USCA11 Case: 21-10545 Date Filed: 09/27/2021 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 21-10545 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:20-cv-00269-HLM
ZACHARY E. COLEY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SHAW INDUSTRIES, INC., Plant 3,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(September 27, 2021)
Before ROSENBAUM, NEWSOM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Zachary E. Coley filed a pro se lawsuit alleging that his former employer, USCA11 Case: 21-10545 Date Filed: 09/27/2021 Page: 2 of 6
Shaw Industries, Inc., violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42
U.S.C. §§ 12101 et seq., when it refused to reduce his hours as a reasonable
accommodation for his disability and then terminated his employment on August 12,
2019. The district court dismissed Coley’s complaint because he did not timely file
a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(“EEOC”) within 180 days after his termination. Coley appeals, but he has not
shown that his EEOC charge was timely or that his untimely charge should be
excused. We therefore affirm the dismissal of his complaint.
We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of a complaint and its
application and construction of a limitations provision. See La Grasta v. First Union
Sec., Inc., 358 F.3d 840, 845 (11th Cir. 2004). We liberally construe the filings of
pro se parties. Campbell v. Air Jam. Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168–69 (11th Cir. 2014).
Nevertheless, pro se parties must still comply with procedural rules, Albra v. Advan,
Inc., 490 F.3d 826, 829 (11th Cir. 2007), including limitations periods, see Outler v.
United States, 485 F.3d 1273, 1282 n.4 (11th Cir. 2007) (“[P]ro se litigants, like all
others, are deemed to know of the . . . statute of limitations.”). In other words,
“[l]iberal construction does not mean liberal deadlines.” Wayne v. Jarvis, 197 F.3d
1098, 1104 (11th Cir. 1999), overruled on other grounds by Manders v. Lee, 338
F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2003).
To file a claim for employment discrimination under the ADA, the plaintiff
2 USCA11 Case: 21-10545 Date Filed: 09/27/2021 Page: 3 of 6
must first exhaust his administrative remedies, beginning by filing a charge of
discrimination with the EEOC. Maynard v. Pneumatic Prods. Corp, 256 F.3d 1259,
1262 (11th Cir. 2001); see 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a) (incorporating the enforcement
provisions of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5). In a “non-deferral” state,1 such as Georgia, the
plaintiff must file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days after
the date of the alleged discriminatory act. 29 C.F.R. § 1626.7(a); Wilkerson v.
Grinnell Corp., 270 F.3d 1314, 1317 (11th Cir. 2001). In cases alleging unlawful
termination, the “180-day period is counted from the date the employee receives
notice of termination.” Wright v. AmSouth Bancorporation, 320 F.3d 1198, 1201
(11th Cir. 2003). If the plaintiff does not submit a timely EEOC charge, he generally
may not challenge the alleged discriminatory conduct in court. Alexander v. Fulton
Cnty., 207 F.3d 1303, 1332 (11th Cir. 2008).
Here, the district court did not err in dismissing Coley’s complaint for failure
to file a timely EEOC charge. Coley’s EEOC charge, which was attached to his
complaint, reflects that he received notice of his termination by Shaw Industries on
August 12, 2019, so he needed to file a charge of discrimination within 180 days of
1 Whether a state is a “deferral” or “non-deferral” state depends on whether it has laws banning the kind of discrimination alleged and whether it has state entities authorized to grant or seek relief for victims of such discrimination. Hipp v. Liberty Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 252 F.3d 1208, 1214 n.2 (11th Cir. 2001). If a state has laws and entities to redress the discrimination alleged, the EEOC “defers” to the state processes in the first instance, and plaintiffs ordinarily have additional time (300 days instead of 180 days) in which to file their EEOC charge. Id. 3 USCA11 Case: 21-10545 Date Filed: 09/27/2021 Page: 4 of 6
that date. See Wright, 320 F.3d at 1201; Wilkerson, 270 F.3d at 1317. But Coley
did not submit his EEOC charge until June 11, 2020, when he “digitally signed” it,
more than 300 days later. Because Coley’s current claims under the ADA were not
“the subject of a timely-filed EEOC charge,” they could not be brought in court, and
the district court properly dismissed them. See Alexander, 207 F.3d at 1332.
Liberally construing his brief on appeal, Coley acknowledges that he “made
some errors,” but he asks this Court to exercise “compassion[] and lenien[cy]” in
light of his lack of experience or an attorney, the difficulties presented by the
COVID-19 pandemic, and his attempt to exhaust his administrative remedies.
Before the district court, Coley also asserted that he had timely filed with the EEOC
but his “case worker failed [him]” due to “personal family issues.” Finally, Coley
makes arguments for relief based on provisions of the Georgia Code.
The filing of a timely EEOC charge is a non-jurisdictional “requirement that,
like a statute of limitation, is subject to waiver, estoppel, and equitable tolling.”
Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 393 (1982). “Equitable tolling
pauses the running of, or ‘tolls,’ a statute of limitations when a litigant has pursued
his rights diligently but some extraordinary circumstance prevents him from
bringing a timely action.” Fedance v. Harris, 1 F.4th 1278, 1284 (11th Cir. 2021)
(quotation marks omitted). Absent one of these exceptions, however, we must
“strict[ly] adhere[] to the procedural requirements specified by the legislature,”
4 USCA11 Case: 21-10545 Date Filed: 09/27/2021 Page: 5 of 6
Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Inc., 550 U.S. 618, 632 (2007), and we
cannot disregard a limitations period out of sympathy for a litigant, Baldwin Cnty.
Welcome Ctr. v. Brown, 466 U.S. 147, 152 (1984).
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USCA11 Case: 21-10545 Date Filed: 09/27/2021 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 21-10545 Non-Argument Calendar ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 4:20-cv-00269-HLM
ZACHARY E. COLEY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
SHAW INDUSTRIES, INC., Plant 3,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia ________________________
(September 27, 2021)
Before ROSENBAUM, NEWSOM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Zachary E. Coley filed a pro se lawsuit alleging that his former employer, USCA11 Case: 21-10545 Date Filed: 09/27/2021 Page: 2 of 6
Shaw Industries, Inc., violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42
U.S.C. §§ 12101 et seq., when it refused to reduce his hours as a reasonable
accommodation for his disability and then terminated his employment on August 12,
2019. The district court dismissed Coley’s complaint because he did not timely file
a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(“EEOC”) within 180 days after his termination. Coley appeals, but he has not
shown that his EEOC charge was timely or that his untimely charge should be
excused. We therefore affirm the dismissal of his complaint.
We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of a complaint and its
application and construction of a limitations provision. See La Grasta v. First Union
Sec., Inc., 358 F.3d 840, 845 (11th Cir. 2004). We liberally construe the filings of
pro se parties. Campbell v. Air Jam. Ltd., 760 F.3d 1165, 1168–69 (11th Cir. 2014).
Nevertheless, pro se parties must still comply with procedural rules, Albra v. Advan,
Inc., 490 F.3d 826, 829 (11th Cir. 2007), including limitations periods, see Outler v.
United States, 485 F.3d 1273, 1282 n.4 (11th Cir. 2007) (“[P]ro se litigants, like all
others, are deemed to know of the . . . statute of limitations.”). In other words,
“[l]iberal construction does not mean liberal deadlines.” Wayne v. Jarvis, 197 F.3d
1098, 1104 (11th Cir. 1999), overruled on other grounds by Manders v. Lee, 338
F.3d 1304 (11th Cir. 2003).
To file a claim for employment discrimination under the ADA, the plaintiff
2 USCA11 Case: 21-10545 Date Filed: 09/27/2021 Page: 3 of 6
must first exhaust his administrative remedies, beginning by filing a charge of
discrimination with the EEOC. Maynard v. Pneumatic Prods. Corp, 256 F.3d 1259,
1262 (11th Cir. 2001); see 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a) (incorporating the enforcement
provisions of 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5). In a “non-deferral” state,1 such as Georgia, the
plaintiff must file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days after
the date of the alleged discriminatory act. 29 C.F.R. § 1626.7(a); Wilkerson v.
Grinnell Corp., 270 F.3d 1314, 1317 (11th Cir. 2001). In cases alleging unlawful
termination, the “180-day period is counted from the date the employee receives
notice of termination.” Wright v. AmSouth Bancorporation, 320 F.3d 1198, 1201
(11th Cir. 2003). If the plaintiff does not submit a timely EEOC charge, he generally
may not challenge the alleged discriminatory conduct in court. Alexander v. Fulton
Cnty., 207 F.3d 1303, 1332 (11th Cir. 2008).
Here, the district court did not err in dismissing Coley’s complaint for failure
to file a timely EEOC charge. Coley’s EEOC charge, which was attached to his
complaint, reflects that he received notice of his termination by Shaw Industries on
August 12, 2019, so he needed to file a charge of discrimination within 180 days of
1 Whether a state is a “deferral” or “non-deferral” state depends on whether it has laws banning the kind of discrimination alleged and whether it has state entities authorized to grant or seek relief for victims of such discrimination. Hipp v. Liberty Nat’l Life Ins. Co., 252 F.3d 1208, 1214 n.2 (11th Cir. 2001). If a state has laws and entities to redress the discrimination alleged, the EEOC “defers” to the state processes in the first instance, and plaintiffs ordinarily have additional time (300 days instead of 180 days) in which to file their EEOC charge. Id. 3 USCA11 Case: 21-10545 Date Filed: 09/27/2021 Page: 4 of 6
that date. See Wright, 320 F.3d at 1201; Wilkerson, 270 F.3d at 1317. But Coley
did not submit his EEOC charge until June 11, 2020, when he “digitally signed” it,
more than 300 days later. Because Coley’s current claims under the ADA were not
“the subject of a timely-filed EEOC charge,” they could not be brought in court, and
the district court properly dismissed them. See Alexander, 207 F.3d at 1332.
Liberally construing his brief on appeal, Coley acknowledges that he “made
some errors,” but he asks this Court to exercise “compassion[] and lenien[cy]” in
light of his lack of experience or an attorney, the difficulties presented by the
COVID-19 pandemic, and his attempt to exhaust his administrative remedies.
Before the district court, Coley also asserted that he had timely filed with the EEOC
but his “case worker failed [him]” due to “personal family issues.” Finally, Coley
makes arguments for relief based on provisions of the Georgia Code.
The filing of a timely EEOC charge is a non-jurisdictional “requirement that,
like a statute of limitation, is subject to waiver, estoppel, and equitable tolling.”
Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 393 (1982). “Equitable tolling
pauses the running of, or ‘tolls,’ a statute of limitations when a litigant has pursued
his rights diligently but some extraordinary circumstance prevents him from
bringing a timely action.” Fedance v. Harris, 1 F.4th 1278, 1284 (11th Cir. 2021)
(quotation marks omitted). Absent one of these exceptions, however, we must
“strict[ly] adhere[] to the procedural requirements specified by the legislature,”
4 USCA11 Case: 21-10545 Date Filed: 09/27/2021 Page: 5 of 6
Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Inc., 550 U.S. 618, 632 (2007), and we
cannot disregard a limitations period out of sympathy for a litigant, Baldwin Cnty.
Welcome Ctr. v. Brown, 466 U.S. 147, 152 (1984).
Coley has not presented grounds to excuse his untimely EEOC charge. He
does not identify any conduct by his former employer that would warrant applying
the doctrines of waiver or estoppel. Nor does he present grounds for equitable
tolling. The allegations concerning his EEOC case worker raise the possibility that
a circumstance outside his control prevented him from filing the charge of
discrimination on time. See Fedance, 1 F.4th at 1284. But while equitable tolling
might be available in such a scenario, we cannot say it applies here because Coley
failed to provide any supporting facts about the case worker’s conduct, how it
prevented him from filing on time, or why he believes his EEOC charge was timely.
See Justice v. United States, 6 F.3d 1474, 1479 (11th Cir. 1993) (“The burden is on
the plaintiff to show that equitable tolling is warranted.”). And he has abandoned
those issues on appeal by failing to address them in his briefing. See Timson v.
Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008) (“[I]ssues not briefed on appeal by a
pro se litigant are deemed abandoned.”).
Because the record reflects that Coley failed to file a timely charge of
discrimination with the EEOC, and he has not presented grounds to excuse the
untimely filing, his claims under the ADA cannot be brought in court, and the district
5 USCA11 Case: 21-10545 Date Filed: 09/27/2021 Page: 6 of 6
court properly dismissed them. See Alexander, 207 F.3d at 1332. Nevertheless, our
ruling applies to Coley’s ADA claims only and does not prevent him from seeking
recourse in state court under the state-law provisions he cites in his briefing.
For these reasons, we affirm the dismissal of Coley’s complaint.
AFFIRMED.