COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED
Present: Judges O’Brien, Malveaux and Senior Judge Annunziata Argued by videoconference
ZAAKI RESTAURANT AND CAFÉ, LLC MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0318-21-4 JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN JANUARY 18, 2022
VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT STATE BUILDING CODE TECHNICAL REVIEW BOARD, JAY RIAT, BUILDING OFFICIAL FOR FAIRFAX COUNTY, VIRGINIA AND FAIRFAX COUNTY, VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY Stephen C. Shannon, Judge
Aristotelis A. Chronis (Chronis, LLC, on briefs), for appellant.
Justin I. Bell, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,1 Attorney General; Donald D. Anderson, Deputy Attorney General; Heather Hays Lockerman, Senior Assistant Attorney General & Section Chief, on brief), for appellee Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development State Building Code Technical Review Board.
Sara G. Silverman, Assistant County Attorney (Elizabeth D. Teare, County Attorney; T. David Stoner, Deputy County Attorney, on brief), for appellees Jay Riat, Building Official for Fairfax County, Virginia and Fairfax County, Virginia.
Zaaki Restaurant and Café, LLC (“appellant”) appeals a circuit court order affirming the
decision of the Virginia Department of Housing and Community Development State Building Code
Technical Review Board (“TRB”). The TRB determined that the Fairfax County Building Official
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Jason S. Miyares succeeded Mark R. Herring as Attorney General on January 15, 2022. properly revoked appellant’s certificate of occupancy. For the reasons below, we find that the court
did not err in upholding the TRB’s revocation decision.
BACKGROUND
Zaaki is a limited liability corporation that obtained a non-residential use permit to operate a
restaurant located in Fairfax County in June 2012. On March 8, 2013, the Fairfax County
Department of Code Enforcement cited appellant for violating the Uniform Statewide Building
Code by constructing unpermitted additions. On May 2, 2013, because the violations remained
unresolved, the Department issued a notice of violation and two criminal summonses to appellant,
pursuant to Virginia Construction Code (“VCC”)2 §§ 115.1and 115.2. The summonses were
subsequently resolved by order of nolle prosequi to allow appellant time to submit a “minor site
plan,” which was necessary for obtaining the required permits. Appellant initially attempted to
obtain the minor site plan but ultimately abandoned the effort in 2016.
Between April 2014 and October 2019, neither the Building Official nor any of his technical
assistants inspected the property. On October 23, 2019, the Building Official received a complaint
about a rear structure on appellant’s property. Victoria Fitzgerald, an assistant building official,
researched county records and examined the property on October 24 and November 1. Fitzgerald
did not obtain an inspection warrant and only examined the areas “open to the public.” She
observed various violations, including a canopy structure with glass panels, a wooden deck with a
bar, a rear addition, new plumbing and electrical fixtures, a canopy on two sides of the property
structure, interior alterations, and installation of gas-fired heaters and exhaust fans. Fitzgerald also
2 The VCC is part of the Uniform Statewide Building Code (“Building Code”), 13 VAC 5-63-10 to -549, which is a series of regulations promulgated by the Department of Housing and Community Development pursuant to Code § 36-98. Although the VCC is codified at 13 VAC 5-63-10 to -390 in the Building Code, references herein are to the VCC’s internal subsection numbering system. -2- noted that planters blocked access to the property from the road. All the alterations and additions
were undertaken and completed without permits.
Fitzgerald learned that appellant’s business hours were from 11:00 a.m. until 5:00 a.m. on
weekends. Accompanied by a fire marshal, she returned to the property at 8:30 p.m. on Friday,
November 1, and they observed 102 people on the premises, which had a permit for a maximum of
forty-nine occupants.
On November 8, 2019, the Building Official issued a revocation notice for appellant’s
certificate of occupancy, effectively closing the business. The notice identified eight distinct VCC
violations dating back to 2013. It also listed safety hazards created by the conditions on the
property, specified the corrective actions required, and contained information concerning
appellant’s right to appeal. On November 12, the Building Official issued a corrective work order
to appellant. According to the record, a corrective work order is an administrative document
prepared by Fairfax County to provide more information about the violations and necessary
corrective action.
On November 15, appellant was advised that the Building Official would restore the
certificate of occupancy if appellant met six conditions. Appellant did not accept the offer.3
Instead, appellant filed a complaint in the Fairfax County Circuit Court to enjoin the revocation.
The court continued the matter to allow appellant to amend its complaint to raise constitutional
challenges and serve the pleading on the Attorney General. Appellant took no further action in the
circuit court concerning its request for an injunction.
In addition to initiating the circuit court action, appellant pursued administrative remedies.
Preliminarily, appellant requested that the Building Official stay the revocation pending the appeal
3 At the time of the hearing before the TRB, appellant had not corrected the violations listed in the corrective work order. -3- to the Fairfax County Board of Building Code Appeals. The Building Official denied this request,
and the Board subsequently upheld the revocation.
Appellant appealed the Board’s decision to the TRB. At a December 19 hearing, Fairfax
County presented unrebutted evidence of Building Code violations that occurred between 2013 and
2019. The violations included removal of counters in 2014, a fabric addition converted into a glass
enclosure without a permit in 2016, installation of gas-fired heaters and exhaust fans without final
inspections in 2017, construction of a roof structure and electrical work without permits in 2018,
and the additional violations that Fitzgerald and the fire marshal observed in 2019.
Appellant argued that VCC § 116.3 required the Building Official to issue multiple notices
of violation before revoking a certificate of occupancy, that the violations were time-barred under
VCC § 115.2.1, and that the Building Official’s actions violated due process. During the hearing,
appellant also moved to admit certain inspection documents that were not included in the record
prior to the hearing. The TRB declined to admit the documents at that time but advised appellant
that it would “reconsider the issue after testimony, before argument, if necessary.” Appellant did
not renew its request to admit the documents at any point during the hearing.
The TRB found repeated violations of the VCC and upheld the Board’s decision. The TRB
ruled that the enforcement was not time-barred and VCC § 116.3 authorized the Building Official to
revoke appellant’s certificate of occupancy. Appellant appealed the TRB decision to the circuit
court, which affirmed the TRB ruling.
Appellant assigns eleven errors to the court’s ruling. It contends that the court incorrectly
interpreted VCC § 116.3 because: there was no evidence of repeated violations; the only notice of
violation was issued in 2013; the TRB was required to issue a corrective work order and a notice of
violation before revoking the certificate of occupancy; the corrective work order rescinded the
revocation notice; and appellant should have been given a reasonable time for compliance before -4- the revocation. Appellant further argues that the revocation was barred by the statute of limitations.
As a result, appellant contends that the revocation notice was invalid.
Appellant also argues that the court’s affirmance violated due process rights because the
Building Official failed to grant a stay of the revocation. Appellant further contends that the
evidence presented at the hearing was a result of an illegal search and the revocation notice was
issued “arbitrarily, capriciously and in bad faith.” Finally, appellant argues that the court erred by
affirming the Board’s exclusion of the inspection reports.
ANALYSIS
1. Standard of Review
The Virginia Administrative Process Act (“VAPA”) authorizes judicial review of agency
decisions. See Code § 2.2-4026. “The circuit court’s role in such an appeal ‘is equivalent to an
appellate court’s role in an appeal from a trial court’ ruling.” Va. Bd. of Med. v. Hagmann, 67
Va. App. 488, 499 (2017) (quoting Comm’r v. Fulton, 55 Va. App. 69, 80 (2009)). On appeal of
agency action under the VAPA, the “burden shall be upon the party complaining of agency action to
designate and demonstrate an error of law subject to review by the court.” Code § 2.2-4027. “In
both the circuit court and this Court, appellate review of an agency action is limited to issues of
law.” Gaines v. Dep’t of Hous. & Cmty. Dev. State Bldg. Code Tech. Rev. Bd., 71 Va. App. 385,
390 (2020). These issues include
(i) accordance with constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity, (ii) compliance with statutory authority, jurisdiction limitations, or right as provided in the basic laws as to subject matter, the stated objectives for which regulations may be made, and the factual showing respecting violations or entitlement in connection with case decisions, (iii) observance of required procedure where any failure therein is not mere harmless error, and (iv) the substantiality of the evidentiary support for findings of fact.
Code § 2.2-4027.
-5- On appeal, “the sole determination as to factual issues is whether substantial evidence exists
in the agency record to support the agency’s decision. The reviewing court may reject the agency’s
findings of fact only if, considering the record as a whole, a reasonable mind necessarily would
come to a different conclusion.” Avalon Assisted Living Facilities, Inc. v. Zager, 39 Va. App. 484,
500 (2002) (quoting Johnston-Willis, Ltd. v. Kenley, 6 Va. App. 231, 242 (1988)).
Pure questions of law are reviewed de novo. Code § 2.2-4027. “However, ‘[w]e accord
great deference to an administrative agency’s interpretation of the regulations it is responsible for
enforcing.’” Gaines, 71 Va. App. at 390 (alteration in original) (quoting Hilliards v. Jackson, 28
Va. App. 475, 479 (1998)). In applying the de novo standard, “courts do not defer to an agency’s
interpretation ‘[i]f the issue falls outside the area generally entrusted to the agency, and is one in
which the courts have a special competence, i.e., the common law or constitutional law.’”
Commonwealth ex rel. Va. State Water Control Bd. v. Blue Ridge Env’t Def. League, Inc., 56
Va. App. 469, 481 (2010) (alterations in original) (quoting Johnston-Willis, 6 Va. App. at 243),
aff’d, 283 Va. 1 (2012). Where a court must interpret a statute, the “plain, obvious, and rational
meaning of a statute is to be preferred over any curious, narrow, or strained construction.” Gaines,
71 Va. App. at 391 (quoting Commonwealth v. Zamani, 256 Va. 391, 395 (1998)).
2. Certificate of Occupancy Revocation Under VCC § 116.3
Six of appellant’s assignments of error challenge the TRB’s interpretation of VCC § 116.3.
That section provides in pertinent part as follows: “A certificate of occupancy may be revoked or
suspended . . . where there are repeated violations of the [Building Code] after the certificate has
been issued. . . . The revocation or suspension shall be in writing and shall state the necessary
corrections or conditions for the certificate to be reissued or reinstated . . . .” VCC § 116.3.
Appellant contends that VCC § 116.3 must be read in conjunction with the subsections of VCC
§ 115. VCC § 115.1 makes it punishable as a misdemeanor for any “owner . . . to violate” the VCC -6- provisions. VCC § 115.2 requires that before imposing criminal sanctions, the Building Official
shall “issue a written notice of violation to the responsible party” if the violations have not been
“corrected or complied with within a reasonable time.” VCC § 115.3 provides that this notice of
violation is a prerequisite to criminal enforcement.
Appellant interprets VCC § 116.3 as also requiring written notice of a violation before the
Building Official can revoke a certificate of occupancy. Appellant argues that without the
prerequisite notice, it had no reasonable opportunity to comply, and therefore, the revocation was
invalid.
It is a well-established principle that when “the language of a statute is unambiguous,
[courts] are bound by the plain meaning of that language.” Transparent GMU v. George Mason
Univ., 298 Va. 222, 237 (2019) (quoting Conyers v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va.
96, 104 (2007)). Additionally, “mention of a specific item in a statute implies that omitted items
were not intended to be included within the scope of the statute.” Turner v. Wexler, 244 Va. 124,
127 (1992) (finding that the statutory term “health care provider” did not include the omitted term
“professional corporations”). See also Gaines, 71 Va. App. at 390-96 (applying rules of statutory
construction to administrative regulations within the Building Code).
Here, VCC § 116.3 and VCC § 115.2 address different actions available to the Building
Official. VCC § 115.2 establishes a criminal penalty after continued violations following written
notice; it specifies in detail what information must be included in the notice and who must receive it.
The plain language of VCC § 116.3, by contrast, contains no reference to a “notice of violation” as a
condition precedent to revoking a certificate of occupancy; it merely provides that a certificate of
occupancy “may be revoked” after “repeated violations.” Appellant asks us to read the words
“notice of” into the regulation. We decline to do so. “Rules of statutory construction prohibit
adding language to or deleting language from a statute.” Appalachian Power Co. v. State Corp. -7- Comm’n, 284 Va. 695, 706 (2012); see also Office of Atty. Gen. v. State Corp. Comm’n, 288 Va.
183, 192 (2014). Therefore, nothing in VCC § 116.3 requires the Building Official to provide a
notice of violation before revoking a certificate of occupancy. Because the TRB is responsible for
enforcing these regulations, we accord great weight to its interpretation that VCC § 116.3 does not
require prior notice. See Gaines, 71 Va. App. at 390.
Appellant also contends that because the only notice of violation was issued in 2013, the
TRB could not legitimately find “repeated violations” as required by VCC § 116.3.4 However, the
record reflects uncontradicted testimony that appellant constructed additions and made structural
modifications to the property between 2013 and 2019, all without the required permits. The record
supports the finding that these additions and construction constituted repeated violations.
3. Corrective Work Order
Appellant argues that not only was the Building Official required to notify appellant of the
violations, he also was required to issue a corrective work order and allow a reasonable amount of
time for compliance before revoking the certificate of occupancy. Appellant cites no applicable
legal authority for this contention.
A corrective work order is a locally created, informational document advising a property
owner of the specific actions necessary to remedy the violations. It is an administrative document
prepared by Fairfax County. Issuance of a corrective work order is not mandated by the VCC,
neither of which make any reference to a “corrective work order.” Appellant’s additional
argument—that the corrective work order it ultimately received rescinded the prior revocation
4 The 2013 notice is irrelevant here because it was issued for a criminal violation under VCC § 115.2 and resulted in a criminal summons that was resolved by order of nolle prosequi. The instant revocation of the certificate of occupancy was issued pursuant to VCC § 116.3 and is a civil matter. -8- notice—fails for the same reason. Nothing in VCC § 116.3 requires either a notice of violation or a
corrective work order before revoking the certificate of occupancy.
4. Statute of Limitations
Appellant also contends that the statute of limitations precluded the Building Official from
issuing the revocation notice. Appellant relies on VCC § 115.2.1 and Code § 19.2-8, neither of
which applies here. Code § 19.2-8 establishes a statute of limitations for various criminal
misdemeanor offenses and specifies a two-year limitation for prosecutions of criminal violations of
the Building Code. However, it does not limit the civil enforcement process. See Code § 19.2-8. 5
VCC § 115.2.1 limits criminal prosecution to “[two] years after the approved final
inspection for an alteration or renovation.” Here, no final inspection took place because all the
alterations and additions were undertaken without the required permits, and therefore the two-year
time frame was never triggered.
Most significantly, however, the matter before us did not arise from a criminal conviction; it
is a civil administrative appeal. VCC § 116.3 differs significantly from VCC § 115.2 and provides
for civil enforcement of the Building Code. Enforcement under VCC § 116.3 is not constrained by
the criminal statute of limitations. Accordingly, we find that the circuit court did not err by
upholding the TRB’s ruling declining to apply the statute of limitations.
5 Code § 19.2-8 provides as follows:
Prosecution of Building Code violations under [Code] § 36-106 shall commence within one year of discovery of the offense by the building official, provided that such discovery occurs within two years of the date of initial occupancy or use after construction of the building or structure, or the issuance of a certificate of use and occupancy for the building or structure, whichever is later. -9- 5. Due Process Violations
Appellant also asserts that its due process rights were violated because the Building Official
declined to issue a stay of the revocation pending the TRB appeal. The standard for due process
claims is a familiar one. The United States Constitution guarantees that no state shall “deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1. “In
procedural due process claims, the deprivation by state action of a constitutionally protected interest
in ‘life, liberty, or property’ is not in itself unconstitutional; what is unconstitutional is the
deprivation of such an interest without due process of law.” Lee v. City of Norfolk, 281 Va. 423,
433 (2011) (quoting Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 125 (1990)). Appellant is correct that the
Constitution generally “requires some kind of a hearing before the [s]tate deprives a person of
liberty or property.” Id. at 434 (quoting Zinermon, 494 U.S. at 127).
However, courts have held that due process is not violated by a failure to provide a
pre-deprivation hearing when “immediate action was necessary to eliminate an emergency
situation” and adequate post-deprivation process was provided. United Pet Supply, Inc. v. City of
Chattanooga, 768 F.3d 464, 486 (6th Cir. 2014); see also Jordan ex rel. Jordan v. Jackson, 15 F.3d
333, 344-45 (4th Cir. 1994) (rejecting due process challenge to statute authorizing emergency
removal of children from home). In Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976), the Supreme Court
specified factors to be considered in determining whether a hearing was required before suspending
a business license. 424 U.S. at 334-35. These factors include the private interest affected, the
possibility of any additional or different safeguards, and the government’s interest in the action. Id.
at 335.
Here, although the revocation harmed appellant’s business interest, the Building Official
was exercising a legitimate public interest in protecting the health and safety of patrons. If appellant
had been allowed to continue operating once the extensive violations of the Building Code had - 10 - come to the attention of the Building Official, it is reasonable to conclude that citizens could have
been endangered. Appellant chose not to remedy the violations or pursue its request for an
emergency injunction in circuit court. Appellant was ultimately afforded an administrative hearing
which sufficiently protected due process rights. See United States v. James Daniel Good Real
Prop., 510 U.S. 43, 53 (1993) (allowing postponement of a due process hearing until after
deprivation in extraordinary situations); see also Tri-County Paving v. Ashe, 281 F.3d 430, 438 (4th
Cir. 2002) (holding that the availability of post-deprivation procedures barred a landowner’s
procedural due process claim).
6. Illegal Search and Bad Faith
Appellant also contends that Fitzgerald, the assistant building official, conducted an illegal
search of its property to obtain the evidence that she presented at the hearing and the Building
Official issued the revocation notice “arbitrarily, capriciously, and in bad faith” based on
“unsubstantiated community health, safety and welfare concerns.” Appellant contends that on
November 1, Fitzgerald “conducted a late-night, after-hours raid . . . enlisting the resources of the
[f]ire [m]arshal” after she had been denied access to the property on October 24.
The record belies appellant’s contention. Fitzgerald only examined areas open to the public
on October 24 and was able to observe the many violations from that vantage point. When she
returned to the property at 8:30 p.m. on November 1 with a fire marshal, they observed 102 people
in a business that had an occupancy permit for forty-nine.
Likewise, appellant’s argument that the revocation notice was issued in bad faith is without
merit. The Building Official issued the notice based on substantiated violations, and the notice
contained all of the requirements necessary under VCC § 116.3. It was in writing and listed the
eight corrective actions necessary for reinstatement of the certificate of occupancy. See VCC
§ 116.3. Additionally, it contained a section explaining the public safety basis for the revocation. - 11 - Appellant’s violations were myriad. Appellant was properly notified in writing and was advised of
the eight conditions that needed to be repaired. VCC § 116.3 provides no time frame for issuing a
revocation notice to a permit holder; therefore, the fact that the revocation notice was not served on
appellant immediately is immaterial.
7. Exclusion of Evidence
Finally, appellant contends that the court erred by not reversing the TRB decision because
the TRB improperly excluded inspection documents that appellant sought to introduce. Appellant
requested the admission of the documents at the beginning of the hearing, and the TRB declined to
include them at that time. However, it took the request under advisement and offered to review the
documents when appellant testified “if necessary.” Appellant never renewed its motion to admit the
documents or objected to their exclusion at the TRB hearing but instead essentially abandoned the
request to have the TRB consider this evidence. Appellant is therefore precluded from challenging
its exclusion on appeal. See Rule 5A:18 (“No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered . . .
unless an objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good
cause shown or to enable this Court to attain the ends of justice.”).
This Court previously held that a coal company failed to preserve an issue under Rule 5A:18
because the company did not object to the admission of a report during a hearing before the
Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy. See Consolidation Coal Co. v. Dep’t of Mines, Mins.
& Energy, Div. of Mined Land Reclamation, 33 Va. App. 784, 791 (2000). “[A]n appellant, under
the provisions of the [VAPA], may not raise issues on appeal from an administrative agency to the
circuit court that it did not submit to the agency for the agency’s consideration.” Id. (first alteration
in original) (quoting Pence Holdings, Inc. v. Auto Center, Inc., 19 Va. App. 703, 707 (1995)).
“[U]nder the VAPA, the circuit court’s role in an appeal from an agency decision is equivalent to an
appellate court’s role in an appeal from a trial court. In this sense, the General Assembly has - 12 - provided that a circuit court acts as an appellate tribunal.” Pence Holdings, Inc., 19 Va. App. at
707-08 (quoting School Bd. of York v. Nicely, 12 Va. App. 1051, 1062 (1991)). Here, because
appellant essentially abandoned its request to present evidence to the TRB, the TRB could not
meaningfully rule. Appellant is precluded from challenging the exclusion on appeal.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the court’s decision dismissing appellant’s administrative appeal because nothing
in the VCC requires issuance of a notice or corrective work order before revoking a certificate of
occupancy, and no statute of limitations applies. Further, we affirm the court’s determination that
appellant’s due process rights were not violated, that no evidence was obtained by an illegal search,
and that the Building Official did not revoke the certificate of occupancy in bad faith. Finally,
because appellant failed to preserve any challenge to the TRB’s exclusion of the inspection
documents, this Court will not consider that issue on appeal. Accordingly, because the court did not
err in upholding the TRB’s decision to revoke appellant’s certificate of occupancy, we affirm.
Affirmed.
- 13 -