Per Curiam.
Plaintiff-mother appeals by right an order denying her objections to an interim order awarding petitioner-grandmother grandparenting time in an amount equivalent to the parenting time awarded a noncustodial parent. For the reasons discussed, we vacate the court’s order and remand the matter to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. FACTS
Plaintiff and defendant-father were never married, and in 2011 plaintiff initiated a custody case with respect to their child. Petitioner is defendant’s mother.
After defendant’s death on March 25, 2014, petitioner moved for grandparenting time in the existing custody case. MCL 722.27b(1)(c); MCL 722.27b(3)(a).
In the summer of 2010, before defendant’s death, plaintiff was seriously injured in an automobile accident when the child at issue was four months old. Present in the car with plaintiff was her eldest child, half-brother to the child at issue. Both plaintiff and the older child suffered traumatic brain injuries. Plaintiff was in a coma for three months, after which she required intensive inpatient rehabilitation. Although defendant had custody of the child during this time, petitioner was the primary caregiver. The record shows that a close bond developed between petitioner and the child.
Beginning in the fall of 2010, petitioner took the child for a weekly, one-hour visit to the rehabilitation center where plaintiff was recovering. However, in the fall of 2011, after not having seen the child for several weeks, plaintiff petitioned the court for custody, parenting time, and child support. Following a Friend of the Court (FOC) investigation, the court awarded plaintiff and defendant joint physical and legal custody of the child and plaintiff limited weekly parenting time, anticipating that plaintiffs parenting time would increase as she continued to recover from her injuries. Four months later, plaintiff petitioned for an increase in parenting time in accordance with the court’s expectations.
When petitioner’s son died in March 2014, plaintiffs parents informed petitioner that they were taking the child to live with plaintiff and that they would be in touch with petitioner. Less than a week later, petitioner filed a guardianship application. In exchange for petitioner’s withdrawal of the application, plaintiff agreed to allow grandparenting time every Tuesday
and Thursday from 9:30 a.m. until 7:30 p.m. and one Friday a month from 5:00 p.m. until 8:00 p.m. Plaintiff agreed to submit the matter of a grandparenting-time schedule to the FOC for investigation.
After its investigation, the FOC issued a report that recommended changing petitioner’s three-hour grand-parenting time on one Friday each month to an overnight from 5:00 p.m. Friday until 5:00 p.m. Saturday, “provided [petitioner] is engaged in regular individual counseling.” The report also recommended that petitioner’s grandparenting time on Tuesdays and Thursdays continue through the summer months but be modified once the child started preschool in the fall. The following month, petitioner filed the motion for grandparenting time that is the basis of the instant appeal.
The sole point of contention between petitioner and plaintiff is the amount of grandparenting time appropriate under the circumstances. Petitioner requested the Friday overnights recommended by the FOC report, as well as additional overnights every other weekend from 5:00 p.m. Friday until 5:00 p.m. Sunday. She further requested that the grandparenting time on Tuesdays and Thursdays remain unchanged during the school year, proposing that she would be responsible for transporting the child to and from preschool. In addition, petitioner asked the court to allow her to enroll the child in the counseling that the report recommended. As an alternative to this schedule, plaintiff offered twice-weekly visits from the end of the school day until 7:30 p.m., or from 5:30 p.m. until 7:30 p.m. if there was no school, and a monthly overnight from 5:00 p.m. Friday until 5:00 p.m. Sunday, the latter contingent on petitioner’s verifying that she was undergoing regular counseling for her grief and loss.
Plaintiff proposed that the parties could agree to additional time and that the weekly grandparenting time should be sufficiently adjustable to allow plaintiff to schedule trips, vacations, and other family activities.
At the hearing on her petition before an FOC referee, petitioner did not dispute plaintiffs ability to care for the child, emphasizing instead the level of care that she had provided for the child for most of the child’s life and the resulting bond that existed between them. Plaintiffs testimony stressed her ability to care for her children, her concern that she reestablish herself in the role of mother and parental authority, and her fear that granting the amount of grandparenting time requested would effectively aid petitioner in undermining plaintiffs role.
Stressing that petitioner was the one constant in the child’s life, the referee recommended that petitioner “be given the parenting time that a normal noncustodial parent would receive”: alternate weekends from 6:00 p.m. Friday until 6:00 p.m. Sunday, four nonconsecutive weeks of summer vacation, holiday “parenting time” in accordance with the Livingston County FOC guidelines, and a midweek visitation from 5:30 p.m. until 7:30 p.m. on a mutually agreeable day. The referee explained that this schedule would not elevate petitioner to joint legal custodian of the minor, but was a schedule that would “best serve the child’s best interests, and again, ensure continuation of a bond that’s been established between the Petitioner and the child and will also allow the child to know his paternal family.” An interim order corresponding to the referee’s recommendations was entered. The trial court denied plaintiffs objections, expressly adopting
the referee’s grandparenting-time recommendation. Plaintiff moved for reconsideration, but the motion was denied.
II. ANALYSIS
Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred by affirming, over her objections, an award of grandparent-ing time in an amount equivalent to the parenting time awarded a noncustodial parent without petitioner having overcome the fit-parent presumption of MCL 722.27b(4)(b).
“Orders concerning [grand] parenting time must be affirmed on appeal unless the trial court’s findings were against the great weight of the evidence, the court committed a palpable abuse of discretion, or the court made a clear legal error on a major issue.”
Keenan v Dawson,
275 Mich App 671, 679; 739 NW2d 681 (2007) (quotation marks and citation omitted). The Court should affirm a trial court’s findings of fact unless the evidence “clearly preponderate [s] in the opposite direction.”
Fletcher v Fletcher,
447 Mich 871, 879; 526 NW2d 889 (1994) (quotation marks and citation omitted; alteration in original). A trial court abuses its discretion on a custody matter when its “decision is so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences a perversity of will, a defiance of judgment, or the exercise of passion or bias.”
Berger v Berger,
277 Mich App 700, 705; 747 NW2d 336 (2008).
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff-mother appeals by right an order denying her objections to an interim order awarding petitioner-grandmother grandparenting time in an amount equivalent to the parenting time awarded a noncustodial parent. For the reasons discussed, we vacate the court’s order and remand the matter to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. FACTS
Plaintiff and defendant-father were never married, and in 2011 plaintiff initiated a custody case with respect to their child. Petitioner is defendant’s mother.
After defendant’s death on March 25, 2014, petitioner moved for grandparenting time in the existing custody case. MCL 722.27b(1)(c); MCL 722.27b(3)(a).
In the summer of 2010, before defendant’s death, plaintiff was seriously injured in an automobile accident when the child at issue was four months old. Present in the car with plaintiff was her eldest child, half-brother to the child at issue. Both plaintiff and the older child suffered traumatic brain injuries. Plaintiff was in a coma for three months, after which she required intensive inpatient rehabilitation. Although defendant had custody of the child during this time, petitioner was the primary caregiver. The record shows that a close bond developed between petitioner and the child.
Beginning in the fall of 2010, petitioner took the child for a weekly, one-hour visit to the rehabilitation center where plaintiff was recovering. However, in the fall of 2011, after not having seen the child for several weeks, plaintiff petitioned the court for custody, parenting time, and child support. Following a Friend of the Court (FOC) investigation, the court awarded plaintiff and defendant joint physical and legal custody of the child and plaintiff limited weekly parenting time, anticipating that plaintiffs parenting time would increase as she continued to recover from her injuries. Four months later, plaintiff petitioned for an increase in parenting time in accordance with the court’s expectations.
When petitioner’s son died in March 2014, plaintiffs parents informed petitioner that they were taking the child to live with plaintiff and that they would be in touch with petitioner. Less than a week later, petitioner filed a guardianship application. In exchange for petitioner’s withdrawal of the application, plaintiff agreed to allow grandparenting time every Tuesday
and Thursday from 9:30 a.m. until 7:30 p.m. and one Friday a month from 5:00 p.m. until 8:00 p.m. Plaintiff agreed to submit the matter of a grandparenting-time schedule to the FOC for investigation.
After its investigation, the FOC issued a report that recommended changing petitioner’s three-hour grand-parenting time on one Friday each month to an overnight from 5:00 p.m. Friday until 5:00 p.m. Saturday, “provided [petitioner] is engaged in regular individual counseling.” The report also recommended that petitioner’s grandparenting time on Tuesdays and Thursdays continue through the summer months but be modified once the child started preschool in the fall. The following month, petitioner filed the motion for grandparenting time that is the basis of the instant appeal.
The sole point of contention between petitioner and plaintiff is the amount of grandparenting time appropriate under the circumstances. Petitioner requested the Friday overnights recommended by the FOC report, as well as additional overnights every other weekend from 5:00 p.m. Friday until 5:00 p.m. Sunday. She further requested that the grandparenting time on Tuesdays and Thursdays remain unchanged during the school year, proposing that she would be responsible for transporting the child to and from preschool. In addition, petitioner asked the court to allow her to enroll the child in the counseling that the report recommended. As an alternative to this schedule, plaintiff offered twice-weekly visits from the end of the school day until 7:30 p.m., or from 5:30 p.m. until 7:30 p.m. if there was no school, and a monthly overnight from 5:00 p.m. Friday until 5:00 p.m. Sunday, the latter contingent on petitioner’s verifying that she was undergoing regular counseling for her grief and loss.
Plaintiff proposed that the parties could agree to additional time and that the weekly grandparenting time should be sufficiently adjustable to allow plaintiff to schedule trips, vacations, and other family activities.
At the hearing on her petition before an FOC referee, petitioner did not dispute plaintiffs ability to care for the child, emphasizing instead the level of care that she had provided for the child for most of the child’s life and the resulting bond that existed between them. Plaintiffs testimony stressed her ability to care for her children, her concern that she reestablish herself in the role of mother and parental authority, and her fear that granting the amount of grandparenting time requested would effectively aid petitioner in undermining plaintiffs role.
Stressing that petitioner was the one constant in the child’s life, the referee recommended that petitioner “be given the parenting time that a normal noncustodial parent would receive”: alternate weekends from 6:00 p.m. Friday until 6:00 p.m. Sunday, four nonconsecutive weeks of summer vacation, holiday “parenting time” in accordance with the Livingston County FOC guidelines, and a midweek visitation from 5:30 p.m. until 7:30 p.m. on a mutually agreeable day. The referee explained that this schedule would not elevate petitioner to joint legal custodian of the minor, but was a schedule that would “best serve the child’s best interests, and again, ensure continuation of a bond that’s been established between the Petitioner and the child and will also allow the child to know his paternal family.” An interim order corresponding to the referee’s recommendations was entered. The trial court denied plaintiffs objections, expressly adopting
the referee’s grandparenting-time recommendation. Plaintiff moved for reconsideration, but the motion was denied.
II. ANALYSIS
Plaintiff contends that the trial court erred by affirming, over her objections, an award of grandparent-ing time in an amount equivalent to the parenting time awarded a noncustodial parent without petitioner having overcome the fit-parent presumption of MCL 722.27b(4)(b).
“Orders concerning [grand] parenting time must be affirmed on appeal unless the trial court’s findings were against the great weight of the evidence, the court committed a palpable abuse of discretion, or the court made a clear legal error on a major issue.”
Keenan v Dawson,
275 Mich App 671, 679; 739 NW2d 681 (2007) (quotation marks and citation omitted). The Court should affirm a trial court’s findings of fact unless the evidence “clearly preponderate [s] in the opposite direction.”
Fletcher v Fletcher,
447 Mich 871, 879; 526 NW2d 889 (1994) (quotation marks and citation omitted; alteration in original). A trial court abuses its discretion on a custody matter when its “decision is so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences a perversity of will, a defiance of judgment, or the exercise of passion or bias.”
Berger v Berger,
277 Mich App 700, 705; 747 NW2d 336 (2008). We conclude that this standard should also apply to decisions about parenting and grandparenting time. A court commits clear legal error “when it incorrectly chooses, interprets, or applies the law.”
McIntosh v McIntosh,
282 Mich App 471, 475; 768 NW2d 325 (2009).
Parents have a constitutionally protected right to make decisions about the care, custody, and management of their children.
In re Sanders,
495 Mich 394, 409; 852 NW2d 524 (2014). This right “is not absolute, as the state has a legitimate interest in protecting the moral, emotional, mental, and physical welfare of the minor . . . .”
Id.
at 409-410, quoting
Stanley v Illinois,
405 US 645, 652; 92 S Ct 1208; 31 L Ed 2d 551 (1972) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “The United States Constitution, however, recognizes ‘a presumption that fit parents act in the best interest of their children’ and that ‘there will normally be no reason for the State to inject itself into the private realm of the family to further question the ability of [fit parents] to make the best decisions concerning the rearing of [their] children.’ ”
In re Sanders,
495 Mich at 410, quoting
Troxel v Granville,
530 US 57, 68-69; 120 S Ct 2054; 147 L Ed 2d 49 (2000) (opinion by O’Connor, J.) (alterations in
Sanders).
MCL 722.27b provides grandparents in certain situations the means to seek an order for grandparenting time. To protect parents’ fundamental liberty to make decisions about the care, custody, and management of their children, MCL 722.27b(4)(b) incorporates a rebuttable presumption “that a fit parent’s decision to deny grandparenting time does not create a substantial risk of harm to the child’s mental, physical, or emotional health.” To rebut this presumption, a grandparent “must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the parent’s decision to deny grandparenting time creates a substantial risk of harm to the child’s mental, physical, or emotional health.”
Id.
If the grandparent does not rebut the presumption, the court must dismiss the grandparenting-time action.
Id.
However, if the grandparent meets the standard for rebutting the presumption,
the court shall consider whether it is in the best interests of the child to enter an order for grandparenting time. If the court finds by a preponderance of the evidence that it is in the best interests of the child to enter a grandpar-enting time order, the court shall enter an order providing for reasonable grandparenting time of the child by the grandparent by general or specific terms and conditions. [MCL 722.27b(6).]
In the instant case, the referee presumed that plaintiff was a fit parent but found that petitioner had overcome the fit-parent presumption. The referee based her finding on the fact that an FOC report recommended grandparenting time.
We first note that the referee did not have to presume that plaintiff was a fit parent; the record shows that testimonial evidence of her fitness was introduced, and even petitioner conceded the point. Next, the FOC report upon which the referee based her conclusion that petitioner rebutted the fit-parent presumption recommended grandparenting time because the parties agreed in principle on the desirability of grandparenting time and had asked the FOC to recommend a grandparenting-time schedule. It seems illogical to interpret the fact that the report did what it was supposed to do—recommend a grandparenting-time schedule at the request of both parties—as evidence that petitioner rebutted the fit-parent presumption.
Further, the referee’s finding that petitioner overcame the fit-parent presumption ignores the fact that plaintiff agreed in principle that petitioner should have grandparenting time and proposed a grandparenting-time schedule, albeit one that included less grandparenting time than petitioner was currently enjoying. Therefore, in order to overcome the fit-parent presumption given that plaintiff was deny
ing some, but not all, grandparenting time, petitioner had to show that plaintiffs denial of the amount of grandparenting time exceeding plaintiffs proposal created a substantial risk of harm to the child. See MCL 722.27b(4)(b). No evidence was presented on this question.
We must affirm orders concerning grandparenting time unless the trial court, among other things, made a clear legal error on a major issue.
Keenan,
275 Mich App at 679. We conclude that the referee committed clear legal error, and the trial court confirmed that error by failing to apply the fit-parent presumption to plaintiffs grandparenting-time decision and by failing to require that petitioner rebut the presumption that plaintiffs proposed grandparenting-time schedule would not create a substantial risk of harm to the minor. MCL 722.27b(4)(b). The referee deprived plaintiff of the benefit of the fit-parent presumption not only by ignoring the fact that plaintiff had agreed to grand-parenting time and had offered petitioner a grandparenting-time schedule, but also by concluding against the great weight of the evidence that petitioner had rebutted the fit-parent presumption.
Fletcher,
447 Mich at 879. This error was not harmless; it unreasonably deprived plaintiff of her constitutionally protected right to make decisions about “the companionship, care, custody, and management” of her child.
In re Sanders,
495 Mich at 409.
We vacate the trial court’s order and remand the matter to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
SAWYER, P.J., and HOEKSTRA and WILDER, JJ., concurred.