COOPER, C.
This is an application for a writ of
certiorari,
for the purpose of reviewing an order of the superior court of the county of Santa Cruz, striking a complaint from the files. It appears from the verified petition and return that on July 15, 1899, one Helen Younger, as plaintiff, commenced an action in the superior court of Santa Cruz County for the partition of a tract of land in said county, described in the complaint, according to the respective rights of the parties to said action. The petitioner, Charles B. Younger, Jr., was made defendant, and the complaint in said cause alleges that the plaintiff therein and said Charles B. Younger, Jr., as joint tenants with each other, hold as tenants in common with certain other defendants therein named.
In said complaint Hon. Lucas F. Smith, the judge of the superior court of Santa Cruz County, was made a defendant, and it is alleged that he “claims to have some interest in or claim to or upon said above-described tract of land,” but that he has no interest in the same, nor in any part thereof.
On the eighteenth day of July, 1899, a summons was issued upon said complaint, which was served upon the Hon. Lucas F. Smith on the eighth day of August, 1899. On the seventeenth day of August, 1899, after-some of the defendants had appeared in the said action, and.before any answer or appearance had been made by said Hon. Lucas F. Smith, the judge of said superior court, he, as superior judge, caused to be made and entered the order complained of here, directing the said complaint to be stricken from the files of the said court.
The said order recites that the complaint is false, deceitful, and abusive of the process and proceedings of the court in the matter of the allegation that Hon. Lucas F. Smith claims to have some interest in or claim to the land described in the complaint, and the order recites, “it further appearing to the court that said allegation in so far as it relates to the said Lucas F. Smith is absolutely false, and was known by the said plaintiff Helen Younger at the time of the signing
of said complaint, and also at the time of the filing thereof, to he false, and was therein alleged, as the court is satisfied, for the sole purpose of making said Lucas F. Smith a party defendant in said action in order to disqualify him as judge of said court in the trial of said action, and to prevent him from acting therein as such judge, and for no other reason, and to thereby impede and embarrass the due administration of justice in said superior court. Believing that every court of record has and should have the inherent right to protect itself against all forms of insult, deceit, and fraud, however attempted to be practiced upon it, and that it is the duty of the court so to do, and for the foregoing reasons, it is now therefore by the court here considered and ordered that the said complaint so filed as aforesaid be and the same hereby is stricken from the files of this court. Done in open court this seventeenth day of August, 1899., Lucas F. Smith, Judge of said Superior Court.”
The above order was made by the judge of said court of his own volition, without notice to any one, in the absence of plaintiff, and without any motion or suggestion by any party to said action, save the judge of said court. There was nothing in the complaint containing even a suggestion of disrespect to the court or the judge thereof. There is nothing to prevent a party from bringing an action against the judge of the superior court, or any other judge, in a proper case. The mere fact of bringing the suit and making the judge a party, if done in good faith, is not in any way contempt of court. No doubt but that if the judge was made a party by plaintiff, or by the advice of an attorney, for the sole purpose of disqualifying him, the parties so doing should be dealt with and punished in a proper proceeding and after notice. If an attorney of this court should so far forget the oath he has taken and the obligation he owes to his client and to society as to advise or be a party to preparing a sham pleading solely for the purpose of disqualifying the judge, he should be dealt with in a manner so as to prevent him from again casting odium upon the high profession of the law. But no punishment should be inflicted and no judgment passed without a hearing. So if the plaintiff has been a party to a sham attempt to disqualify the judge of the court having jurisdiction, she should, after a hearing, be properly dealt with, but not
by depriving her of her property or striking her complaint from the files of the court. We must presume that an attorney will not violate his oath, and that the complaint was filed in good faith. Certainly the judge has not the power to pass upon his own qualification without a hearing, and to determine that he has no interest in the case without giving any opportunity to any one to show that he has such interest. The provision of the Code of Civil Procedure (sec. 170), that a judge shall not sit or act in an action or proceeding to which he is a party or in which he is interested, is plain and mandatory. Yet the expression “to which he is a party” means to which he is a real party, and made so in good faith. It evidently was not intended that a plaintiff could make all the superior judges in the state save one parties, and thus select his own judge. The question as to whether or not the judge is a party, made so in good faith, or whether or not he is interested, should be determined upon notice and after a hearing, so that the record can be preserved and the matter passed upon in this court, in case it becomes necessary. And where the judge is made a party, upon proper allegation, he cannot arbitrarily determine that he is not a proper party, nor that he is not interested. In proceedings for contempt the court cannot deprive parties of all redress in the ordinary course of law, nor of the right to have the courts pass upon questions properly presented. It must proceed according to the law of the land, and not condemn without a hearing. It must proceed from inquiry, and render judgment only after trial.
The supreme court of the United States, in
Hovey
v.
Elliott,
167 U. S. 409, in a very able and exhaustive opinion, and after reviewing the authorities both in England and in this country, held that a court had not the power to strike out defendant’s demurrer and direct judgment against him by default as a punishment for contempt in refusing to obey the order of the court to pay alimony in a divorce case. In the opinion it is said:—
“Can it be doubted that due process of law signifies a right to be heard in one’s defense? If the legislative department of the government were to enact a statute conferring the right to condemn the citizen without any opportunity whatever of being heard, could it be pretended that such an enact
ment would not be violative of the constitution? If this be true, as it undoubtedly is, how can it be said that the judicial department, the source and fountain of justice itself, has yet the authority to render lawful that which if done under the express legislative sanction would be violative of the constitution? If such power obtains, then the judicial department of the government, sitting to uphold and enforce the constitution, is the only one possessing power to disregard it.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
COOPER, C.
This is an application for a writ of
certiorari,
for the purpose of reviewing an order of the superior court of the county of Santa Cruz, striking a complaint from the files. It appears from the verified petition and return that on July 15, 1899, one Helen Younger, as plaintiff, commenced an action in the superior court of Santa Cruz County for the partition of a tract of land in said county, described in the complaint, according to the respective rights of the parties to said action. The petitioner, Charles B. Younger, Jr., was made defendant, and the complaint in said cause alleges that the plaintiff therein and said Charles B. Younger, Jr., as joint tenants with each other, hold as tenants in common with certain other defendants therein named.
In said complaint Hon. Lucas F. Smith, the judge of the superior court of Santa Cruz County, was made a defendant, and it is alleged that he “claims to have some interest in or claim to or upon said above-described tract of land,” but that he has no interest in the same, nor in any part thereof.
On the eighteenth day of July, 1899, a summons was issued upon said complaint, which was served upon the Hon. Lucas F. Smith on the eighth day of August, 1899. On the seventeenth day of August, 1899, after-some of the defendants had appeared in the said action, and.before any answer or appearance had been made by said Hon. Lucas F. Smith, the judge of said superior court, he, as superior judge, caused to be made and entered the order complained of here, directing the said complaint to be stricken from the files of the said court.
The said order recites that the complaint is false, deceitful, and abusive of the process and proceedings of the court in the matter of the allegation that Hon. Lucas F. Smith claims to have some interest in or claim to the land described in the complaint, and the order recites, “it further appearing to the court that said allegation in so far as it relates to the said Lucas F. Smith is absolutely false, and was known by the said plaintiff Helen Younger at the time of the signing
of said complaint, and also at the time of the filing thereof, to he false, and was therein alleged, as the court is satisfied, for the sole purpose of making said Lucas F. Smith a party defendant in said action in order to disqualify him as judge of said court in the trial of said action, and to prevent him from acting therein as such judge, and for no other reason, and to thereby impede and embarrass the due administration of justice in said superior court. Believing that every court of record has and should have the inherent right to protect itself against all forms of insult, deceit, and fraud, however attempted to be practiced upon it, and that it is the duty of the court so to do, and for the foregoing reasons, it is now therefore by the court here considered and ordered that the said complaint so filed as aforesaid be and the same hereby is stricken from the files of this court. Done in open court this seventeenth day of August, 1899., Lucas F. Smith, Judge of said Superior Court.”
The above order was made by the judge of said court of his own volition, without notice to any one, in the absence of plaintiff, and without any motion or suggestion by any party to said action, save the judge of said court. There was nothing in the complaint containing even a suggestion of disrespect to the court or the judge thereof. There is nothing to prevent a party from bringing an action against the judge of the superior court, or any other judge, in a proper case. The mere fact of bringing the suit and making the judge a party, if done in good faith, is not in any way contempt of court. No doubt but that if the judge was made a party by plaintiff, or by the advice of an attorney, for the sole purpose of disqualifying him, the parties so doing should be dealt with and punished in a proper proceeding and after notice. If an attorney of this court should so far forget the oath he has taken and the obligation he owes to his client and to society as to advise or be a party to preparing a sham pleading solely for the purpose of disqualifying the judge, he should be dealt with in a manner so as to prevent him from again casting odium upon the high profession of the law. But no punishment should be inflicted and no judgment passed without a hearing. So if the plaintiff has been a party to a sham attempt to disqualify the judge of the court having jurisdiction, she should, after a hearing, be properly dealt with, but not
by depriving her of her property or striking her complaint from the files of the court. We must presume that an attorney will not violate his oath, and that the complaint was filed in good faith. Certainly the judge has not the power to pass upon his own qualification without a hearing, and to determine that he has no interest in the case without giving any opportunity to any one to show that he has such interest. The provision of the Code of Civil Procedure (sec. 170), that a judge shall not sit or act in an action or proceeding to which he is a party or in which he is interested, is plain and mandatory. Yet the expression “to which he is a party” means to which he is a real party, and made so in good faith. It evidently was not intended that a plaintiff could make all the superior judges in the state save one parties, and thus select his own judge. The question as to whether or not the judge is a party, made so in good faith, or whether or not he is interested, should be determined upon notice and after a hearing, so that the record can be preserved and the matter passed upon in this court, in case it becomes necessary. And where the judge is made a party, upon proper allegation, he cannot arbitrarily determine that he is not a proper party, nor that he is not interested. In proceedings for contempt the court cannot deprive parties of all redress in the ordinary course of law, nor of the right to have the courts pass upon questions properly presented. It must proceed according to the law of the land, and not condemn without a hearing. It must proceed from inquiry, and render judgment only after trial.
The supreme court of the United States, in
Hovey
v.
Elliott,
167 U. S. 409, in a very able and exhaustive opinion, and after reviewing the authorities both in England and in this country, held that a court had not the power to strike out defendant’s demurrer and direct judgment against him by default as a punishment for contempt in refusing to obey the order of the court to pay alimony in a divorce case. In the opinion it is said:—
“Can it be doubted that due process of law signifies a right to be heard in one’s defense? If the legislative department of the government were to enact a statute conferring the right to condemn the citizen without any opportunity whatever of being heard, could it be pretended that such an enact
ment would not be violative of the constitution? If this be true, as it undoubtedly is, how can it be said that the judicial department, the source and fountain of justice itself, has yet the authority to render lawful that which if done under the express legislative sanction would be violative of the constitution? If such power obtains, then the judicial department of the government, sitting to uphold and enforce the constitution, is the only one possessing power to disregard it. If such authority exists, then, in consequence of their establishment to compel obedience to law and enforce justice, courts possess the right to inflict the very wrongs 'which they were created to prevent. . . . Until notice is given, the court has no jurisdiction in any case to proceed to judgment, whatever its authority may be by the law of its organization over the subject-matter. But notice is only for the purpose of affording the party an opportunity of being heard upon the claim or the charges made; it is a summons to him to appear and speak, if he has anything to say, why the judgment sought should not be rendered. The denial to a party of the benefit of a notice would be in effect to deny that he is entitled to notice at all, and the sham and deceptive proceeding had better be omitted altogether. It would be like saying to the party, Appear and you shall be heard; and, when he has appeared, saying, Your appearance shall not be recognized, and you shall not be heard.”
The above, language was quoted and approved by this court in
McClatchy
v.
Superior Court,
119 Cal. 419, and
Foley
v.
Foley,
120 Cal. 40.
In the latter ease it was held that the court had no power to strike out defendant’s demurrer as a punishment for contempt in refusing to pay alimony. In the opinion it is said:—
“While the general remedial power of a court of equity to take all proper measures to coerce respect and obedience to its lawful orders has always been recognized, to the extent that a party in default may justly be denied the right to have any affirmative action of the court sought by him until he shall have purged himself of his contempt, that power has never extended to a point that would authorize a denial to a party of the right to be heard in defense to any affirmative
judgment proposed to be taken against him whereby he would be deprived of any substantive right of person or property.”
The court in making the order exceeded its jurisdiction, and there is no other plain, speedy, and adequate remedy. No judgment was entered and there does not appear to be any right of appeal from the order. “Any departure from those recognized and established requirements of law, however close the apparent adherence to mere form in method of procedure, which has the effect to deprive one of a constitutional right is as much an excess of jurisdiction as where there is an inceptive lack of power.”
(McClatchy
v.
Superior Court,
119 Cal. 419;
Schwarz
v.
Superior Court,
111 Cal. 112;
Tomsky
v.
Superior Court,
131 Cal. 623.) And the petitioner is a party beneficially interested within the meaning of section 1069 of the Code of Civil Procedure. He has filed an answer in which he asks for a partition of the property. In such case all the parties are actors and interested in the proceeding.
(Senter
v.
De Bernal,
38 Cal. 642;
Grant
v.
Murphy,
116 Cal. 427.
)
!We advise that the order be set aside and annulled.
Chipman, C., and Haynes, C., concurred.
For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the order is set aside and annulled.
Harrison, J., Garoutte, J., Van Dyke, J.