PER CURIAM.
Petitioner Manuel Zazueta appealed to the Merit Systems Protection Board from a decision of the United States Border Patrol Service1 (Agency) removing him from his GS-11 Senior Border Patrol Agent position for a first-time offense of using illegal drugs during off-duty hours. The administrative judge’s initial decision mitigated the penalty to a sixty-day suspension. The Board reversed, sustaining his removal. Docket No. SF-0752-02-0226-1-1, 94 M.S.P.R. 493. Because the Board considered the relevant factors in determining the appropriateness of the penalty, including the penalty’s consistency with applicable Agency policies, and its decision was otherwise reasonable, this court affirms.
I.
During his six years (1995-2001) as a Border Patrol Agent, Mr. Zazueta received many favorable performance reports, [168]*168awards and commendations. In August 2001, however, a random drug test revealed his off-duty use of methamphetamine and amphetamines. In an October 19, 2001 letter, the Agency proposed his removal. The letter noted Mr. Zazueta’s previous work experience, his outstanding performance rating, and his lack of prior disciplinary actions. Nonetheless the letter concluded that the seriousness of the offense, which “st[ruck] at the core of [Mr. Zazueta’s] position” as a drug interdiction agent and the Agency’s mission, outweighed these considerations.
On December 19, 2001, Mr. Kenneth Stitt, the Chief Patrol Agent for petitioner’s sector and the deciding official in this case, ordered Mr. Zazueta removed from his position. Chief Stitt found that petitioner had known his duties and responsibilities and knew or should have known that drug use could be grounds for dismissal. He further found that petitioner’s “eleventh hour response of remorse” was unpersuasive, rejected the claim that his unhappy home life had led to his use of drugs, and discounted rehabilitation. Petitioner appealed to the Board.
The administrative judge issued an initial decision on May 8, 2002, mitigating the Agency’s penalty of removal to a sixty-day suspension. The administrative judge found that the penalty of removal violated the letter and spirit of the Agency’s policies towards employee drug use, which encourage rehabilitation. The administrative judge also found that the Agency had failed to consider mitigating factors. The administrative judge concluded that the Agency’s selected penalty exceeded the bounds of reasonableness.
The Board reversed, sustaining the Agency’s decision to remove Mr. Zazueta. According to the Board, the Agency has primary discretion in exercising its managerial function of maintaining employee discipline and efficiency. Accordingly, the Board cannot displace management’s responsibility, but simply ensure that managerial judgment is properly exercised. Thus, the Board concluded that the deciding official — Chief Stitt — had properly considered the relevant factors in making his penalty determination. Chief Stitt had considered petitioner’s six years of service without prior discipline and his outstanding service as mitigating factors, but concluded that these were outweighed by the fact that petitioner’s drug use was in direct conflict with his drug interdiction duties; that petitioner’s violation was knowing and intentional; and that as a law enforcement officer, Mr. Zazueta was held to a higher standard. This appeal followed.
II.
This court may overturn a decision of the Board only when it is 1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law; 2) obtained without procedures required by law, rule, or regulation having been followed; or 3) unsupported by substantial evidence. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c) (2000). Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 477, 71 S.Ct. 456, 95 L.Ed. 456 (1951).
Petitioner advances two principal arguments on appeal. First, he claims that the Board did not consider all relevant factors in affirming the penalty of removal, or that the Agency’s consideration was a pro for-ma exercise to reach a predetermined result. Second, he asserts that the penalty of separation exceeds the discipline required by workplace policies applicable to the Agency, and is therefore arbitrary.
A. The Douglas Factors
In reviewing the appropriateness of an agency-imposed penalty, the Board must [169]*169first ascertain that the Agency considered the relevant factors set forth in the Board’s decision in Douglas v. Veterans Administration, 5 MSPB 313, 5 M.S.P.R. 280 (1981).2 Hayes v. Dep’t of Navy, 727 F.2d 1535, 1540 (Fed.Cir.1984). The Board need not make findings on factors that are not relevant, but “failure to consider a significant mitigating circumstance constitutes an abuse of discretion.” VanFossen v. Dep’t Housing & Urban Dev., 748 F.2d 1579, 1581 (Fed.Cir.1984).
The record indicates that the Agency considered the relevant Douglas factors and did not merely engage in a pro forma exercise to reach a predetermined result. Chief Stitt acknowledged that Mr. Zazueta had never been previously disciplined and that he had an exemplary work record; Brief for Petitioners, at 13 (“Stitt conceded that Zazueta was a good agent.”). He concluded that Mr. Zazueta might be a good rehabilitation prospect to be freed from drug abuse, but that his character had been fatally undermined by intentionally using illegal drugs in violation of the laws he had been sworn to uphold. The resulting defect of character, in Chief Stitt’s view, was not amenable to rehabilitation. The stresses of Mr. Zazueta’s home life were acknowledged, but deemed irrelevant. The use of drugs was not an acceptable response to such stresses. Moreover, the record suggested that the drug use had precipitated Mr. Zazueta’s domestic problems, not the other way around. Finally, Chief Stitt considered lesser penalties, noting that he might have come to a different conclusion in the case of an agent who had become addicted to prescription drugs as a result of an on-duty injury, or in the case of an employee with lesser responsibilities. But he concluded that a suspension would not remove the issue of whether this officer can be trusted.
The record clearly indicates that the Agency considered the relevant mitigating factors. This court declines to find an abuse of discretion simply because the Agency concluded that those factors did not outweigh the gravity of the offense.
B. Compliance with Agency Policy
Petitioner next argues that the penalty of removal exceeds the level of discipline provided in (1) the INS Table of Penalties, (2) Executive Order 12564 and [170]*170the INS Drug Free Workplace Policy, and (3) the Supervisor’s Guide to Discipline in the INS, and is therefore arbitrary.
The INS Table of Penalties does not include a category for “positive illegal drug test.” Mr.
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PER CURIAM.
Petitioner Manuel Zazueta appealed to the Merit Systems Protection Board from a decision of the United States Border Patrol Service1 (Agency) removing him from his GS-11 Senior Border Patrol Agent position for a first-time offense of using illegal drugs during off-duty hours. The administrative judge’s initial decision mitigated the penalty to a sixty-day suspension. The Board reversed, sustaining his removal. Docket No. SF-0752-02-0226-1-1, 94 M.S.P.R. 493. Because the Board considered the relevant factors in determining the appropriateness of the penalty, including the penalty’s consistency with applicable Agency policies, and its decision was otherwise reasonable, this court affirms.
I.
During his six years (1995-2001) as a Border Patrol Agent, Mr. Zazueta received many favorable performance reports, [168]*168awards and commendations. In August 2001, however, a random drug test revealed his off-duty use of methamphetamine and amphetamines. In an October 19, 2001 letter, the Agency proposed his removal. The letter noted Mr. Zazueta’s previous work experience, his outstanding performance rating, and his lack of prior disciplinary actions. Nonetheless the letter concluded that the seriousness of the offense, which “st[ruck] at the core of [Mr. Zazueta’s] position” as a drug interdiction agent and the Agency’s mission, outweighed these considerations.
On December 19, 2001, Mr. Kenneth Stitt, the Chief Patrol Agent for petitioner’s sector and the deciding official in this case, ordered Mr. Zazueta removed from his position. Chief Stitt found that petitioner had known his duties and responsibilities and knew or should have known that drug use could be grounds for dismissal. He further found that petitioner’s “eleventh hour response of remorse” was unpersuasive, rejected the claim that his unhappy home life had led to his use of drugs, and discounted rehabilitation. Petitioner appealed to the Board.
The administrative judge issued an initial decision on May 8, 2002, mitigating the Agency’s penalty of removal to a sixty-day suspension. The administrative judge found that the penalty of removal violated the letter and spirit of the Agency’s policies towards employee drug use, which encourage rehabilitation. The administrative judge also found that the Agency had failed to consider mitigating factors. The administrative judge concluded that the Agency’s selected penalty exceeded the bounds of reasonableness.
The Board reversed, sustaining the Agency’s decision to remove Mr. Zazueta. According to the Board, the Agency has primary discretion in exercising its managerial function of maintaining employee discipline and efficiency. Accordingly, the Board cannot displace management’s responsibility, but simply ensure that managerial judgment is properly exercised. Thus, the Board concluded that the deciding official — Chief Stitt — had properly considered the relevant factors in making his penalty determination. Chief Stitt had considered petitioner’s six years of service without prior discipline and his outstanding service as mitigating factors, but concluded that these were outweighed by the fact that petitioner’s drug use was in direct conflict with his drug interdiction duties; that petitioner’s violation was knowing and intentional; and that as a law enforcement officer, Mr. Zazueta was held to a higher standard. This appeal followed.
II.
This court may overturn a decision of the Board only when it is 1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law; 2) obtained without procedures required by law, rule, or regulation having been followed; or 3) unsupported by substantial evidence. 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c) (2000). Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 477, 71 S.Ct. 456, 95 L.Ed. 456 (1951).
Petitioner advances two principal arguments on appeal. First, he claims that the Board did not consider all relevant factors in affirming the penalty of removal, or that the Agency’s consideration was a pro for-ma exercise to reach a predetermined result. Second, he asserts that the penalty of separation exceeds the discipline required by workplace policies applicable to the Agency, and is therefore arbitrary.
A. The Douglas Factors
In reviewing the appropriateness of an agency-imposed penalty, the Board must [169]*169first ascertain that the Agency considered the relevant factors set forth in the Board’s decision in Douglas v. Veterans Administration, 5 MSPB 313, 5 M.S.P.R. 280 (1981).2 Hayes v. Dep’t of Navy, 727 F.2d 1535, 1540 (Fed.Cir.1984). The Board need not make findings on factors that are not relevant, but “failure to consider a significant mitigating circumstance constitutes an abuse of discretion.” VanFossen v. Dep’t Housing & Urban Dev., 748 F.2d 1579, 1581 (Fed.Cir.1984).
The record indicates that the Agency considered the relevant Douglas factors and did not merely engage in a pro forma exercise to reach a predetermined result. Chief Stitt acknowledged that Mr. Zazueta had never been previously disciplined and that he had an exemplary work record; Brief for Petitioners, at 13 (“Stitt conceded that Zazueta was a good agent.”). He concluded that Mr. Zazueta might be a good rehabilitation prospect to be freed from drug abuse, but that his character had been fatally undermined by intentionally using illegal drugs in violation of the laws he had been sworn to uphold. The resulting defect of character, in Chief Stitt’s view, was not amenable to rehabilitation. The stresses of Mr. Zazueta’s home life were acknowledged, but deemed irrelevant. The use of drugs was not an acceptable response to such stresses. Moreover, the record suggested that the drug use had precipitated Mr. Zazueta’s domestic problems, not the other way around. Finally, Chief Stitt considered lesser penalties, noting that he might have come to a different conclusion in the case of an agent who had become addicted to prescription drugs as a result of an on-duty injury, or in the case of an employee with lesser responsibilities. But he concluded that a suspension would not remove the issue of whether this officer can be trusted.
The record clearly indicates that the Agency considered the relevant mitigating factors. This court declines to find an abuse of discretion simply because the Agency concluded that those factors did not outweigh the gravity of the offense.
B. Compliance with Agency Policy
Petitioner next argues that the penalty of removal exceeds the level of discipline provided in (1) the INS Table of Penalties, (2) Executive Order 12564 and [170]*170the INS Drug Free Workplace Policy, and (3) the Supervisor’s Guide to Discipline in the INS, and is therefore arbitrary.
The INS Table of Penalties does not include a category for “positive illegal drug test.” Mr. Zazueta argues that penalty table entry 34 is closest to the misconduct at issue: “Excessive use of intoxicants or drugs while off duty with disreputable effects,” and that the specified penalty range — reprimand to ten-day suspension— should govern. Chief Stitt concluded that table entry 34 was not controlling because it applied only to prescription drugs — not illicit drugs — and that a law enforcement officer is held to a higher standard of conduct than other Department of Justice employees. In his view, penalty table entry 21, which provides that an individual who engages in criminal conduct, on or off duty, can be subject to a penalty ranging from official reprimand to separation for the first offense, was the more appropriate charge. We find nothing arbitrary in this determination. Moreover, an agency is not required to follow the penalty table in aggravated cases. Farrell v. Dep’t of Interior, 314 F.3d 584, 590-94 (Fed.Cir.2002).
Petitioner argues that the Drug Free Workplace Policy, implemented by a 1986 Executive Order, precludes dismissing any employee who, as a first offender, uses drugs but consents to counseling upon discovery. The Executive Order, however, allows employees to be removed, if appropriate, for use of illegal drugs and permits “appropriate personnel actions” in addition to counseling.
The Supervisor’s Guide to Discipline in the INS provides that penalties for misconduct should be the minimum necessary to correct the behavior and should fit the offense. Removal is described as “the capital punishment of Federal discipline” and “should be used only for very egregious offenses (such as rape of an alien, embezzlement of thousands of dollars from the government or other felony criminal misconduct).” The Supervisor’s Guide, however, does not bar the separation of an employee after alternatives have been considered, and Chief Stitt found alternative penalties to be insufficient because they could not repair the breach of trust that had occurred when an officer with drug interdiction responsibilities had been found to have engaged in the very conduct he was charged with combating. This court finds nothing in the record that renders this conclusion arbitrary or unreasonable.
Finally, the petitioner has not cited a single case in which the decision to remove a law enforcement officer for off-duty drug use has been found unreasonable. The case law is clearly to the contrary. Rice v. Dep’t of Treasury, 998 F.2d 997 (Fed.Cir. 1993) (sustaining removal of IRS agent for off-duty use of drugs); Thompson v. Dep’t of Justice, 51 M.S.P.R. 43 (1991) (sustaining removal of prison guard for off-duty possession of marijuana); Masino v. United States, 218 Ct.Cl. 531, 589 F.2d 1048 (1978) (sustaining removal of United States Customs Service employee for personal use and transportation of marijuana).
III.
Because the Board considered the relevant factors in determining the appropriateness of the penalty, including the penalty’s consistency with applicable Agency policies, and its decision was otherwise reasonable, this court affirms.