla v. State, 6 S.W.3d 543, 545–46
(Tex. Crim. App. 1999). “The burden of demonstrating the amount of the loss sustained by a
victim as a result of the offense is on the prosecuting attorney.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
art. 42.037(k) (emphasis added).
In Bailey v. State, our sister court considered the question of whether an appellant’s
failure to stop and render assistance—a violation of Section 550.023 of the Texas Transportation
Code—supported a restitution award for personal injuries that were not shown to be a result of 4 the offense of conviction. Bailey v. State, 171 S.W.3d 639, 641 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2005, no pet.). Here, and in Bailey, the State argued that, since “involvement in an
accident” was an essential element of that offense, the appellant should be ordered to pay
restitution. The Bailey court rejected the argument, observing that, “[a]lthough ‘involvement in
an accident resulting in injury or death of a person’ is a prerequisite to the commission of the
offense in question, such involvement alone is not sufficient to constitute a criminal offense.” Id.
Ultimately, the court found an abuse of discretion because the restitution “was for losses that did
not result from the offense of which appellant was convicted.”6 Id. at 643.
The conclusion in Bailey stands in contrast to those in In re C.T., 43 S.W.3d 600 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.), and Lerma v. State, 758 S.W.2d 383, 384 (Tex. App.—
Austin 1988, no pet.) (per curiam). The In re C.T. court applied the reasoning of Lerma to order
restitution for property damage from a defendant who failed to stop and leave information after
being involved in a three-car accident. See In re C.T., 43 S.W.3d at 602–03. As did the court in
Bailey, this Court respectfully disagrees with the holdings of In re C.T.
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In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-22-00028-CR
ZIMBABWE RAYMOND JOHNSON, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Court at Law Bowie County, Texas Trial Court No. 21M0631-CCL
Before Morriss, C.J., Stevens and van Cleef, JJ. Opinion by Justice van Cleef OPINION
While driving in Bowie County, Zimbabwe Raymond Johnson collided with a Southwest
Electric Power Company (SWEPCO) utility pole and an antique truck. Johnson was charged
with the misdemeanor offenses of failing to perform his statutory duty on striking a structure,
fixture, or highway landscaping involving damages greater than or equal to $200.001 and failure
to perform his statutory duty when being involved in an accident involving more than $200.00 in
damages to a vehicle.2 The jury found Johnson guilty of attempted failure to perform his
statutory duty on striking a structure and attempted failure to perform his statutory duty when
being involved in an accident involving damage to a vehicle.3 The jury assessed a $200.00 fine
in each case. In addition to the fines, the trial court ordered restitution in the amount of $200.00
for damage to the pole and $10,000.00 for damage to the truck.
Here, Johnson appeals from his conviction for attempting to leave the scene of a collision
with a vehicle without providing required information.4 Johnson contends that (1) the loss
sustained to the vehicle was not a result of the offense for which he was convicted and (2) the
trial court erred by assessing a $200.00 concurrent fine.
We modify the judgment by deleting the award of $10,000.00 in restitution and affirm the
judgment, as modified, because the offense for which Johnson was convicted did not cause the
1 TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 550.025(b)(2). 2 TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 550.022(c)(2). 3 TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 542.303(a) (“A person who attempts to commit or conspires to commit an act declared by this subtitle to be an offense is guilty of the offense.”). 4 Johnson appeals from his conviction for attempted failure to perform his statutory duty on striking a structure in our cause number 06-22-00027-CR. 2 damage to the utility pole. We may not and do not delete from the judgment the lawfully
assessed fine.
The facts of the case were detailed in our opinion in cause number 06-22-00027-CR.
Here, we discuss only the facts pertinent to this appeal.
I. Johnson’s Offense Did Not Cause the Damage to the Truck
Johnson contends that the “loss sustained to the electric pole and vehicle were not results
of the offense [of which] [Johnson] was convicted.”5
Johnson was convicted of attempting to violate Section 550.22 of the Transportation
Code, which states:
(a) Except as provided by Subsection (b), the operator of a vehicle involved in an accident resulting only in damage to a vehicle that is driven or attended by a person shall:
(1) immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the accident or as close as possible to the scene of the accident without obstructing traffic more than is necessary;
(2) immediately return to the scene of the accident if the vehicle is not stopped at the scene of the accident; and
(3) remain at the scene of the accident until the operator complies with the requirements of Section 550.023.
TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 550.022(a)(1)–(3). Section 550.023 requires a person involved in a
vehicle collision to:
(1) give the operator’s name and address, the registration number of the vehicle the operator was driving, and the name of the operator’s motor vehicle 5 This argument receives expansive treatment in the portion of appellant’s brief concerning the pole, but instead of repeating that argument in the section of the brief concerning the truck, appellant merely states, “Due process places . . . limits on the restitution a trial court may order: . . . (2) the restitution ordered must be only for the offense for which the defendant is criminally responsible . . . .” 3 liability insurer to any person injured or the operator or occupant of or person attending a vehicle involved in the collision;
(2) if requested and available, show the operator’s driver’s license to a person described by Subdivision (1); and
(3) provide any person injured in the accident reasonable assistance, including transporting or making arrangements for transporting the person to a physician or hospital for medical treatment if it is apparent that treatment is necessary, or if the injured person requests the transportation.
TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 550.023. Essentially, Johnson was convicted of attempting to leave
the scene of the collision without fulfilling those statutory duties. The trial court awarded the
vehicle owner $10,000.00 in restitution.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has “consistently held that there must be a causal
connection between the criminal offense and the recipient of restitution.” Hanna v. State, 426
S.W.3d 87, 93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). This is consistent with the language of Article 42.037 of
the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, which vests discretion to order a defendant to make
restitution “to any victim of the offense.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.037(k) (Supp.).
“Society is benefitted by punishment, including restitution, that is directly related to the offenses
for which a defendant has been charged and convicted.” Cabla v. State, 6 S.W.3d 543, 545–46
(Tex. Crim. App. 1999). “The burden of demonstrating the amount of the loss sustained by a
victim as a result of the offense is on the prosecuting attorney.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
art. 42.037(k) (emphasis added).
In Bailey v. State, our sister court considered the question of whether an appellant’s
failure to stop and render assistance—a violation of Section 550.023 of the Texas Transportation
Code—supported a restitution award for personal injuries that were not shown to be a result of 4 the offense of conviction. Bailey v. State, 171 S.W.3d 639, 641 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2005, no pet.). Here, and in Bailey, the State argued that, since “involvement in an
accident” was an essential element of that offense, the appellant should be ordered to pay
restitution. The Bailey court rejected the argument, observing that, “[a]lthough ‘involvement in
an accident resulting in injury or death of a person’ is a prerequisite to the commission of the
offense in question, such involvement alone is not sufficient to constitute a criminal offense.” Id.
Ultimately, the court found an abuse of discretion because the restitution “was for losses that did
not result from the offense of which appellant was convicted.”6 Id. at 643.
The conclusion in Bailey stands in contrast to those in In re C.T., 43 S.W.3d 600 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.), and Lerma v. State, 758 S.W.2d 383, 384 (Tex. App.—
Austin 1988, no pet.) (per curiam). The In re C.T. court applied the reasoning of Lerma to order
restitution for property damage from a defendant who failed to stop and leave information after
being involved in a three-car accident. See In re C.T., 43 S.W.3d at 602–03. As did the court in
Bailey, this Court respectfully disagrees with the holdings of In re C.T. and Lerma to the extent
they stand for the proposition that a defendant convicted of an accident involving damage to a
vehicle may be ordered to pay restitution for any damage caused by the accident regardless of
whether the defendant’s offense of conviction caused the damage.
Here, as in Bailey, the State failed to show that Johnson’s offense, attempting to leave the
scene of the collision without fulfilling his statutory duties after having been involved in a
vehicle collision, caused the damage to the truck. We, therefore, conclude that the trial court
6 In Bailey, the State stipulated that the other driver’s injuries were separable from the appellant’s failure to stop and render assistance. Bailey, 171 S.W.3d at 642. 5 erred in awarding $10,000.00 in restitution for damage to the vehicle and sustain this point of
error.7
III. We May Not Delete the Concurrent Fines from the Judgment
Here, the jury assessed a $200.00 fine for each of Johnson’s two convictions.
Accordingly, the judgment in this case assessed a $200.00 fine and so too does the judgment for
attempted accident involving damage to a vehicle. The judgments note that the sentences
assessed are to be served concurrently, but the court did not specifically order the fines in each
case to run concurrently. In his final point of error, Johnson argues that this Court should delete
one of the two $200.00 fines because the fines are be served concurrently. The State agrees that
we should modify the judgment by deleting one of the fines.
The Texas Penal Code requires sentences for offenses arising out of the same criminal
episode that are prosecuted in a single criminal action to be served concurrently. TEX. PENAL
CODE. ANN. § 3.03(a) (Supp.). The concurrent sentence provision in Section 3.03 applies to the
entire sentence, including fines. See State v. Crook, 248 S.W.3d 172, 177 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008). Where multiple fines are assessed in a same-criminal-episode prosecution and they are
ordered to be discharged concurrently, they discharge in the same manner as concurrent terms of
confinement—the defendant pays the greatest amount of fine but receives credit for satisfying all
of the multiple concurrent fines. See id. However, each judgment must include the fine actually
imposed, and the courts of appeals may not delete a lawfully assessed concurrent fine from a trial
7 Johnson also argues that there was legally insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s award of $10,000.00 in restitution, but due to our ruling in this case, we need not address that issue. 6 court’s judgment in order to protect against possible improper stacking of fines.8 Anastassov v.
State, No. PD-0848-20, 2022 WL 5054846 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 5, 2022) (abrogating cases
deleting concurrent fines). Therefore, we overrule this point of error.
III. Conclusion
Having considered Johnson’s claims, we strike the award of $10,000.00 in restitution, but
otherwise affirm. We, therefore, modify the judgment by deleting the award of restitution and
affirm the trial court’s judgment, as modified.
Charles van Cleef Justice
Date Submitted: November 9, 2022 Date Decided: December 22, 2022
Publish
8 “If defendants are being improperly subjected to consecutive fines in conflict with the trial court’s judgments in a given case, the proper course is to pursue relief through a writ of habeas corpus.” Anastassov, 2022 WL 5054846, at *6. 7